Xa usiya kujova umntwana wakho omncinci, uziva usoyika kwaye unomdla, akunjalo? Kwenzeka ntoni kanye kanye kuloo ncindi yolwelo efakwe inaliti? Kutheni ezi zinto zibaluleke kangaka kubantwana bethu, nakuthi? Ngamanye amaxesha siyoyika xa sisiva yonke intetho malunga nemigonyo. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngazo zonke ezi zinto ngendlela onokuyiqonda, ngokulula nangendlela enobuhlobo. Njengokuba uthetha nomhlobo.
Ngokufutshane, yintoni isitofu sokugonya?
Ngamafutshane, isitofu sokugonya luqeqesho lwenkqubo yokuzikhusela yomzimba wethu, inkqubo yokuzikhusela. Cinga ngemizimba yethu njengelizwe. Eli lizwe linomkhosi wokulikhusela. Yiyo leyo inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela. Xa iintshaba ezivela ngaphandle, oko kukuthi, iintsholongwane ezisigulisayo - izinto ezifana neentsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya - zingena kweli lizwe, umkhosi wethu ulwa nazo kwaye usikhusele.
Oko kwenziwa sisitofu kukufundisa imikhosi yethu ukuba izazi ezi ntshaba ngaphambi kwedabi lokwenyani. Kufana nokuqeqesha umkhosi ngeemodeli zotshaba. Ngoko ke xa intsholongwane yokwenyani ingena emzimbeni, inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela komzimba sele ilungisiwe, ngoko ke iyaloyisa ngokukhawuleza olo tshaba ngaphambi kokuba ibangele ukugula.
Umahluko phakathi kokugonywa nokugonywa
Nangona la magama mabini evakala ngendlela efanayo, kukho umahluko omncinci.
- Ukugonywa yinkqubo yokukunika isitofu (njengokugonywa okanye amaconsi omlomo).
- Ukugonywa yinkqubo apho isitofu sokukhusela isifo emzimbeni wakho sikhula khona.
Oko kuthetha ukuba, ukugonywa kufana nokuya eklasini, kwaye ukuzikhusela komzimba kufana nokufunda isifundo kuloo klasi.
Iigonyo zisebenza njani ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu?
Le yinkqubo enomdla kakhulu. Makhe sibone ukuba oku kwenzeka njani.
Ukuchonga intsholongwane okokuqala (Impendulo Yokuzikhusela Eyintloko)
Xa intsholongwane entsha (intsholongwane okanye iintsholongwane) esingazange siyibone ngaphambili ingena emizimbeni yethu, kuthatha ixesha elide ukuba iqale ikwazi ukuyiqaphela. Kufana nomntu ongamaziyo oza endlwini.
1. Okokuqala, uhlobo olukhethekileyo lweseli "kumkhosi wethu", ii-B-cells , luhlola lo mhlaseli.
2. Ezi B-cells, njengefudo elifanela isitshixo, ziqala ukwenza uhlobo oluthile lweproteni olufanela loo ntsholongwane. Sizibiza ngokuba zii -antibodies .
3. Ezi antibodies zinamathela kwiintsholongwane, zizenze zingasebenzi, kwaye zinike imiqondiso kwezinye iiseli zokhuselo ukuba zizitshabalalise.
Le nkqubo yonke ithatha iintsuku ezininzi, ngoko ke siyagula size sizive sigula ngelo xesha. Kodwa emva kokuba lo mlo uphelile, amajoni ethu omzimba enza into ebaluleke kakhulu. Idala "iPoster efunwayo" yomhlaseli, inkumbulo. Oku kwenziwa ziiseli zememori .
Ukuba intsholongwane ifika okwesibini (Impendulo Yokuzikhusela Yomzimba Yesibini)
Khawuthelekelele nje ukuba intsholongwane efanayo eyayikho ngaphambili ingena emizimbeni yethu kwakhona ngenye imini. Ngeli xesha umkhosi wethu ubungayi kufana nangaphambili. Iiseli zememori eziphethe loo "Wanted Poster" ziya kuqonda utshaba kwangoko nje xa lulubona.
