Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngezinto ezincinci ezikhuselayo emizimbeni yethu: IiPolyclonal Antibodies!

Ngaba wakha weva amagama athi 'Polyclonal Antibodies'? Mhlawumbi ukhe weva ugqirha esitsho, okanye wawafunda kwincwadi okanye kwiphephandaba ndaweni ithile. Nangona oku kungabonakala ngathi ligama lesayensi kwaye kunzima ukuliqonda, eneneni liyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yemizimba yethu nokusikhusela kwizifo. Ngoko ke namhlanje siza kuthetha ngezi antibodies ze-polyclonal, indlela ezisebenza ngayo ngaphakathi emzimbeni wethu, indlela eziluncedo ngayo kuthi, kwaye zithini izibonelelo kunye neengxaki zazo, ngokungathi sixelela umhlobo okanye ilungu losapho. Ukulungele?

Ngamafutshane, zithini ezi antibodies ze-polyclonal?

Kulungile, masiqale siqonde ngokucacileyo ukuba zeziphi ezi Polyclonal Antibodies. Uyakhumbula, xa umzimba wethu ugula, oko kukuthi, xa into efana nentsholongwane ingena, sineendawo ezikhethekileyo emzimbeni wethu ezilwa nayo. Yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba zii-antibodies. Ezi zifana nabalindi abancinci, okanye amajoni, emzimbeni wethu. Ezi proteni zibizwa ngokuba zii-antibodies zenziwa ngumzimba wethu ngokukodwa ukulwa nezifo kunye neentsholongwane nokusikhusela.

Ngoku ezi antibodies zivela kuhlobo oluthile lweseli olubizwa ngokuba yi-`(Plasma B cells)`. Igama elithi ``polyclonal'' lithetha ``ezivela kwiintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo'' (poly = many, clonal = lineages/types). Oko kukuthi, ezi polyclonal antibodies azifani, aziveli kwimold efanayo. Ziyingqokelela yee-antibodies ezivela kwii-plasma B cell lineages ezahlukeneyo (`lineages`), kwaye zahlukile kancinci kwenye nenye. Cinga ngayo njengeqela lamajoni avela kwiirejimenti ezahlukeneyo zomkhosi omnye.

Emva koko nganye kwezi antibodies, okanye amajoni ahlukeneyo, ayazi iindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-antigen efanayo. Ngoku ubuza, "Yintoni i-antigen?" Cinga ngayo 'njengelebheli' encinci okanye 'iflegi' kwintsholongwane, ipollen, okanye enye iproteni engaqhelekanga engena emzimbeni wethu. Ngokujonga le lebheli, inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela, inkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba wethu, iyazi ukuba ingaba yeyethu ('isiqu') okanye lutshaba lwangaphandle ('olungengolwakho'). Kufana neyunifomu yotshaba, okanye iflegi yomkhosi wotshaba.

Ngoko ke, la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal ngamajoni ahlukeneyo (ii-antibodies) anokubona iimpawu ezahlukeneyo, iimilo ezahlukeneyo (esizibiza ngokwesayensi ezi `epitopes` ) kwiyunifomu okanye iflegi yotshaba olunye (i-antigen). Uyaqonda? Kufana neqela lamajoni anobuchule anokuhlasela utshaba olunye ukusuka kumacala ahlukeneyo.

Xa abantu nezinye izilwanyana begula, oko kukuthi, xa befumana usulelo, la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal aziveliswa ngokwendalo emizimbeni yabo. Nangona kunjalo, ama-antibodies e-polyclonal asetyenziswa kuphando lwezonyango nakwezinye iindlela zonyango adla ngokufunyanwa kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo ezifana noonogwaja, iigusha, neebhokhwe. Ngamanye amaxesha, afunyanwa nasegazini labantu abaye baphila kwizifo ezithile.

Zisebenza njani ezi antibodies ze-polyclonal?

