Ake sifunde ngokuhlolwa kwe-PCR kalula, njengoba nje kumngane!

Ungase ukhumbule ukuthi ngesikhathi sobhubhane lwe-Covid-19, sonke sikhulume ngokuhlolwa kwe-PCR . Abanye abantu kumele ukuthi babesaba kancane, becabanga ngenduku efakwe ekhaleni? Kodwa kuyini ngempela lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-PCR? Ingabe kungathola i-Covid-19 kuphela? Cha, i-PCR iyindlela yokuhlola ebaluleke kakhulu kwezokwelapha esiza ezintweni eziningi. Ake sixoxe ngakho konke lokhu namuhla, kalula nangokucacile, njengokungathi sikhuluma nomngane omuhle.

Kuyini i-PCR? Ungakuchaza kancane?

Kalula nje, i-PCR isifinyezo se- Polymerase Chain Reaction . Isetshenziselwa ukuthola izinto zofuzo emizimbeni yethu, kungaba yi -DNA noma i-RNA . Cabanga ngesampula encane ethathwe kuwe, kungaba yiconsi legazi, noma i-swab evela ngaphakathi kwekhala lakho. Leyo ngxenye encane ye-DNA noma i-RNA kuleyo sampula iyathathwa bese kwenziwa amakhophi ayizigidi, mhlawumbe izigidigidi, elabhorethri. Yilokhu ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi i-amplification , okusho "ukwanda" noma "ukwanda." Kufana nokwenza amakhophi amaningi ephepha elilodwa ngomshini wokukopisha.

Ngokwenza amakhophi amaningi anjengalawa, kuba lula kososayensi ukutadisha i-DNA noma i-RNA kusampula encane yokuqala bese bebona ukuthi kukhona yini okukhethekile kuyo. I-PCR ingeyeqembu lokuhlolwa elibizwa ngokuthi i-Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) .

Nakuba abantu abaningi bezwe igama elithi PCR maqondana nokuhlolwa kwe-Covid-19, lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe emkhakheni wezokwelapha isikhathi eside futhi buyindlela ewusizo kakhulu.

Yini engatholwa yi-PCR?

Manje ake sibone ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinto lolu hlolo lwe-PCR olungazithola. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi lungolwe-COVID-19 kuphela. Kodwa akunjalo. Bheka:

• Izifo ezithelelanayo: I-PCR ingasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane, noma ukukhwehlela onakho kubangelwa yigciwane , amagciwane , isikhunta , noma izinambuzane . Isibonelo:
• Igciwane le-SARS-CoV-2 elibangela i-COVID-19 (COVID-19) .
• Umkhuhlane , yilokho esivame ukukubiza ngokuthi umkhuhlane.
• I-Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), evame kakhulu ezinganeni ezincane.
• Ibhaktheriya ebangela isifo sofuba.
• Ezinye izifo eziningi ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane.
• Izifo zofuzo: Abanye abantu banezifo zofuzo ezizuzwe njengefa, akunjalo? Izifo ezinjengalezo, isibonelo , i-Cystic Fibrosis.Le PCR isetshenziselwa futhi ukuxilonga izimo ezifana neHuntington's Disease kanye neFragile X Syndrome . Lezi yizimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kubaluleke kakhulu ekwelashweni.
• Izinhlobo zomdlavuza: Le ndlela iyasiza futhi ekuboneni izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, njenge -lymphoma .
• Izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo kumdlavuza: Lapho welapha umuntu onomdlavuza, lokhu kuhlolwa kwe-PCR kungabona futhi ukushintshashintsha kwezakhi zofuzo/ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezithile kulawo maseli omdlavuza. Lokhu kuzovumela ukwelashwa okuqondiwe ukuthi kusetshenziswe ukuqondisa lezo zinguquko ezithile. Lokhu kuyintuthuko enkulu emkhakheni wokwelashwa komdlavuza.
• Ingozi yesifo esizayo: Abantu abanezinguquko ezithile zofuzo bangase babe sengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo ezinkulu njengomdlavuza esikhathini esizayo. Le PCR isetshenziselwa nokuhlolwa kofuzo ukuze kutholakale ingozi yomdlavuza . Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uqaphele kusenesikhathi futhi wenze izinguquko endleleni yokuphila uma kudingeka, noma uhlale uqaphile ngokuhlolwa njalo.
• Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambi kokubeletha: I-PCR iyasiza nasekuhlolweni okwenziwayo ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ingane engakazalwa yowesifazane okhulelwe inesimo sofuzo yini.

Akukhona lokhu kuphela, kungenzeka ukuthi ukubonile kumamuvi, lapho kuthathwa khona ubufakazi be-DNA, njengoboya obuncane noma ibala legazi elitholakale endaweni yobugebengu, bese kusetshenziswa ukuhlonza isigebengu. Ama-lab okuhlola asebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe be-PCR ukwandisa inani le-DNA nokwenza izivivinyo.

Yiziphi izivivinyo nezindlela ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PCR?

