Ake sifunde "ngenzwa yethu yokubona" ​​esisiza sibone umhlaba ngamehlo ethu.

Wake wazibuza ukuthi sibona kanjani izinto ezinhle kuleli zwe? Amehlo ethu empeleni afana namakhamera amabili amangalisayo. Kodwa akekho ongathatha isithombe esithathwe yileyo khamera bese etshela ubuchopho ukuthi, "Yilokhu okubonile." Lowo msebenzi obalulekile wenziwa yi-optic nerve yethu, okungukuthi, i-`(Optic Nerve)`. Ngakho-ke namuhla sizokhuluma ngale optic nerve emangalisayo.

Iyini i-Optic Nerve? Kalula nje...

Cabanga ukuthi iso lakho liyikhamera ephezulu. Ingxenye engemuva kwale khamera, ebizwa ngokuthi i-retina, ithola ukukhanya bese ikuguqula kube yizimpawu zikagesi. Manje, lezi zimpawu zikagesi zidinga ukuthunyelwa "kukhompyutha" ebuchosheni. Ikhebula elikhethekile elisetshenziselwa lokhu libizwa ngokuthi i-optic nerve .

Lo mthambo wokubona wakhiwe yizigidi zemicu yezinzwa emihle kakhulu. Eqinisweni, le micu yezinzwa yiyo ethwala imiyalezo ebuchosheni ngakho konke okubonayo, njengezithombe, imibala, kanye nezimo. Njengoba sinamehlo amabili, sinezinzwa ezimbili zokubona, enye yesokudla kanye nenye yeso lesobunxele. Lezi zifana nezindlela "ezihamba ngendlela eyodwa" ezithwala imiyalezo ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela. Okusho ukuthi, izimpawu zisuka esweni ziye ebuchosheni kuphela. Ngaphezu kokuthwala lolu lwazi olubonakalayo, le micu iphinde ifake isandla kweminye imisebenzi emincane eminingana.

Ubuwazi ukuthi kunezimbili zezinzwa ngaphakathi kwekhanda lethu ezixhumene ngqo nobuchopho? Lezi sizibiza ngokuthi izinzwa ze-cranial `(izinzwa ze-Cranial)`. Kulezi, i-optic nerve iyi-cranial nerve yesibili . Ibizwa nangokuthi `(Cranial Nerve II)` noma `(CN II)`. Lokhu kukhethekile phakathi kwezinye izinzwa ze-cranial. Uyazini? I-optic nerve iyona kuphela eyingxenye ye-`(Central Nervous System - CNS)` yethu. Uhlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi luhlanganisa ubuchopho, umgogodla, kanye nale optic nerve. Eminye imizwa ye-cranial engu-11 ingeyohlelo lwe-`(Peripheral Nervous System - PNS)`.

Ikuphi i-optic nerve? Ihamba kanjani iye ebuchosheni?

Sithe inzwa yokubona igijima isuka ngemuva kweso ngalinye iye ebuchosheni. Lolu hambo luyinkimbinkimbi kancane. Ake sibheke ukuthi leyo ndlela yakheka kanjani:

1. Umsele wokubona: Lona umgodi onamathambo osetshenziswa yinzwa yokubona ukungena ekhanda bese uxhuma ebuchosheni. Ufana nomhubhe omncane.

2. I-Optic chiasm: Lena yindawo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlangana ngesimo sohlamvu "Y". Yilapho imicu yezinzwa evela emehlweni amabili ihlangana khona. Into emangalisayo ukuthi, lapha eminye imicu yezinzwa evela emehlweni amabili iyashintshana. Okusho ukuthi, eminye imicu evela esweni lokunene iya kwesobunxele, kanti eminye imicu evela esweni lokunene iya kwesokudla. Cabanga ngemigwaqo emibili ihlangana, kanti eminye izimoto zihamba ziqonde, kanti eminye ijika ngenye indlela. Lolu shintsho lubaluleke kakhulu. Ngoba, yilokhu okuvumela ubuchopho ukuthi buhlanganise izithombe ezivela emehlweni womabili futhi busibonise isithombe esisodwa, esicacile. Ngaphandle kwalokho, besizobona konke kukabili!

3. Ubuchopho:Ngemva kokuhlangana ne-optic chiasm, le micu yezinzwa ingena ebuchosheni. Iya ngqo ku-visual cortex ku-occipital lobe ngemuva kobuchopho. Yilapho "sicubungula" lokho esikubonayo, okungukuthi, sikuqonde.

Ngale ndlela, endleleni eya ku-visual cortex, inani elincane kakhulu lemicu yezinzwa nayo iyahlukana iye kwezinye izindlela. Lezi aziyi ku-visual cortex. Kunalokho, ziyasiza ngeminye imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile emzimbeni wethu.