Kwangoko nje sakufumana umyalezo othi, "Olo tshaba ludala lubuyile!", inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ivelisa ngokukhawuleza inani elikhulu lala ma-antibodies adalwe ngaphambili.
Le mpendulo yesibini ikhawuleza kakhulu kangangokuba intsholongwane ayinalo nexesha lokusasazeka emzimbeni ize isigulise. Yiyo loo nto singafumani sifo sinye kabini ngokulula.
Oko kwenziwa sisitofu sokugonya kukuba, ngaphandle kokusenza sigule, sidala ngokungekho mthethweni loo mpendulo yokuqala (iPrimary Immune Response) size senze ezo seli zememori. Emva koko, xa kufika intsholongwane yokwenyani ebangela isifo, umzimba wethu ulungele ukujongana nayo.
Zeziphi iintlobo zemithi yokugonya ezikhoyo?
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqeqesha amajoni ethu omzimba ukulwa neentsholongwane. Ngoko ke, imijovo yahlulwe yaba ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Masiziqonde ezi zinto ngokulula.
| Uhlobo lweGonyo | Ingcaciso elula kunye nemizekelo |
|---|---|
| Izitofu zokugonya eziphila kancinci | Ezi ziqulathe iintsholongwane eziphilayo, kodwa ezibuthathaka , kwilebhu. Ngenxa yokuba zifana kakhulu nosulelo lokwenyani, zibonelela ngokhuseleko oluqinileyo noluhlala ixesha elide. Idosi enye okanye ezimbini zinokuhlala ubomi bonke. Imizekelo: I-Maasles, i-mumps, i-rubella (MMR), i-chickenpox. |
| Iigonyo ezingasebenziyo | Ezi ziqulathe iintsholongwane ezibuleweyo/ezingasebenziyo kusetyenziswa iikhemikhali okanye ubushushu. Akukho thuba lokuba zibangele izifo. Zikwakhuselekile nakwabo baneenkqubo zomzimba ezibuthathaka. Nangona kunjalo, iidosi zokunyusa umzimba zinokufuneka emva kwexesha elithile ukuze kugcinwe ukhuseleko lomzimba. Imizekelo: Inaliti yepoliyo, iHepatitis A. |
| Isitofu sokugonya seyunithi encinci | Ezi gonyo azinazo zonke iintsholongwane. Ziqulathe kuphela inxalenye ethile yentsholongwane (iproteni okanye imolekyuli yeswekile) ebalulekileyo ekudaleni amajoni omzimba. Ezi zikhuselekile kakhulu. Imizekelo: I-Hepatitis B, i-HPV (ithintela umhlaza womlomo wesibeleko), i-Tetanus. |
| Ugonyo lweToxoid (Toxoid) | Ezinye iintsholongwane zibangela izifo ngokuvelisa ityhefu. Ezi zitofu ziqulathe uhlobo olubuthathaka lwaloo tyhefu (i-toxoid). Emva koko umzimba wakha amandla okuzikhusela kwityhefu. Imizekelo: I-Tetanus, i-Diphtheria. |
| Isitofu sokugonya seNucleic Acid (iNucleic Acid - mRNA) | Le yiteknoloji entsha. Endaweni yokunika imizimba yethu iqhekeza lentsholongwane, sinika iiseli zethu "iresiphi" (i-mRNA) yokwenza elo qhekeza. Nje ukuba iiseli zethu zenze elo qhekeza, inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela iqala ukusebenza nxamnye nayo. Le mRNA iyanyibilika emzimbeni kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Imizekelo: Ezinye izitofu zokugonya ezenzelwe i-COVID-19. |
| Izitofu zokugonya iintsholongwane | Apha, sisebenzisa enye intsholongwane (umthwali) engenabungozi kuthi, ukuthumela ulwazi lwemfuza oluvela kwintsholongwane esifuna ukuzikhusela kuyo kwiiseli zethu. Xa iiseli zethu zenza inxalenye yentsholongwane ngokusekelwe kolo lwazi, inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela iyasebenza. Imizekelo: Ezinye izitofu zokugonya ezenzelwe i-COVID-19 kunye ne-Ebola. |
Yintoni engaphakathi kwigonyo?
