Masifunde nje ngezithunywa ezincinci emzimbeni wethu: (Ii-Neurotransmitters)?

Unjani? Ngamanye amaxesha uziva wonwabile kakhulu, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha uzive ulusizi okanye unomsindo, akunjalo? Okanye ngaba wakha washiywa ukrwempa intloko emva kokulibala into oyifundele nzima kuvavanyo? Zonke ezi zinto zibangelwa zizithunywa ezincinci kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisebenza ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Siza kuthetha ngazo namhlanje.

Zithini ezi (iiNeurotransmitters)?

Ngamafutshane, ii-neurotransmitters luhlobo lwesithunywa seekhemikhali esifunekayo emizimbeni yethu . Zifana nabantu abancinci abasebenza eposini yemizimba yethu. Umsebenzi wabo kukuthwala imiqondiso yeekhemikhali, okanye imiyalezo, ukusuka kwiseli enye yemithambo-luvo (neuron) ukuya kwiseli elandelayo ekujoliswe kuyo. Le seli ekujoliswe kuyo inokuba yenye iseli yemithambo-luvo, okanye ingaba yiseli yemisipha okanye igland.

Imizimba yethu igqunywe luthungelwano lweemithambo-luvo. Oku sikubiza ngokuba yinkqubo yemithambo-luvo . Kufana nothungelwano lweentambo zombane ezihamba kulo lonke ilizwe. Le nkqubo yemithambo-luvo ithumela kwaye ifumana imiqondiso yombane iye naphi na kuwo onke amalungu omzimba wethu. Ayilawuli kuphela into oyicingayo, indlela oziva ngayo, indlela izihlunu zakho ezihamba ngayo, kodwa nendlela amalungu akho asebenza ngayo. Ngamanye amazwi, le mithambo-luvo ibandakanyeka kuyo yonke into oyenzayo, ocinga ngayo, novakalelwa ngayo. Iiseli zethu zemithambo-luvo zifumana kwaye zithumela ulwazi oluvela kuwo wonke umzimba. Olu tshintshiselwano lolwazi oluqhubekayo lunceda ukugcina umzimba usebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

Zilawulwa yintoni ii-nerves kunye nee-neurotransmitters emizimbeni yethu?

Ngoku jonga ukuba zingaphi izinto ezibandakanyekileyo kwezi zithunywa zincinci:

• Ilawula izinga lentliziyo yakho kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi .
• Ikunceda ukuphefumla .
• Kwakhona benza iintshukumo zemisipha zibe zezona zifanelekileyo.
• Zinempembelelo enkulu kwiingcinga zakho , inkumbulo, ukufunda, kunye neemvakalelo zakho . Cinga ngayo, ngamanye amaxesha siziva sonwabile kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha siziva silusizi, sisoyika. Babandakanyeka kuyo yonke le nto.
• Ikwalawula iinkqubo zokulala, ukuphiliswa kwamanxeba, kunye nokwaluphala .
• Baye bamisele impendulo yoxinzelelo . Aba bantu banceda kwindlela umzimba osabela ngayo xa umntu esoyika okanye exhalabile.
• Ilawula iihomoni .
• Ilawula ukugaywa kokutya, indlala, kunye nonxano .
• Ngabo basabela kwiimvakalelo zethu ezintlanu (ukubona, ukuva, ukuva, ukuchukumisa, kunye nokungcamla).

Zisebenza njani ii-neurotransmitters?

Kukho iibhiliyoni zeeseli zemithambo-luvo emizimbeni yethu. Kuyamangalisa, akunjalo? Ukuba uthatha iseli yemithambo-luvo, inamacandelo amathathu aphambili:

• Umzimba weseli: Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ekuvelisweni kwee-neurotransmitters nasekusebenzeni kakuhle kweseli yemithambo-luvo.
• I-Axon: Inxalenye ende efana nomsila we-neuron ethwala imiqondiso yombane ecaleni kwe-neuron ukuya kwi-axon terminal.
• Isiphelo se-Axon:Kulapho loo myalezo wombane uba ngumyalezo wekhemikhali. Oku kuxhaswa yi (Neurotransmitters). Lo myalezo wekhemikhali emva koko uthunyelwa kwiseli yemithambo-luvo elandelayo, kwiseli yemisipha, okanye kwi-gland.

