Izinto okudingeka uzazi ngendaba emnyama yobuchopho (Substantia Nigra)!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi ukunyakaza komzimba wakho, indlela ohamba ngayo, indlela oshukumisa ngayo izingalo nemilenze, kulawulwa kanjani? Konke lokhu kuxhumene nengxenye encane kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yobuchopho bethu. Leyo ngxenye ibizwa nje ngokuthi i-Substantia Nigra . Namuhla, sizokhuluma ngale ngxenye emangalisayo.

Ngakho-ke, kwenzekani nge-Substantia Nigra?

Kalula nje, le ngxenye ebizwa ngokuthi i-substantia nigra iyingxenye yesistimu 'ye-Basal Ganglia' ebuchosheni bakho. Ukuze kube sobala, yilokhu okusiza ukulawula ukunyakaza kwakho kanye nethoni yemisipha. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ukuthi i-substantia nigra ikhiqiza ikhemikhali ebaluleke kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi i-dopamine . Le dopamine ifana nesithunywa ebuchosheni bethu. Kunezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zale substantia nigra. Umsebenzi wayo ngayinye uhlukile kancane.

1. I-SN pars reticulata

Le ngxenye ihileleke kakhulu ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwamehlo akho, kanye nekhono lakho lokufunda izinto ezintsha nokucabanga. Amaseli obuchopho kule ndawo aqukethe ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuthi i-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . I-GABA isebenza ngokunciphisa umsebenzi ongadingekile wamaseli obuchopho. Okusho ukuthi, iyasiza ekuvimbeleni ubuchopho ekuthumeleni izimpawu ezingadingekile emisipheni. Lokhu kufana nephoyisa lomgwaqo elimisa izimoto ezingadingekile.

2. I-SN pars compacta

Ama-neurons, noma amangqamuzana ezinzwa, kule ngxenye yilapho i- dopamine yamakhemikhali okukhulunywe ngayo ekuqaleni itholakala khona kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, le ngxenye ihilelekile ezintweni eziningi, njengemizwa yakho, ikhono lakho lokufunda, indlela owahlulela ngayo izingozi nemivuzo, kanye nezisusa zakho. Ukwehla kwe-dopamine kuyimbangela eyinhloko yezimo ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson .

Ngakho-ke, itholakala kuphi iSubstantia Nigra?

Le ngxenye ebizwa ngokuthi i-substantia nigra (SN) itholakala phakathi kobuchopho bakho, ebizwa ngokuthi i-midbrain . Njengoba igama lisho, itholakala phakathi kobuchopho bakho. Uma sikhuluma iqiniso, itholakala ngaphezu kwe-brainstem , eduze nendawo lapho ikhanda nentamo kuhlangana khona futhi kuqala khona umgogodla . Nakuba siyibiza ngokuthi 'i-substantia nigra', empeleni kunezingxenye ezimbili zobuchopho bakho. Zitholakala kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zobuchopho obuphakathi. Ingxenye ngayinye iqukethe izingxenye okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili ezibizwa ngokuthi i-pars reticulata (SN pars reticulata) kanye ne-pars compacta (SN pars compacta). Uma lezi ezimbili zihlanganiswa, zibizwa ngokuthi 'i-substantia nigra' (substantiae nigrae).

Kubukeka kanjani lokhu? Kunombala onjani? Kukhulu yini?

Uyabona, igama elithi Substantia Nigra livela olimini lwesiLatini. Lisho ukuthi 'into emnyama' . Isizathu salokhu ukuthi nakuba ingxenye yonke yobuchopho bakho ivame ukuba mpunga okhanyayo, le ngxenye ebizwa ngokuthi iSubstantia Nigra imnyama kakhulu. Ukuze kube sobala, ibukeka njengebhande elimnyama elizungezwe izicubu ezinombala okhanyayo. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi amangqamuzana obuchopho kule ndawo aqukethe ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuthi iMelanin . Ubuwazi, iMelanin itholakala nasemaseli esikhumba sethu. Uma ivezwa elangeni, isikhumba sethu siphenduka sibe nsundu (sibe nsundu) ngenxa yale Melanin. Uma ubuza ukuthi inkulu kangakanani, empeleni yingxenye encane kakhulu. Cabanga, ungabeka cishe ama-substantia nigra angu-25 ngaphakathi kwebhola legalofu elivamile! Lincane kangako. Enye into, nakuba liyingxenye ye-basal ganglia, i-substantia nigra (SN) akuyona i-ganglion. Liyi- nucleus , okuyisakhiwo ohlelweni lwezinzwa esiqukethe iqembu lamaseli enza into efanayo, noma anohlobo olufanayo lokuxhumana.

