'Indaba emnyama' yobuchopho (Substantia Nigra) - Ake sifunde ngeqhawe elincane elilawula ukunyakaza kwethu

Zingaki izinto esizenzayo ngosuku? Siyahamba, sigijima, sithatha okuthile ngezandla zethu, sithatha indebe, sibhala, sibheka nxazonke... Senza konke lokhu ngaphandle kobunzima, ngaphandle kokucabanga. Kodwa wake wacabanga ukuthi yonke le ntshukumo kumele ilawulwe ngobunono nangokunembile kangakanani? Ngemuva kwakho konke lokhu kukhona ubuchopho bethu. Ingxenye encane kakhulu, kodwa enamandla kakhulu yobuchopho isisiza ukuthi senze yonke le ntshukumo ibe lula futhi icace. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngalelo qhawe elincane. Lelo yiSubstantia Nigra.

Ngakho-ke kwenzekani ngempela nge-Substantia Nigra?

Kalula nje, i-Substantia Nigra (SN) iyingxenye ebalulekile yobuchopho bethu esiza ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwethu. Iyingxenye yesistimu ebizwa ngokuthi "i-basal ganglia", eyakhiwe ezinye izingxenye zobuchopho. Ifana nomnyango obalulekile enkampanini enkulu. Le ngxenye ibalulekile ngenxa yethonya layo ekunyakazeni kwethu kanye negalelo layo ezinqubweni zamakhemikhali ebuchosheni.

Cabanga ukuthi ushayela imoto. Udinga ukusebenzisa i-accelerator ukwandisa isivinini, ibhuleki linciphise ijubane noma lime, kanye nesiteringi lijike. Kuphela uma konke lokhu kuhlangene lapho ungalawula khona imoto ngendlela efanele. Ngokufanayo, ubuchopho bunesimiso esifanayo sokulawula ukunyakaza kwemizimba yethu. Omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko ye-substantia nigra ukukhiqiza ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuthi i-dopamine . Le dopamine iyisithunywa esibaluleke kakhulu esilawula ukunyakaza kwethu kanye nokusebenza kwemisipha.

Kunezingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko ngaphakathi kwe-substantia nigra. Imisebenzi yazo zombili ihlukile kancane.

1. I-SN pars reticulata: Le ngxenye ihileleke kakhulu ekunyakazeni kwamehlo ethu, ikhono lokufunda kanye nekhono lokucabanga. Amaseli akule ngxenye aqukethe ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuthi i-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . Le khemikhali ilawula umsebenzi wamaseli obuchopho ngezinga elithile, njengebhuleki . Uma ubuchopho bunquma ukuthi isignali ethile ayilungile ukuya emisipheni, le 'GABA' ingasetshenziswa ukumisa leso signali esingafuneki noma ukuyiqondisa kabusha. Yingakho ukunyakaza kwethu kubushelelezi, ngaphandle kokuba okungadingekile.

2. I-SN pars compacta: Le ngxenye ibaluleke kakhulu. Ngoba amangqamuzana ezinzwa (ama-neurons) lapha akhiqiza i- dopamine yamakhemikhali esikhulume ngayo ngaphambili. I-Dopamine ayihlobene nje kuphela nokunyakaza, kodwa futhi nezinto eziningi ezifana nemizwa yethu, ikhono lokufunda, umvuzo, ukuthatha ingozi, kanye nesisusa. Uma senza into ejabulisayo, sizizwa kahle futhi sifuna ukuyenza futhi ngenxa yale dopamine.

Kukuphi ngempela lokhu engqondweni?

I-substantia nigra itholakala phakathi kobuchopho bethu, ubuchopho obuphakathi. Njengoba igama lisho, itholakala phakathi kobuchopho. Itholakala ngaphezu kancane kwesiqu sobuchopho, lapho umgogodla wethu uxhumana khona nekhanda phansi kwentamo.

Ngisho noma sikhuluma nge-"substantia nigra," empeleni kunezingxenye ezimbili zobuchopho bethu ezinjengalezi. Enye ingakwesokudla komugqa ophakathi wobuchopho, kanti enye ingakwesokunxele. Zombili lezi zisebenza ngendlela efanayo.

Ibukeka kanjani, umbala, kanye nosayizi wayo?