Ii-neurotransmitters zifumaneka ekupheleni kwe-axon yeseli yemithambo-luvo. Zigcinwa kwiingxowa ezincinci, ezinodonga oluncinci ezibizwa ngokuba yi-synaptic vesicles . Ingxowa enye inokuqulatha amawaka eemolekyuli ze-neurotransmitter. Cinga ngayo njengeepakethi ezincinci.

Ngoku, xa umyalezo okanye isignali ihamba kwiseli yemithambo-luvo, umbane okwisignali ubangela ukuba i-neurotransmitter ibophelele kwi-membrane yeseli yemithambo-luvo, kanye ekupheleni kweseli. Emva koko, ii-neurotransmitters ezithwala umyalezo ngoku zikhutshwa kwi-axon terminal. Oku kukhululwa kwindawo encinci egcwele ulwelo phakathi kweseli yemithambo-luvo kunye neseli elandelayo ekujoliswe kuyo (enokuba yenye iseli yemithambo-luvo, iseli yemisipha, okanye i-gland). Le ndawo incinci kakhulu, ingaphantsi kwee-nanometers ezingama-40 (nm). Ukuba ucinga ukuba le ndawo incinci kangakanani, umsonto weenwele zakho umalunga nee-nanometers ezingama-75,000 ububanzi.

Le ndawo incinci ibizwa ngokuba yi-synaptic junction . Kulapho ii-neurotransmitters zithwala khona umyalezo. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-neurotransmitter lubopha kwi- receptor ethile kwiseli ekujoliswe kuyo. Kanye njengokuba isitshixo sinokuvulwa kuphela ngokusifaka kwi-keyhole ethile. Nje ukuba sibotshelelwe, i-neurotransmitter ibangela utshintsho okanye isenzo kwiseli ekujoliswe kuyo. Umzekelo, inokubangela ukuba enye iseli yemithambo-luvo ivuthele isignali yombane, umsipha unciphe, okanye i-gland ikhuphe i-hormone.

Luhlobo luni lomyalezo oluthunyelwa zii-neurotransmitters kwiseli ekujoliswe kuyo?

Ezi zithunywa, okanye ii-neurotransmitters, zenza enye yezenzo ezintathu eziphambili ngemiyalezo yazo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwe-neurotransmitter ebandakanyekayo.

• Imiyalezo evuselelayo: Ezi ntlobo zee-neurotransmitters "ziyavuselela" iseli yemithambo-luvo kwaye " zidlulisele umyalezo ." Oko kukuthi, umyalezo uya kwiseli elandelayo. Imizekelo ibandakanya iGlutamate , i-Epinephrine, kunye neNorepinephrine .
• Imiyalezo yokuthintela: Ezi zisetyenziselwa ukumisa okanye ukuthintela umyalezo wekhemikhali ukuba ungaqhubeki phambili. Imizekelo yezi neurotransmitters ibandakanya i-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) , i-glycine, kunye ne -serotonin.
• Imiyalezo yokuguqula: Ezi (ii-neurotransmitters) zinefuthe kwimiphumo yezinye izithunywa zeekhemikhali. Njengokuthi "zitshintshe kancinci." Oko kukuthi, zenza utshintsho oluncinci kwindlela iiseli ezinxibelelana ngayo kwi-synapse. Kwakhona, zichaphazela inani elikhulu leeseli zemithambo-luvo ngaxeshanye.

Kwenzeka ntoni kwii-neurotransmitters emva kokuba umyalezo uthunyelwe?

Kulungile, ngoku ii-neurotransmitters zidlulisile umyalezo wazo. Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko? Ezi molekyuli kufuneka zishiye loo ngxunya ye-synaptic (isithuba esiphakathi kweseli enye yemithambo-luvo kunye neseli yayo elandelayo ekujoliswe kuyo). Ngaphandle koko, ziya kuqhubeka zithumela imiyalezo, akunjalo? Oku kwenzeka ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili:

• Ziyanyamalala kancinci kancinci (ukusasazwa) .
• Ziphinda zifunxwe kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona yiseli yemithambo-luvo efanayo eyazikhulula (ukuphinda zithathwe) , ngokungathi ziyaphinda zisetyenziswe.
• I-enzyme engaphakathi kwi-synapse iyayiqhekeza (ukubola) , nto leyo eyenza ingakwazi ukubopha kwiseli ye-receptor kwakhona.