Ngoku makhe sibone indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi antibodies ze-polyclonal emizimbeni yethu, indlela ezilwa ngayo. Xa ufumana intsholongwane, iibhaktheriya, okanye enye intsholongwane (i-pathogen) emzimbeni wakho, inkqubo yakho yomzimba ivelisa ii-antibodies zokulwa nazo.

Ezi ntsholongwane zine-antigens ebesithethe ngazo ngaphambili kumphezulu wazo. Ii-antibodies (amajoni ethu) ziyazazi ezi antigens kwaye ziyazibophelela kuzo. I-antibody nganye ibophelela kwi-antigen enye ethile. Ngamanye amazwi, isitshixo ngasinye singena kwisitshixo esinye kuphela. Xa i-antibody ibophelela kwi-antigen, ithumela umyalezo kuyo yonke inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, isithi, "Nanku utshaba, ngoku lutshabalalise."

Kodwa, nokuba kukho i-antigen enye, kunokubakho iindawo ezininzi apho i-antibody inamathela khona, njengomngxuma wesitshixo sefudo. Sibiza ezi ndawo zokubopha ezithile ngokuthi `(epitopes)`. Ngoko ke ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal egazini lakho, okanye kwizisombululo ezixineneyo (`serums`) ezinikezelwa kunyango lwezonyango, ziingqokelela zee-antibodies ezahlukeneyo. Nganye kwezi antibodies inokuzibona kwaye ibophe kwii-`(epitopes)` ezahlukeneyo (indawo ezahlukeneyo zokubopha) kuloo antigen. Ngamanye amazwi, kufana namaqela ahlukeneyo amajoni asebenza ngexesha elinye ukuze abambe utshaba olufanayo.

Khawuthelekelele, kukho utshaba olukhulu. Ukuba ungalubamba olo tshaba kungekuphela nje kwindawo enye, kodwa nakwiindawo ezininzi ngaxeshanye, njengesandla salo, umlenze, intloko, kunye nekhola, amathuba okulawula nokulwenza buthathaka utshaba maninzi kakhulu. Yiyo le indlela ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal ezisebenza ngayo. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zee-antibodies (`imigca`) zinika inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela amathuba amaninzi okubona, ukuhlasela, kunye nokubamba iintsholongwane. Oku kwenza ukhuselo lomzimba wethu lube namandla ngakumbi.

Sisebenzisa ntoni ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal?

Ezi antibodies ze-polyclonal, esizivelisayo ngokwendalo emizimbeni yethu, zikwasetyenziswa kwezonyango ngeenjongo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Makhe sijonge ukuba zeziphi:

• Ukuchonga isifo: Kukho iimvavanyo zelabhoratri osenokuba ukhe weva ngazo, ezifana novavanyo lwe-ELISA kunye novavanyo lwe-Immunohistochemistry. Ezi mvavanyo zisebenzisa ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal ukufumanisa izifo ezahlukeneyo ezisulelayo (umz. i-HIV, i-hepatitis) kunye nomhlaza. Oko kukuthi, zinokubona ukuba isampuli yegazi ine-antigen ethile yesifo.

• Uphando lwezenzululwazi: Abaphandi basebenzisa la ma-antibodies e-polyclonal ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo imizimba yethu, indlela iiseli ezahlukeneyo ezisebenza ngayo, indlela izifo ezisichaphazela ngayo, kunye nokufumana amayeza amatsha. Afana nezixhobo ezinceda izazinzulu "zibone" izinto ezingabonakaliyo.

• Ukunyanga okanye ukuthintela izifo ezosulelayo kunye nezinye iimeko zempilo:Ii-antibodies zePolyclonal zinokunyanga kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, zithintele ukugqithisa amayeza athile, ukulunywa yinyoka enobuthi, kunye nezinye izifo ezinxulumene negazi.

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango ezisetyenziswa ngee-antibodies ze-polyclonal?