Igama empeleni livela kwelesiLatini. Igama elithi "Substantia nigra" lisho "into emnyama." Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, nakuba izingxenye eziningi zobuchopho bethu zinombala okhanyayo opinki-mpunga, le ngxenye ibonakala njengebhande elimnyama, elimnyama kunezinye izingxenye zomzimba.

Isizathu salokhu ukuthi amangqamuzana ezinzwa akule ngxenye aqukethe i-pigment ebizwa ngokuthi i-melanin . I-Melanin iyikhemikhali etholakala nasemaseli esikhumba sethu. Uma siphuma elangeni, isikhumba sethu siba nsundu futhi sibe nsundu ngenxa yale melanin. Leyo pigment efanayo yiyo enikeza le ngxenye yobuchopho umbala wayo omnyama okhethekile.

Ngokuphathelene nobukhulu, lena yingxenye encane kakhulu. Kuthiwa izingxenye ezingaba ngu-25 zale nigra eyinhloko zingafakwa ngaphakathi kwebhola legalofu elivamile. Manje usuyaqonda ukuthi umsebenzi mkhulu kangakanani, yize uncane kangaka.

Le ngxenye encane yenziwe ngani?

Njengezinye izingxenye zobuchopho, i-substantia nigra yakhiwe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zamaseli.

1. Amaseli emizwa (ama-Neuron):

Laba ngabadlali abaphambili ebuchosheni bethu kanye nasesimisweni sethu sezinzwa. Kufana nohlelo lwezintambo zocingo oluthwala ulwazi ezweni lakithi. Lawa maseli adlulisa ulwazi ngesimo sezimpawu zikagesi nezamakhemikhali. Kunezingxenye eziningana eziyinhloko zeseli lezinzwa:

• Umzimba weseli: Lena yingxenye eyinhloko yeseli, njengesikhungo sokulawula.
• I-Axon: Ingxenye ende, efana nengalo ephuma emzimbeni weseli. Ifana nentambo ende. Izimpawu zithwalwa ngale ndlela.
• Ama-synapses: Izakhiwo ezifana neminwe ekugcineni kwe-axon. Yilapho isignali kagesi iguqulwa ibe isignali yamakhemikhali bese idluliselwa ku-neuron elandelayo.
• Ama-dendrite: Izakhiwo ezincane, ezifana namagatsha emzimbeni weseli ezisebenza njenge-antenna ukuze zithole izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezivela kwamanye amangqamuzana ezinzwa.
• I-Myelin:Isivikelo esivikelayo esizungeze izintambo eziningi. Lokhu kusiza amasignali ukuba ahambe ngokushesha futhi angavuzi.

2. Amaseli e-Glial:

Lawa amaseli asekelayo asiza amaseli ezinzwa. Kufana ne-cast esekelayo ebeka isiteji sabalingisi abaphambili futhi ibasize. Nakuba la maseli engadlulisi izimpawu, ahlinzeka amaseli ezinzwa ngezakhamzimba azidingayo, awavikele, asiza ekuvikeleni uhlelo lwezinzwa ezifweni, futhi yilawa maseli e-glial enza i-myelin sheath. Kunamaseli e-glial aphindwe kayishumi kunamaseli ezinzwa ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa.

Yiziphi izimo ezithinta i-Substantia Nigra?

Uma le ngxenye encane yonakele noma ukusebenza kwayo kuphazamiseka, kungavela izinkinga ezinkulu. Nazi ezinye zezimo zezokwelapha eziyinhloko ezithinta lokhu:

• Isifo sikaParkinson - Lesi yisifo esiyinhloko nesaziwa kakhulu.
• Isifo sika-Alzheimer
• Izimila zobuchopho
• Ukulimala ekhanda, ikakhulukazi ukubhajwa kwemisipha kanye nokunye ukulimala kobuchopho okubuhlungu kakhulu
• Izinto ezinobuthi, isibonelo amakhemikhali afana ne-trichlorethylene (TCE).
• Izifo (ikakhulukazi izifo ezithinta ubuchopho, njenge-encephalitis)
• Izifo ezibangelwa izinkinga ngesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela, isibonelo i-lupus
• Izifo ezizuzwe njengefa, njengesifo sikaHuntington.
• I-Lewy body dementia
• Isifo sohlangothi

Yiziphi izimpawu ezivamile zalesi simo?