Zingaphi iintlobo zee-neurotransmitters ezikhoyo?

Izazinzulu ngoku zifumanise ubuncinane iintlobo ezili-100 zee-neurotransmitters. Kwaye kukholelwa ukuba zininzi ezinye eziza kufunyanwa. Zinokwahlulwa ngokwendalo yazo yeekhemikhali. Ngoku makhe sijonge ezimbalwa zezona ndidi zibalulekileyo esihlala siziva ngazo, imizekelo yee-neurotransmitters ezizezazo, kunye nemisebenzi yazo.

Ii-amino acids (ii-Neurotransmitters)

Ezi (ii-neurotransmitters) zibandakanyeka kwimisebenzi emininzi yenkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo.

• I-Glutamate: Le yeyona neurotransmitter iphambili kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo. Ininzi kakhulu engqondweni. Ibalulekile kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuqonda efana nokucinga, ukufunda, kunye nenkumbulo. Ukungalingani kwamanqanaba e-glutamate kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nesifo sika-Alzheimer , i-dementia , isifo sika-Parkinson, kunye nokuxhuzula .
• I-Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): I-GABA yeyona neurotransmitter iphambili ethintelayo kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo, ingakumbi engqondweni. Ilawula ukusebenza kwengqondo kwaye ithintela iingxaki ezinje ngexhala , ukucaphuka, ubunzima bokugxila, ukungalali, isifo sokuwa, kunye nokudakumba .
• I-Glycine: I-Glycine yeyona neurotransmitter iphambili ethintelayo kwi-spinal cord yethu. I-Glycine ibandakanyeka ekucutshungulweni kolwazi lokuva, ukudluliselwa kwentlungu, kunye nokulawulwa kwemetabolism.

IiMonoamines (iiNeurotransmitters)

Ezi (iiNeurotransmitters) zenza imisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo, ingakumbi engqondweni. Zilawula ukuqonda, ukuqonda, ingqalelo, kunye neemvakalelo. Iingxaki ezininzi zenkqubo yemithambo-luvo zinxulumene nokungahambi kakuhle kwezi monoamines (iiNeurotransmitters). Kwakhona, uninzi lwamayeza esiwasebenzisa rhoqo ayawachaphazela la (iiNeurotransmitters).

• I-Serotonin: I-Serotonin yi-neurotransmitter. I-Serotonin inceda ekulawuleni iimvakalelo zethu, iindlela zokulala, isini, ixhala, ukutya, kunye nentlungu. Izifo ezinxulumene nokungalingani kwe-serotonin ziquka:Ingxaki yokuchaphazeleka ngexesha lonyaka, ixhala, ukudakumba, i-fibromyalgia, kunye neentlungu ezingapheliyo. Amayeza anyanga ezi meko ngokulawula i-serotonin abizwa ngokuba yi-SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) kunye ne-SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) .
• I-Histamine: I-Histamine ilawula izinto ezinje ngokuvuka, ukuziphatha kokutya, kunye nokukhuthaza umzimba. I-Histamine ibandakanyeka kwiimeko ezifana ne -asthma , i-bronchospasm, i-mucosal edema, kunye ne -multiple sclerosis .
• I-Dopamine: I-Dopamine ibandakanyeka "kwinkqubo yomvuzo" yomzimba wethu. Oku kuthetha ukuziva ulonwabo, ukukhuthazwa kakhulu, nokufunda. I-Dopamine ikwanceda ekuqwalaseleni, ekukhumbuleni, ekulaleni, kwimood, nasekukhuthazeni. Izifo ezinxulumene nokungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo ye-dopamine ziquka isifo sikaParkinson , i-schizophrenia , isifo se-bipolar , i-restless legs syndrome , kunye ne-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Iziyobisi ezininzi ezibangela umlutha (ezifana ne-cocaine, i-methamphetamine, kunye ne-amphetamines) zichaphazela ngqo inkqubo ye-dopamine.
• I-Epinephrine: I-Epinephrine (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-adrenaline) kunye ne-norepinephrine (okungakumbi ngale nto ingezantsi) zezona zinto zibangela ukuba imizimba yethu " iphendule ngokulwa okanye ukubaleka " kuloyiko noxinzelelo. Ezi neurotransmitters zonyusa izinga lentliziyo yethu, ukuphefumla, uxinzelelo lwegazi, amanqanaba eswekile egazini, ukuhamba kwegazi ukuya kwizihlunu, kunye nokukwazi kwethu ukugxila nokusabela kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo zoxinzelelo. I-epinephrine eninzi inokukhokelela kwiingxaki zempilo ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu, isifo seswekile, kunye nesifo sentliziyo. Njengeyeza, i-epinephrine isetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-anaphylaxis (impendulo enzima ye-allergy), ukuhlaselwa sisifo sesifuba, ukuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo, kunye nosulelo olunzima.
• I-Norepinephrine: I-Norepinephrine (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-noradrenaline) inyusa uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nesantya sentliziyo. Iyaziwa ngemiphumo yayo ekuphaphameni, ekuvuseleleni, ekwenzeni izigqibo, ekuqwalaseleni nasekugxileni. Amayeza amaninzi (izivuseleli kunye ne-antidepressants) asebenza ngokunyusa amanqanaba e-norepinephrine ukuphucula ingqalelo kwiimeko ezifana ne-ADHD, okanye ngokutshintsha i-norepinephrine ukunciphisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo.