Yenziwe ngani i-Substantia Nigra?

I-basal ganglia yakho, okuhlanganisa ne-substantia nigra, yakhiwe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamaseli. Ake sixoxe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe.

• Ama-Neuron : Lawa amaseli asebuchosheni bakho kanye nasesimisweni sezinzwa . Yiwo adlulisa futhi athumele izimpawu. Angadlulisa izimpawu ngamakhemikhali noma ngogesi.
• Amaseli e-Glial: Lawa afana namaseli asizayo esimiso sezinzwa. Nakuba engadlulisi ngqo izimpawu zezinzwa, asiza ama-neurons enza lowo msebenzi.

Okuncane ngama-neurons

Ama-neuron awuhlobo lweseli elithumela futhi lamukele imiyalezo ngohlelo lwakho lwezinzwa lisebenzisa izimpawu zikagesi nezamakhemikhali. I-neuron inalezi zingxenye:

• Umzimba weseli: Lena yingxenye eyinhloko yeseli.
• I-Axon: Lena yingxenye ende, efana nengalo esukela emzimbeni weseli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-axon kunezingxenye eziningana ezinde, ezifana neminwe. Yilapho isignali kagesi evela ku-neuron iguqulwa khona ibe isignali yamakhemikhali. Lezi zingxenye ezifana neminwe zibizwa nangokuthi ama-synapses . Lezi yilapho i-neuron ixhuma khona namanye amangqamuzana ezinzwa aseduze.
• Ama-dendrite: Lawa yizakhiwo ezincane, ezifana namagatsha emzimbeni weseli (igama livela egameni lesiLatini elisho 'okufana nomuthi'). Ama-dendrite athola izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezivela kuma-synapses kwamanye ama-neurons.
• I-Myelin (I-Myelin : Lolu ungqimba oluncane nolunamafutha oluzungeze i-axon ye-neuron. Lusebenza njengesivikelo.

Ukuxhumana kwezinzwa kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ama-dendrite ku-neuron eyodwa angaxhumana nezinkulungwane zezinye izinzwa. Amanye ama-neuron amade, amanye amafushane. Lokhu kuncike ekutheni akuphi emzimbeni nokuthi enza muphi umsebenzi.

Ayini amaseli e-glial?

Amaseli e-Glial enza izinto eziningi ezahlukene. Asiza ama-neurons akhule futhi athuthuke lapho usemusha, futhi asiza ekuphatheni indlela ama-neurons asebenza ngayo impilo yakho yonke. Aphinde avikele uhlelo lwakho lwezinzwa ekuthelelekeni, alawule ibhalansi yamakhemikhali ohlelweni lwakho lwezinzwa, futhi enze i-myelin sheath ezungeze ama-axon akho. Ubuwazi? Kunamaseli e-glial aphindwe kayishumi kunama-neurons ohlelweni lwakho lwezinzwa!

Yiziphi izifo ezivamile ezithinta i-Substantia Nigra?

Kunezifo eziningana nezimo ezingathinta i-Substantia Nigra. Ezinye zazo yilezi:

• Isifo sika -Alzheimer
• Izimila zobuchopho
• Ukulimala ekhanda, ikakhulukazi ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu njengokuxhuzula
• Ukuchayeka ezintweni ezinobuthi noma ubuthi obufana ne -Trichloroethylene (TCE)
• Izifo (ikakhulukazi izifo ezibangela ukuvuvukala kobuchopho, njenge -encephalitis )
• Izimo zokuvuvukala noma zokuzivikela komzimba , njenge -lupus
• Izimo ezizuzwe njengesifo sikaHuntington
• I-Lewy body dementia
• Ukuwohloka kwesistimu eminingi
• Isifo sikaParkinson - Lesi yisifo okukhulunywa ngaso kakhulu esihlotshaniswa ne-Substantia Nigra, ngoba kulesi sifo, amangqamuzana akhiqiza i-dopamine ayabhujiswa.
• Ukukhubazeka kwe-supranuclear okuqhubekayo
• Isifo sohlangothi
• Isifo sikaWilson

Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile zezifo ezihlobene ne-Substantia Nigra?

Izimpawu zezifo ezithinta uhlelo lwe-basal ganglia, noma i-substantia nigra, zincike kakhulu ohlotsheni lwesifo. Kodwa-ke, kunezimpawu ezithile ezivamile:

• Izinkinga zokulinganisela nokuhlanganisa
• Ubuthakathaka bemisipha kanye nokuqaqamba kwemisipha
• Ukuthuthumela nokuthuthumela
• Inkinga ngokugxila, ukucabanga noma ukuxazulula izinkinga
• Ubunzima bokulawula ukunyakaza kwamehlo, okubangela izinkinga zokubona

Yiziphi izivivinyo ezenziwayo ukuze kutholakale izimo ezinjalo?