Ubuchwepheshe be-PCR busetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlola. Uhlobo lokuhlolwa okudingeka uluthathe isampula luzoncika kulokho okuvivinyayo. Nazi ezinye izibonelo:

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Kuthathwa isampula yegazi bese kusetshenziswa i-PCR ukuthola izinguquko zofuzo kanye nezifo ezithile ezithathelwanayo.
• I-Nasopharyngeal swab: Isampula ye-mucus ethathwe ngaphakathi kwekhala noma emphinjeni ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola izifo zokuphefumula ezifana ne-influenza (flu), i-COVID-19, kanye ne-RSV. Yilokhu sonke esikubonile ngesikhathi se-COVID.
• Ukuxilongwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Ngaphambi Kokufakelwa (PGD) noma Ukuhlolwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Ngaphambi Kokufakelwa (PGS): Ngesikhathi senqubo Yokuvundisa Nge-In Vitro (IVF) , amaseli ambalwa avela kuma-embryo athathwa futhi ahlolwe izimo zofuzo ngaphambi kokuba afakwe esibelethweni sikamama. Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokutholwa kweqanda.
• I-Amniocentesis:Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, inani elincane loketshezi lwe-amniotic oluzungeze umntwana esibelethweni sikanina lingasetshenziswa ukuhlola isimo sofuzo somntwana kusetshenziswa i-PCR. Lokhu ukuhlolwa okwenziwa udokotela ochwepheshe.
• I-Biopsy: Ukuze kutholakale izinguquko zofuzo kumaseli omdlavuza (ukuhlolwa kwama-molecule), kuthathwa isampula encane yesimila (i-tumor biopsy) noma i-bone marrow biopsy. Lokhu kufana nokuhlinzwa okuncane. Isampula isetshenziswa ukwenza i-PCR ukubheka izinguquko zofuzo.

Ulungiselela kanjani lolu vivinyo?

Ezimweni eziningi, akukho ukulungiselela okukhethekile okudingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe i-PCR. Kodwa-ke, kuncike kulokho okuhlolwayo nokuthi iyiphi indlela esetshenziswayo ukuqoqa isampula. Isibonelo, ezinye izivivinyo zegazi zingadinga ukuthi uzile ukudla amahora ambalwa ngaphambi. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukubuza udokotela wakho noma isikhungo sokuhlola ukuthi kukhona yini okukhethekile okudingeka ukwenze.

Isebenza kanjani i-PCR? Isayensi encane!

Lena indaba yesayensi kancane, kodwa ake ngiyichaze kalula. Lokho okwenziwa yi-PCR ukuhlonza ukulandelana okuhlukile kwi-DNA ofuna ukuyibheka, okungukuthi, okuqondene nayo. Lokhu kulandelana kungaba ushintsho oluthile lwezakhi zofuzo kumdlavuza, noma kungaba ikhodi yezakhi zofuzo yegciwane noma igciwane. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-target DNA .

Igama elithi "Polymerase Chain Reaction" libhekisela enkambisweni lapho kwenziwa khona inani elikhulu lamakhophi e-DNA eqondiwe (amplified) elabhorethri. Le nqubo isebenzisa i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-DNA polymerase . Le enzyme yenza amakhophi e-DNA eqondiwe, uma ikhona kusampula.

Lokhu "kusabela kwe-chain" kwenzeka lapho ikhambi lidlula emijikelezweni eminingi yokushisa nokupholisa. Emjikelezweni owodwa, inani le-DNA lingaphindeka kabili. Cabanga ngakho njengokukodwa kuya kokubili, okubili kuya kwesine, okune kuya kwesishiyagalombili... njalo njalo, ekugcineni kube amakhophi ayizigidi. Inzuzo yalokhu ukuthi i-PCR ingathola ngisho nenani elincane le-DNA noma i-RNA ebelingaphuthelwa ngezinye izivivinyo.

Ngokuvamile, ngemva kokwenziwa kwe-PCR, ososayensi kufanele benze izivivinyo ezengeziwe ukuze bahlaziye i-DNA ekhulisiwe. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, amalebula akhethekile ayengezwa esixazululweni ngesikhathi senqubo ye-PCR, okungabonisa ukuthi isampula ilungile noma ayilungile. Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukuthola imiphumela ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi lapho kufunwa izifo ezifana namagciwane.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-PCR ezikhona?

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-PCR. Ezinye zidinga izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokukopisha noma ukuhlaziya i-DNA. Ake sibheke izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

1. I-Reverse-Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Cabanga ukuthi ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo esifuna ukulukopisha nokulufuna alukho ku-DNA, kodwa luku-RNA. (Isibonelo, igciwane le-Covid-19 line-RNA). Khona-ke, kule RT-PCR , okwenziwayo ukuthi i-RNA iqale iguqulwe ibe yi-DNA kusetshenziswa i-enzyme ekhethekile (i-reverse transcriptase). I-DNA eyakhiwayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-DNA ehambisanayo (i-cDNA) . Ngemva kwalokho, inqubo evamile ye-PCR okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili iyenziwa. Ngoba, i-PCR evamile ingenziwa kuphela ku-DNA.