IiPeptides (iiNeurotransmitters)

I-peptide luhlobo lwe-polymer, okanye uthotho lwee-amino acids.

• Ii-Endorphins:Ii-Endorphins zezona pilisi zentlungu zendalo emzimbeni wethu. Zichaphazela indlela esiziva ngayo iintlungu. Xa ii-endorphins zikhutshwa, zinciphisa iintlungu kwaye zidale " ukuziva kamnandi". Amanqanaba aphantsi ee-endorphins anokunxulunyaniswa ne -fibromyalgia kunye nezinye iintlobo zentloko ebuhlungu.

I-Acetylcholine

Le neurotransmitter yenza umsebenzi omninzi kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo ephakathi (i-CNS - ingqondo kunye nomqolo) kunye nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo engaphandle (imithambo-luvo ephuma kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo ephakathi). I-Acetylcholine ikhutshwa kwimithambo-luvo emininzi kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo ezimeleyo, elawula izinga lentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye nokuhamba kwamathumbu. I-Acetylcholine ibandakanyeka ekuqineni kwemisipha, kwinkumbulo, ekukhuthazeni, kumnqweno wesondo, ebuthongweni, nasekufundeni. Ukungalingani kwamanqanaba e-acetylcholine kunxulunyaniswa neengxaki zempilo ezifana nesifo sika-Alzheimer , isifo sokuwa, kunye nokuxinana kwemisipha.

Ziziphi izizathu zokuba i-neurotransmitter ingasebenzi kakuhle?

Izinto ezininzi zinokuhamba gwenxa zize zibangele ukuba ii-neurotransmitters zingasebenzi kakuhle. Ngokwesiqhelo, kukho iingxaki ezimbalwa ezifana nezi:

• Ukuveliswa okanye ukukhululwa okukhulu kakhulu okanye okuncinci kakhulu kwe -neurotransmitters enye okanye ezingaphezulu.
• I-receptor esesiseleni (imithambo-luvo, izihlunu, okanye indlala) efumana umyalezo ayisebenzi kakuhle . Emva koko, ne-neurotransmitter esebenza ngokuqhelekileyo ayinakukwazi ukunika imiqondiso efanelekileyo kwiseli elandelayo.
• Ukudumba kunye nomonakalo kwi-synaptic cleft kuthintela ii-receptors zeseli ekufumaneni ii-neurotransmitters ezaneleyo (umzekelo: imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-myasthenia gravis ).
• (Ii-Neurotransmitters) Ukuthathwa kwakhona ngokukhawuleza .
• Iienzymes zinciphisa inani lee-neurotransmitters , zinciphisa ukudlula kwazo kwiseli ekujoliswe kuyo.