Yimiphi imisebenzi eyengeziwe yenzwa ye-optic?

Ngaphandle kokusisiza kakhulu ukubona, lezo zinhlayiya ezincane zemizwa eziphuma emsipheni we-optic zisivumela ukuthi senze ezinye izinto.

• Ukusabela komfundi: Kungenzeka ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi uma uvele uvezwe ekukhanyeni okukhulu ngokuzumayo, i-pupil (indilinga encane ephakathi kwendandatho emnyama yeso) iyancipha. Uma ubuyela ebumnyameni, iyakhula. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukulawula ukuthi kungakanani ukukhanya okungena esweni. Ngenxa yokuthi lokhu kufanele kwenzeke ngokushesha okukhulu, imicu yezinzwa ehilelekile kule nqubo iyahlukana ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele ku-cortex ebonakalayo.
• I-Accommodation reflex: Ukuma kwelensi ngaphakathi kweso kuyashintsha uma ubheka into eseduze nawe noma into ekude. Imisipha emzimbeni we-ciliary iyasiza kulokhu. Le misipha ivuselelwa yizimpawu ezivela ku-optic nerve. Yilokhu okuvumela iso ukuthi ligxile kunoma yiliphi ibanga.
• Isigqi se-Circadian: Lesi "iwashi lezinto eziphilayo" lomzimba wethu. Leli washi lilawula izinto eziningi, okuhlanganisa umjikelezo wethu wokulala nokuvuka, umfutho wegazi, izinga lokushisa lomzimba, kanye namazinga kashukela egazini. Ezinye izintambo ezisuka emthanjeni we-optic zitshela ubuchopho ngokukhanya ezikubonayo. Ubuchopho babantu abaningi busebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuqonda imini nobusuku nokugcina lesi sigqi se-circadian.

Cabanga ngakho, i-optic nerve akuyona nje "ikhebula" elithwala lokho esikubonayo liye ebuchosheni, kodwa lihilelekile kweminye imisebenzi eminingi ebaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni wethu.

Yiziphi izifo nezimo ezithinta i-optic nerve?

Ngeshwa, ezinye izifo zingalimaza le nzwa eyigugu yokubona. Uma lokho kwenzeka, umbono wethu ungase uphazamiseke, noma ulahleke ngokuphelele. Ake sibheke ezinye zalezi zimo:

• I-Glaucoma: Lesi yisimo lapho uketshezi luqoqana ngaphakathi kweso futhi ingcindezi iyanda. Lokhu kucindezela kungalimaza i-optic nerve. Ngokuvamile akubonisi zimpawu ekuqaleni, ngakho-ke kudingeka uqaphele.
• I-anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: Lokhu kwenzeka lapho imithambo yegazi ehlinzeka ngegazi emthanjeni we-optic ivaleka. Lokhu kungabangela ukulahlekelwa umbono ngokuzumayo.
• Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa: Lokhu kuyizinguquko ekuthuthukisweni kwenzwa yokubona okwenzeka lapho kuzalwa.
• Ukuwohloka kwamehlo:Njengoba nje isitshalo sifa ngaphandle kwamanzi, lapho i-optic nerve ingenalo igazi elanele isikhathi eside, i-nerve ingancipha futhi ingasebenzi kahle.
• I-optic nerve coloboma: Lesi yisimo esizuzwa njengefa esithinta ukukhula kwe-optic nerve. Singathinta iso elilodwa noma womabili.
• I-optic nerve drusen: Lezi yizinsalela ezincane ezakhiwe ngamaprotheni, i-calcium, kanye namakhemikhali anamafutha. Zingaqongelela futhi ngemuva kweso, eduze kwe-optic nerve.
• Ama-glioma emizwa yokukhanya: Ama-glioma ayizimila ezingakhula emsipheni wokukhanya. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi esiningi, awawona umdlavuza.
• Ama-meningioma e-optic nerve: Lawa futhi angamathumba akhula kancane, angewona umdlavuza, kodwa awavamile ukubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokubona.
• I-optic neuritis: I-optic nerve ingavuvukala futhi ivuvuke ngenxa yezifo ezithile noma izifo ezizimele ezifana ne-multiple sclerosis (MS).
• I-Papilledema: Lapho ingcindezi ngaphakathi kobuchopho ikhuphuka ngenxa yezimo ezifana nesimila sobuchopho, ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, noma i-meningitis, i-optic nerve ingavuvukala.
• I-Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD): Lokhu kwenzeka lapho amasosha ethu omzimba ehlasela ngephutha i-optic nerve kanye ne-spinal cord.

Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile zezinkinga ze-optic nerve?