Izimpawu zesifo esithinta i-substantia nigra zingahluka kuye ngesifo. Kodwa-ke, ithebula elingezansi libala ezinye zezimpawu ezivamile.

Yiziphi izivivinyo ezenziwayo ukuthola izinkinga ezinjalo?

Udokotela wakho uzohlola ngokucophelela izimpawu zakho futhi, uma kudingeka, angase acele ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene ukuhlola ukusebenza kobuchopho.

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Lokhu kungabona izinto eziningi, njengezinkinga zesimiso sokuzivikela komzimba kanye nobuthi emzimbeni (ikakhulukazi izinsimbi ezifana nethusi ne-mercury).
• I-CT scan (i-computerized tomography scan): Izithombe zobuchopho ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba zingathathwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi kukhona yini inkinga.
• Ukuskena kwe-MRI (i-Magnetic resonance imaging): Lokhu kungaveza izithombe ezicacile nezinemininingwane zezicubu zobuchopho.
• Ukuskena kwe-PET (i-Positron emission tomography scan): Lokhu kuhlola kusiza ukubona ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani umsebenzi wamakhemikhali ebuchosheni.
• Ukuhlolwa kofuzo: Lokhu kuhlolwa kungenziwa uma kukhona ukungabaza ukuthi lesi sifo siwufuzo.

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha lezi zimo?

Izinketho zokwelapha zincike ngokuphelele esimweni onaso. Ezinye izimo zingalawulwa ngemithi. Isibonelo, kwisifo sikaParkinson, kunikezwa imithi ekhulisa amazinga e-dopamine. Kwezinye izimo, kungase kudingeke ukuhlinzwa.

Nakuba ezinye izifo zingelapheka, eziningi zazo ziyizifo ezingamahlalakhona. Kulezo zimo, umgomo oyinhloko wokwelashwa ukulawula izimpawu nokusiza isiguli siphile impilo evamile ngangokunokwenzeka. Uma wena noma othile omaziyo ebhekene nalezi zimpawu, into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ukubona udokotela ofanelekayo ngokushesha ukuze uthole iseluleko.

Izinto esingazenza ukuze sigcine ubuchopho bethu buphilile

Asikwazi ukuvimbela ezinye izifo, njenge-Parkinson's, ezithinta i-substantia nigra. Zingavela ngokungalindelekile. Kodwa-ke, kunezinto eziningi esingazenza ukunciphisa ingozi yethu yezifo eziningi ezithinta ubuchopho, ikakhulukazi izinto ezifana nesifo sohlangothi. Lezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela impilo yobuchopho bethu.

• Yidla ukudla okulinganiselayo: Ukudla esikudlayo kuthinta ngqo uhlelo lwethu lokujikeleza kwegazi kanye nesisindo somzimba. Kokubili lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu empilweni yobuchopho.
• Yiba matasa ngokomzimba: Ukuzivocavoca nsuku zonke nokugcina isisindo esinempilo somzimba wakho kungasiza kakhulu ekuvikeleni ubuchopho bakho ezimweni ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophakeme kanye nesifo sohlangothi.
• Gqoka izingubo zokuphepha: Kubalulekile ukugqoka izingubo zokuphepha njengesigqoko sokuzivikela uma usebenza ezindaweni lapho kunezimo zokulimala ekhanda, ikakhulukazi lapho ugibela ibhayisikili noma wenza umsebenzi wokwakha. Ukulimala ekhanda kungabangela ukulimala kwengqondo okungapheli.
• Lawula izimo zakho ezingamahlalakhona: Uma unezimo ezingamahlalakhona ezifana nesifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, noma i-cholesterol, zilawule njengoba kuqondiswe udokotela wakho. Uma lezi zingalawulwa, kunethuba elikhulu lokulimala kobuchopho.

I-substantia nigra iyingxenye encane kakhulu yobuchopho bethu, kodwa manje usuyaqonda ukuthi idlala indima enkulu kangakanani. Le ngxenye encane ibalulekile ekulawuleni ukunyakaza kwethu, umbono, kanye nemizwa. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi yezokwelapha, sifunda okuningi ngayo. Lolo lwazi luzosisiza ukuthola ukwelashwa okungcono kwezifo ezihlobene esikhathini esizayo.