Ii-neurotransmitters zinokuchaphazeleka ziingxaki zezinye iindawo zenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, izifo ezikhoyo, okanye amayeza owasebenzisayo. Kwakhona, xa ii-neurotransmitters zingasebenzi kakuhle, izifo zinokuvela. Umzekelo:

• Ukungabikho ngokwaneleyo kwe-acetylcholine kunokubangela ukulahleka kwenkumbulo okubonwa kwisifo sika-Alzheimer .
• Amanqanaba aphezulu e-serotonin anokunxulunyaniswa neengxaki ze-autism spectrum .
• Nokuba ukwanda komsebenzi we-glutamate okanye ukwehla komsebenzi we-GABA kunokubangela ukuqhuma okukhulu kwee-neurons ngequbuliso, okubangela ukuxhuzula .
• Ukwanda komsebenzi we-norepinephrine kunye ne -dopamine kunye nokungaqheleki kokudluliselwa kwe-glutamate kubangela i-mania.Inegalelo kwimeko.

Amayeza ayichaphazela njani intshukumo yee-neurotransmitters?

Izazinzulu ziye zaqonda ixabiso kunye nendima yee-neurotransmitters kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo. Ziye zaqonda nokubaluleka kokuphuhlisa amayeza anokuchaphazela ezi zithunywa zeekhemikhali ukunyanga iimeko ezininzi zempilo. Amayeza amaninzi, ingakumbi lawo anyanga izifo zobuchopho, asebenza ngokuchaphazela ii-neurotransmitters ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Cinga nje, ezinye iziyobisi zifana namapolisa endlela. Ngamanye amaxesha zivala iindlela ukuze kuncitshiswe izithuthi, ngamanye amaxesha zivumela iimoto zidlule. Iziyobisi zenza into efanayo ngee-neurotransmitters.

Amayeza anokuthi:

• Vimba i-enzyme ephula i-neurotransmitter, uvumele uninzi lwaloo neurotransmitter ukuba lufikelele kwii-receptors zemithambo-luvo.
• Umzekelo: I-Donepezil, iGalantamine, kunye neRivastigmine zithintela i-enzyme i-acetylcholinesterase, ephula i-neurotransmitter acetylcholine. La mayeza asetyenziselwa ukuzinzisa nokuphucula inkumbulo kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo kubantu abanesifo se-Alzheimer kunye nezinye iingxaki ze-neurodegenerative.

• Vimba i-neurotransmitter ukuba ingafiki kwindawo yayo ye-receptor.
• Umzekelo: Ii-SSRI (i-Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) ziindidi zamayeza ezithintela ukuphinda kuthathwe i-serotonin kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo. La mayeza anokunceda ekunyangeni ukudakumba, ixhala, kunye nezinye izifo zengqondo.

• Vimbela ukukhululwa kwe-neurotransmitter kwiseli yemithambo-luvo.
• Umzekelo: I-Lithium, iyeza elisetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-mania, lisebenza ngokuthintela ukukhutshwa kwe-norepinephrine, ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile. Isetyenziselwa ukunyanga isifo se-bipolar .

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ngoko ke, mhlawumbi uyaqonda ukuba ii-neurotransmitters zizithunywa ezincinci ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanyeka phantse kuyo yonke imisebenzi emzimbeni wethu. Ngamafutshane, zizithunywa zeekhemikhali ezithwala umyalezo wemithambo-luvo ukusuka kwiseli yemithambo-luvo ukuya kwenye. Ngaphandle kwee-neurotransmitters, umzimba wethu awunakusebenza.

Ukuba ne-neurotransmitter eninzi okanye encinci kakhulu kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo zempilo. Uninzi lwamayeza esiwasebenzisayo lusebenza ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa ubungakanani okanye umsebenzi wezi neurotransmitters.

Ngoko ke ukuba unengxaki yengqondo, iingxaki zokukhumbula, ukungalali, okanye ukuba ubona utshintsho kwindlela oziphatha ngayo, ungathandabuzi ukuthetha nogqirha. Kusenokuba kungenxa yotshintsho kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi (neurotransmitters). Kukho unyango olufanelekileyo ngaloo nto.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ukwazi ezi zithunywa zamakhemikhali zimangalisayo emzimbeni wakho kuya kukunceda uqonde ngcono impilo yakho!

Ii - neurotransmitters, ingqondo, inkqubo yeemvakalelo, izithunywa zeekhemikhali, impilo yengqondo, iimvakalelo