Isitofu sokugonya asigcini nje ngokuba nenxalenye yentsholongwane, kodwa sikwanezinto ezininzi ezisinceda sisebenze kakuhle kwaye sihlale sikhuselekile.
- I-Antigen : Le yeyona nto iphambili. Yintsholongwane ebuthathaka/engasebenziyo okanye inxalenye yayo ebangela ukuzikhusela komzimba.
- Izincedisi: Ezi zizinto ezongezwayo ukuphucula impendulo yomzimba. Oku kuvumela ukhuseleko olukhulu xa kukho iidosi ezimbalwa zokugonya. Iityuwa zealuminiyam ziluncedo olusetyenziswa kakhulu.
- Izithinteli: Ezi zongezwa ukuthintela ukungena kweentsholongwane xa abantu abaninzi begonyelwa kwibhotile enye.
- Izinto zokuzinzisa:Ezi zinceda ukugcina umgangatho wegonyo ngexesha lokuveliswa nokugcinwa. Izinto ezifana negelatin zisetyenziselwa le njongo.
Nangona abanye abantu besoyika izithako ezikwiigonyo, zonke ezi zithako zisetyenziswa ngobuninzi kakhulu kwaye kuye kwangqinwa ngokwesayensi ukuba zikhuselekile emzimbeni womntu.
Ngubani ofanele agonywe? Inikwa njani?
Ngokubanzi, kubalulekile ukuba wonke umntu agonywe. Ingakumbi:
- Ngexesha lobuntwana nobuntwana: Ekubeni amandla okuzikhusela ebantwaneni ebuthathaka ngeli xesha, kunyanzelekile ukuba bagonywe ngokweshedyuli yesizwe yokugonywa ukuze bakhuseleke kwizifo eziyingozi.
- Iidosi "zokunyusa": Ukhuseleko olunikwa zezinye izitofu luyaphela ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngoko ke iidosi zokunyusa ziyafuneka ukuze kuphuculwe olo khuselo kwakhona.
- Ukugonywa ngamaxesha athile onyaka: Umzekelo, ungafumana ukugonywa konyaka ukukhusela intsholongwane yomkhuhlane, etshintsha rhoqo ngonyaka.
- Njengoko ukhula: Abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 basengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa zizifo ezithile (umz., iishingles), ngoko ke kukho amayeza okugonya acetyiswayo.
- Xa uhamba phesheya: Kwamanye amazwe, kunokufuneka ugonywe ngaphambi kokuba uhambe ukuze uzikhusele kwizifo eziqhelekileyo.
Kubalulekile: Ukuba amasosha omzimba wakho abuthathaka (umz., umntu ofumana unyango lomhlaza) okanye ukhulelwe, ezinye izitofu zokugonya (ingakumbi izitofu eziphilayo) zisenokungakulungeli. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuthetha nogqirha wakho ngaphambi kokuba ufumane naluphi na ugonyo.
Iindlela zokulawula izitofu
- Njengesitofu: Uninzi lwezitofu zifakwa nge-intramuscular okanye nge-subcutaneous.
- Njengolwelo oluselwa ngomlomo: Ezinye izitofu zokugonya, ezifana nesitofu sepoliyo, zinikwa njengamathontsi omlomo.
- Ngesitshizi sempumlo: Ezinye izitofu zomkhuhlane ziyafumaneka njengesitshizi sempumlo.
Zithini iingenelo zokwenyani zokugonywa?
Iingenelo zokugonywa azipheleli kuwe kuphela. Yinkonzo kuluntu lonke.
1. Ukuzikhusela: Into yokuqala neyona ibalulekileyo kukuzikhusela kwizifo ezinokubulala okanye zibangele iingxaki ezinkulu.
2. Ukukhusela abanye: Kukho abantu kuluntu abangenako ukugonywa. Umzekelo, iintsana ezisandul’ ukuzalwa, izigulane ezine-immune ebuthathaka kakhulu. Xa sigonywa, ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kuyaphela, kwaye abo bantu bangenakunceda nabo bafumana ukhuseleko olungathanga ngqo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi -Herd Immunity .