Uma kunenkinga nge-optic nerve, ingabangela izimpawu ezahlukahlukene. Kuya ngesimo esiyisisekelo. Ezinye zalezi zimpawu zingase zibe zesikhashana, kanti ezinye zingase zibe ezihlala njalo. Nazi ezinye zezimpawu ezivame kakhulu:

• Amabala amnyama (ama-Scotomas) embonweni.
• Umbono ofiphele.
• Ukungaboni imibala ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala.
• Ukubona izinto ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa (i-Diplopia).
• Ubuhlungu noma ukungakhululeki kwamehlo.
• Ukuvuvukala kwamehlo.
• Ukubona izibani zikhanya phambi kwamehlo (Photopsias).
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu.
• Isicanucanu nokuhlanza.
• Ubumpumputhe basebusuku (i-Nyctalopia), okusho ukungakwazi ukubona ebusuku.
• Ukulahlekelwa umbono oyingxenye (ukubona okuphansi) noma ukulahlekelwa umbono ngokuphelele.
• Ukwehla kokubona okuzungezile.
• Ukulahlekelwa umbono ngokuzumayo.
• Amaphutha ensimu yokubona, okusho ukuthi awukwazi ukubona izingxenye zobubanzi obuphelele bokubona.

Uma unesinye noma ngaphezulu salezi zimpawu, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Singazivikela kanjani izinzwa zethu zamehlo?

Kunezinto eziningana esingazenza ukuze sivikele amehlo ethu kanye nezinzwa zethu zamehlo. Ukulandela lokhu kungakusiza ukuthi ugcine umbono omuhle isikhathi eside.

• Thola ukuhlolwa kwamehlo njalo: Ngisho noma ungadingi izibuko, bona udokotela wamehlo okungenani kanye ngonyaka ukuze ahlolwe amehlo akho. Izinkinga eziningi zemizwa yamehlo kulula ukuzelapha uma zitholakala kusenesikhathi.
• Gcina isisindo esinempilo: Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile kungaholela ezifweni ezifana nesifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme, okuyingozi nasemqaleni we-optic nerve.
• Thola izakhamzimba ezidingwa yizinzwa zakho: Amavithamini B1, B6, B12, kanye nethusi abalulekile ezinzwa ezinempilo. Kubalulekile ukudla ukudla okunempilo.
• Lawula izifo ezithinta ukujikeleza kwegazi, impilo yobuchopho, umbono, kanye nemizwa: Uma unezimo ezifana nesifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme, zilawule kahle.
• Gwema imikhiqizo kagwayi: Akukhona nje ukubhema (ugwayi, ama-beedis), kodwa futhi nogwayi ongenantuthu (ugwayi ohlafunwayo, ugwayi ohlafunwayo) kanye no-"(vaping)" okuyingozi emehlweni nasemthanjeni obonayo. Uma uyisebenzisa, yeka, noma uma usuqalile, ungaqali.
• Vikela ikhanda namehlo akho: Gqoka ibhande lesihlalo uma ugibele imoto. Gqoka isigqoko sokuzivikela kanye nezibuko zokuphepha uma udlala imidlalo noma usebenza ngemishini.
• Vikela amehlo akho ekulimaleni: Gqoka izibuko zelanga uma ungaphandle elangeni. Lokhu kunganciphisa umthelela emehlweni akho.

Kufanele simbone nini udokotela?

Uma ubona ushintsho oluhamba kancane kancane ekuboneni kwakho, ubuhlungu bamehlo obandayo, noma ukwehla kokubona (isibonelo, ukubona okufiphele, ukubona okuphindwe kabili), qiniseka ukuthi ubona udokotela wamehlo noma udokotela womndeni wakho.

Ikakhulukazi, uma ubona ushintsho oluzumayo, noma ulahlekelwa umbono, futhi kungakaze kwenzeke ngaphambili, kufanele ufune usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha. Kungaba yisimo esiphuthumayo.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Inzwa yokubona ifana "nekhebula ledatha" elixhumanisa amehlo ethu nobuchopho bethu. Singase singaliqapheli inani layo kuze kube yilapho isebenza kahle. Kodwa yilapho kuphela lapho kukhona okungahambi kahle ngayo lapho siqaphela khona ukuthi iyigugu kangakanani.

Kunezinto eziningi ongazenza ukuze uvikele impilo yenzwa yakho yokubona. Ngakho-ke, kungumthwalo wakho ukunakekela amehlo akho.

Uma unemibuzo mayelana nezinguquko embonweni wakho noma izindlela zokugcina umbono wakho uphilile, ungangabazi ukukhuluma nochwepheshe wamehlo. Bangakusiza futhi bakunike isiqondiso esidingekayo. Khumbula, inzwa ephilile yokukhanya ibalulekile ekuboneni umhlaba omuhle ngokucacile!

I- Optic Nerve, I-Optic Nerve, Umbono, Ubuchopho, Impilo Yamehlo, I-Glaucoma