Kunezivivinyo eziningana ezingasiza ekuxilongeni izimo ezithinta ubuchopho bakho, noma i-substantia nigra. Izivivinyo ezivame ukusetshenziswa yilezi:

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Lokhu kungathola izinto ezahlukahlukene, kusukela ezinkingeni zesistimu yomzimba kuya ekutheni ubuthi nobuthi, ikakhulukazi izinsimbi ezifana nethusi, i-mercury, kanye ne-lead, sekungene emzimbeni.
• I-computerized tomography (CT) scan
• Amandla avuselelwe (izivivinyo zemizwa)
• Ukuhlolwa kofuzo
• Ukuskena kwe-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ukuskena kwe-positron emission tomography (PET)
• I-single-photon emission computed tomography (i-SPECT scan)

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha izifo ezihlobene ne-Substantia Nigra?

Ngenxa yokuthi kunezimo eziningi kakhulu ezingathinta i-substantia nigra, ukwelashwa okutholakalayo nakho kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. Uhlobo lokwelashwa olutholayo luncike ngokuphelele esimweni onaso. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zimo zingaphathwa ngemithi . Ezinye izimo zingadinga ukuhlinzwa . Nakuba ezinye izimo zingalapheka ngokuphelele, ezinye zingase zingasabeli ekwelashweni. Ezimweni lapho isimo singenakulapheka ngokuphelele, ngokuvamile kungcono ukulawula izimpawu .

Yini engingayenza ukuze ngivikele i-Substantia Nigra yami?

Izimo eziningi ezithinta ubuchopho bakho, noma i-substantia nigra, zingavinjelwa noma okungenani zibambezeleke. Kodwa-ke, isifo sikaParkinsonEzinye izifo, njengomdlavuza, kunzima ukuzivimbela ngoba zenzeka kungazelelwe. Kodwa-ke, nansi ezinye zezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ongazenza:

• Yidla ukudla okulinganiselayo. Ukudla okudlayo kuthinta impilo yohlelo lwakho lokujikeleza kwegazi kanye nesisindo sakho. Kokubili lokhu kuhlobene ngqo nempilo yobuchopho bakho.
• Zivocavoce njalo futhi ugcine isisindo esinempilo. Isisindo sakho kanye nezinga lomsebenzi wakho kungasiza ekuvimbeleni noma ekubambezeleni izifo ezithinta ubuchopho, ikakhulukazi umfutho wegazi ophakeme noma isifo sohlangothi.
• Gqoka imishini yokuzivikela uma kudingeka. Ukulimala ekhanda, ikakhulukazi ukuxhuzula kanye nokunye ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu, kungabangela ukulimala kobuchopho. Umonakalo ngezinye izikhathi ungaba unomphela. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukugqoka imishini yokuzivikela ukuze uvimbele ukulimala kobuchopho, kokubili emsebenzini kanye nangesikhathi sokuphumula.
• Lawula izimo zakho ezingamahlalakhona. Izimo eziningi ezithinta ubuchopho kanye nesimiso sezinzwa ziya ziba zimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukwelapha lezi zimo ezingamahlalakhona ngendlela efanele kunganciphisa ukuqhubeka kwazo futhi kunciphise umthelela wezimpawu.

Umyalezo Wokugcina Wokuya Nasekhaya

Njengoba ubona, i-substantia nigra iyingxenye encane kakhulu yobuchopho bethu, kodwa yenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Nakuba ochwepheshe besafunda okuningi ngayo, sesivele sazi okuningi. Iyingxenye enkulu yezinhlelo zokubonisana zikagesi namakhemikhali zobuchopho bethu. Iphinde isize ekuhleleni ukunyakaza kwethu, ukubona, nezinye izinto eziningi.

Khumbula, impilo yobuchopho bakho ibaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakho iyonke. Ngakho-ke, ungalokothi ukhohlwe ukunakekela ubuchopho bakho nokulandela indlela yokuphila enempilo.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka kanye nocwaningo lwezokwelapha luthuthuka, sizofunda kabanzi mayelana nokusebenza kwangaphakathi kwe-Substantia Nigra kanye nendlela yokwelapha izifo ezithinta yona. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba nethemba!

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I-Substantia Nigra, Ubuchopho, i-Dopamine, Isifo sikaParkinson, Ukunyakaza, Uhlelo Lwezinzwa