2. I-PCR Yesikhathi Sangempela / I-PCR Enobuningi (Q-PCR)

Okwenzekayo kulokhu ukuthi njengoba kwenziwa amakhophi e-DNA, kufakwa amalebula akhethekile e-fluorescent kuwo. Lawa malebula akhipha ukukhanya uma ebopha ku-DNA eqondiwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okwengeziwe, labo abenza ukuhlolwa bangabona ngesikhathi sangempela ukuthi i-DNA efanele ikhona yini kusampula. Akukhona lokho kuphela, bangathola nombono wobuningi bokuthi kungakanani okukhona.

Into edidayo ukuthi, abanye abantu bayibiza ngokuthi "i-RT-PCR". Kodwa ayifani ne-Reverse-Transcriptase PCR okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili. Futhi, le ndlela ye-Real-time PCR ingasetshenziswa kanye ne-Reverse-Transcriptase PCR okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili. Bese ibizwa ngokuthi i-Real-time RT-PCR (real-time RT-PCR) . Le ndlela ye-real-time RT-PCR isetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwe-nasal swab ukuthola amagciwane e-RNA afana ne-Covid-19 kanye ne-influenza.

Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-PCR isitshelani?

Uma uthola imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-PCR, amagama angase ahluke kancane, kuye ngokuthi uhlolwe ini.

• Ngokuvamile, uma imiphumela yakho ithi "kutholakale" noma "kukhona," kusho ukuthi une-genetic mutation noma ukutheleleka okubhekwe ukuhlolwa.
• Uma umphumela uthi "akutholakalanga," kusho ukuthi ukuhlolwa akukwazanga ukuthola i-DNA noma i-RNA ehlosiwe eyayihlolwa. Kodwa-ke, uma kwenzeka ukutheleleka, lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungasho ukuthi uhlolwe kusenesikhathi kakhulu enkambisweni yokutheleleka. Ungase ube nokutheleleka, kodwa kungase kungabi negciwane noma amagciwane anele ukuze kutholakale i-PCR ngaleso sikhathi.

Ungayichaza kanjani imiphumela ye-Covid-19 PCR?

Lokhu kuyinto abantu abaningi abajwayelene nayo manje.

• Umphumela omuhle we-COVID PCR - okusho ukuthi umbiko wakho uthi "Kutholakale" - kusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi utheleleke nge-COVID-19 , noma usanda kululama ku-COVID-19 (ngezinye izikhathi i-PCR ingahlala ithelelekile isikhathi esithile ngemva kokululama).
• Uma uthola umphumela we-COVID PCR othi (“Akutholakalanga”), kusho ukuthi cishe wawungenayo i-COVID-19 lapho uthatha i-nasal swab. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ngishilo ekuqaleni, ngezinye izikhathi, ekuqaleni kokutheleleka, ikakhulukazi uma ungenazo izimpawu, ukuhlolwa kwe-PCR kungaba negative. Ngakho-ke uma unezimpawu, udokotela wakho angase akucebise ukuthi uhlolwe futhi ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola imiphumela ye-PCR?

Lokhu kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okunjani.

• Ukuhlolwa kwe-nasal swab kwamagciwane avamile njenge-influenza kanye ne-COVID-19 kuvame ukuthatha amahora ambalwa noma usuku ukukhiqiza imiphumela.
• Ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo okusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwegazi kanye nezindlela ze-biopsy kungathatha isonto noma ngaphezulu ukuthola imiphumela ngoba inqubo yokuhlaziya iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Kunini lapho udinga ukubonana nodokotela?

Uma unemibuzo noma ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuhlolwa kwe-PCR noma imiphumela yako, qiniseka ukuthi ukhuluma nodokotela wakho. Bangachaza konke kuwe.

Umyalezo obaluleke kakhulu okufanele uwuthathe uye nawo ekhaya

Nakuba amagama athi "ukuhlolwa kwe-PCR" avele angena engxoxweni yethu yansuku zonke ngobhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lwango-2020, empeleni ubuchwepheshe obuwusizo kakhulu odokotela abebelokhu bebusebenzisa amashumi eminyaka. I-PCR isiza ukuhlonza nokukopisha amanani amancane e-DNA noma i-RNA, angasetshenziswa ukuhlonza izimo ezahlukahlukene zempilo.

Nakuba lokhu kuvamile kodokotela, kungase kungabi yinto evamile ukuthi uhlolwe. Siyaqonda lokho. Kodwa into engcono kakhulu ukuthi kudinga isampula encane yomzimba wakho kuphela, futhi inqubo ivame ukuthatha imizuzu embalwa nje. Uma unemibuzo, ukukhathazeka, noma ukungabaza ngalokhu, sicela ukhulume nodokotela wakho. Bazokuchazela konke. Hlala uphilile!

Ukuhlolwa kwe - PCR, i-DNA, i-RNA, ukuhlolwa kofuzo, ukuxilongwa, i-Covid-19, igciwane