3. Inciphisa ukulaliswa esibhedlele:Ukuba ubhubhane usasazeka, izibhedlele zingaba nzima kakhulu. Ukugonywa kunciphisa inani labantu abagula kakhulu, nto leyo enciphisa uxinzelelo kwinkqubo yezempilo.
4. Ukuphelisa izifo: Xa abantu abaninzi begonyiwe, akukho mntu wokusasaza esi sifo, kwaye esi sifo sinokususwa ehlabathini. Ugonyo lwaba lolokuqala ukuphelisa isifo esibulalayo i-smallpox .
Uloyiko kunye neengcamango ezingalunganga malunga nemithi yokugonya
Kukho iingcamango eziphosakeleyo malunga nokugonywa okusasazeka kuluntu. Masifumanise inyaniso ngaloo nto.
- "Iigonyo zibangela iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, akunjalo?"
Njengayo nayiphi na iyeza, imijovo inokuba nemiphumo emibi emincinci. Kuqhelekile ukuba ube bomvu, ukuvuvukala, ukuqaqamba, kunye nomkhuhlane omncinci kwindawo ohlatywe kuyo inaliti . Ezi azimbi kangako, kodwa luphawu lokuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba iqala ukusebenza! Ezi ziya kuphela ngokupheleleyo emva kosuku olunye okanye ezimbini. Amaxesha amaninzi, iimpembelelo ezinkulu ze-allergy zinokwenzeka. Kodwa loo nto imalunga nesinye kwisigidi.
- "Ingaba yinyani into yokuba imijovo ibangela i-autism?"
Hayi. Oku kubuxoki ngokupheleleyo. Eli bali laqala ngengxelo yophando yobuxoki eyapapashwa kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Kamva yafunyaniswa ukuba ayichanekanga ngokwesayensi yaza yasuswa kwijenali eyayipapasha. Ukususela ngoko, izifundo ezinkulu ezibandakanya amawaka abantwana kwihlabathi liphela ziye zaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba akukho nxibelelwano phakathi kwamayeza okugonya kunye ne-autism.
- "Ngaba izitofu ziyayitshintsha i-DNA yethu?"
Akunjalo konke konke. Akukho nto kwi-vaccine enokusebenzisana okanye itshintshe i-DNA engaphakathi kwi-nucleus yeeseli zethu. Ngokukodwa, "iresiphi" kwi-vaccine ze-mRNA ihlala ngaphakathi kwiseli iintsuku ezimbalwa ize ibole ngokwemvelo.
- "Ndiye ndagula nasemva kokufumana isitofu. Ngoko ke asincedi nganto, akunjalo?"
Ngamanye amaxesha oko kunokwenzeka. Zininzi izizathu zaloo nto. Akukho gonyo lisebenza ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa nokuba umntu ofumana igonyo uyagula, kuya kuba sisifo esincinci kakhulu, esifana nomkhuhlane kwaye uya kuphila ngokukhawuleza. Umngcipheko weengxaki ezinkulu, ukulaliswa esibhedlele, okanye ukufa uyancipha kakhulu. Elo lixabiso lokwenyani legonyo.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Isitofu sokugonya sisixhobo esikhuselekileyo sokuqeqesha amajoni omzimba wethu ukuba alwe nezifo eziyingozi.
- Ukugonywa akukukhuseli nje kuphela, kodwa nosapho lwakho, abahlobo, kunye noluntu lonke, ingakumbi abantwana abancinci kunye nabagulayo abangenako ukugonywa.
- Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezivela kwiigonyo zihlala zincinci kakhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yakho yomzimba yokuzikhusela isebenza kakuhle.
- Ibango lokuba imijovo ibangela izifo ezifana ne-autism lingqinwe ngokwesayensi ukuba aliyonyani. Musa ukudala uloyiko olungeyomfuneko ngayo.
- Buza ugqirha wakho wosapho (ugqirha) malunga nemithi yokugonya ekufuneka uyifumane okanye umntwana wakho, ishedyuli yokugonya kazwelonke, kunye nayo nayiphi na imibuzo onokuba nayo.
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