Makhe sijonge ngokusondeleyo ezinye zeendlela zonyango ezisebenzisa ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal:

• Ezinye ii-antivenom ziqulathe ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal. Ezi zenziwa ngokufaka ubuthi benyoka obuncinci kwizilwanyana, ezinje ngamahashe, uze emva koko ucoce ii-antibodies eziveliswa zezo zilwanyana. Xa inyoka ikuluma ize ikunike le antivenom, ii-antibodies ezikuyo ziyahamba zize ziwuthintele ubuthi benyoka.

• Iplasma eguqukayo: Usenokuba ukhe weva ngale nto ngexesha lobhubhane we-COVID-19. Ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwezifo ezinzulu ezosulelayo, iplasma (inxalenye yolwelo egazini) ethathwe egazini labantu abaphulukene neso sifo inikwa izigulane. Kuba loo plasma iqulethe ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal eziveliswe yimizimba yabo nxamnye neso sifo. Xa ezi antibodies zingena emzimbeni wesigulane, zinceda ekulweni nesifo.

• I-Digoxin immune fab: Le yi-vaccine enikwa xa umntu ethatha i-digoxin kakhulu kwiyeza lentliziyo. Le ikwanazo nee-antibodies ze-polyclonal ezenziwe ngokuchasene nemolekyuli ye-digoxin.

• I-Rho(D) immune globulin: Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba yi-`RhIG`, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kubhalwa njengo-`Rh 0 (D)`. Oku kunikwa oomama abakhulelweyo abanohlobo lwegazi oluthi `Rh-negative`. Isizathu soku kukuba ukuba igazi likamama li-`Rh-negative` kwaye igazi lomntwana li-`Rh-positive`, umzimba kamama unokuvelisa ii-antibodies ezichasene negazi lomntwana. Nangona oku kusenokungachaphazeli umntwana wokuqala, xa kuzalwa umntwana wesibini othi `Rh-positive`, ezo antibodies zinokulimaza umntwana. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-`(Rhesus isoimmunization)` (Rhesus incompatibility). Oku kujongwa yi-`Rho(D)` ukuze kuthintelwe. Ikwanikwa njengonyango lwe-`(Chronic immune thrombocytopenia)` okanye `(ITP)`, imeko apho iiplatelets egazini zincipha khona.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwee-antibodies ze-polyclonal kunye ne-monoclonal?

Kulungile, ngoku usenokuba nombuzo omncinci. Kukwakho nohlobo olubizwa ngokuba yi-'Monoclonal Antibodies', yintoni umahluko phakathi kwezi kunye nezi polyclonal antibodies? Zombini zii-antibodies, kwaye zombini zii-antigens ezijoliswe kuzo. Kodwa kukho umahluko obalulekileyo.

Kalula nje:

• Ii-Antibodies zePolyclonal: Ezi zivela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ze-B. Ngoko ke zinokubona kwaye zibophe kwiindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ze-`(epitopes)` (indawo zokubopha) kwi-antigen efanayo. Kufana neqela lamajoni anezakhono ezahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Ahlasela utshaba olufanayo kwiikona ezahlukeneyo.

• Ii-Antibodies zeMonoclonal: Ezi "ziikopi ezichanekileyo" ze-antibody enye. Oko kukuthi, zenziwe luluhlu lweseli enye ye-B. Ngenxa yoko, ziyaqaphela kwaye zibopha kwi-"epitope" enye kuphela. Njengamajoni asebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo lwesixhobo, ahlasela ithagethi enye kuphela.

Ngeenjongo zonyango, ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal zihlala zifunyanwa egazini lezilwanyana ezifana noonogwaja, iibhokhwe, kunye neegusha. Ngamanye amaxesha zifunyanwa nakubantu (umz., i-plasma yezigulana eziphulukene nazo). Ii-antibodies ze-monoclonal ziqala zifunyenwe egazini lezilwanyana zize ziphinde zikhutshwe kwilebhu. Okwangoku, ii-antibodies ze-monoclonal zisetyenziswa rhoqo kunee-antibodies ze-polyclonal kunyango lwezonyango, ngakumbi kwizifo ezifana nomhlaza, kuba zijolise ngakumbi ekujolisweni kwazo.

Ziziphi iingenelo zee-antibodies ze-polyclonal?

Ngoko ke zithini iingenelo zezi antibodies ze-polyclonal? Kutheni sisasebenzisa zona?

• Ixabiso lemveliso liphantsi kakhulu. Kubiza kancinci ukwenza ezi zinto kunokwenza ii-antibodies ze-monoclonal.
• Oku kungabona ii-antigens kwisampulu ekwizinga eliphantsi kakhulu, nokuba zikhona kumanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba ii-antibodies ezahlukeneyo zisebenza kunye, nokuba enye ayifumaneki, kukho ithuba elikhulu lokuba enye ibanjwe.
• Amandla okubona i-antigen aphezulu. Ngenxa yokuba kukho ii-antibodies ezininzi ezinokubophelela kwi-"epitopes" ezahlukeneyo, amathuba okubona i-antigen aphezulu, nokuba imo yayo yahlukile kancinci.

Ngaba kukho naziphi na iingxaki ngoko?

Kukho iingenelo kunye neengxaki kwezi antibodies ze-polyclonal. Kulungile ukwazi ukuba zeziphi.

• Ngenxa yokuba ezi zivela kumthombo wendalo (nokuba ligazi lomntu okanye lesilwanyana), aziguquguquki kangako kumgangatho kunye nokwakheka kwazo ukusuka kwelinye iqela ukuya kwelinye, ngokungafaniyo namayeza enziwe kwilebhu. Oku kuthetha ukuba kunokubakho umahluko omncinci phakathi komxube we-antibody owenziwe ngelinye ixesha kunye nomxube owenziwe ngelinye ixesha. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza kwawo kunokwahluka kancinci.
• Ngee-antibodies ze-monoclonal, kukho umngcipheko ophezulu wokwenzeka kwe-cross-reactivity. Oko kukuthi, kukho ithuba eliphezulu lokuba i-antigen ekujoliswe kuyo inamathele kwenye i-antigen (esingayifuniyo). Oku kunokubangela iingxaki kuvavanyo okanye kuphando. Umzekelo, iziphumo ezingezizo zinokwenzeka. Oko kukuthi, umntu ongenaso esi sifo unokufumana iziphumo ezibonakala ngathi unesifo. Ke ngoko, ukuba iziphumo ezilungileyo zibuya, njengakwizifo ezosulelayo ezinzima, oogqirha banokufuneka benze iimvavanyo ezingaphezulu ukuqinisekisa oko.
• Xa kusetyenziswa ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal ezivela kwizilwanyana kunyango, kukho umngcipheko ophezulu wee-allergy reactions okanye ezinye iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, njengoko ezi proteni zezilwanyana zingaqhelekanga emizimbeni yethu.

Okokugqibela, ezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Ngoko ke, mhlawumbi ngoku uyaqonda ukuba ii-antibodies ze-polyclonal ziyinxalenye ebaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela yomzimba, kwaye ziyimfuneko kwisayensi yezonyango kuphando, ekuxilongweni, nakunyango oluthile.

Ezi zihlala zisetyenziselwa uphando kunye novavanyo lokuxilonga. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukhulelwe kwaye une-Rh-negative blood type (ugqirha wakho uya kukuxelela ngale nto), ukuba unesifo esosulelayo esinzulu (njenge-diphtheria), ukuba ulunywe yinyoka, okanye ukuba unesifo esifana ne-chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), unokunikwa unyango olune-polyclonal antibodies.

Ukuba uneminye imibuzo okanye iinkxalabo malunga noku, ungathandabuzi ukubuza ugqirha wakho okanye umongikazi. Baza kukuchazela ezi zinto ngokweenkcukacha. Kuba ukwaziswa ngempilo yakho kunye nonyango olufumanayo yenye yezona ndlela zilungileyo zokuhlala usempilweni kwaye wonwabile!

Ii- Antibodies zePolyclonal, ii-Antibodies, iNkqubo yoMzimba, i-Antigen, i-Epitope, ukuxilongwa, unyango lwezonyango