Ake sifunde kabanzi nge-macula, okusisiza sibone kahle.

Wake wazibuza ukuthi sizifunda kanjani izinhlamvu encwadini ngokucacile, noma sibona umngane emgwaqweni, noma sijabulela imininingwane emihle yembali enemibala emihle? Konke lokhu kusizwa yingxenye encane kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu ngaphakathi kwamehlo ethu. Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi 'i-macula' . Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngaleli gama noma awukaze ulizwe. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizoxoxa ngokuthi iyini le macula, ukuthi ibaluleke kangakanani embonweni wethu, nokuthi singayigcina kanjani iphilile.

Iyini i-macula? Yenzani ngempela?

Kalula nje, i-macula iyindawo encane, eyindilinga ngaphakathi kweso lakho, ikakhulukazi enkabeni ye-retina - ungqimba oluncane, oluzwela ukukhanya ngemuva kweso. Cabanga ngayo le retina itholakala odongeni lwangemuva lwebhola leso lakho. Phakathi kwayo kukhona i-macula. Abanye abantu bayibiza nangokuthi 'i-macula lutea' ngoba inombala ophuzi kancane.

Manje, bheka, umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukukusiza ubone izinto ozibona ziqonde phambili, umbono wakho ophakathi , ngokucacile nangokucacile. Uma ufunda incwadi, ungabona izinhlamvu ngokucacile, uma ubuka i-TV, ungabona ngokucacile ubuso babalingiswa, uma ushayela imoto, ungabona ngokucacile umgwaqo ongaphambili, futhi izinto ezinjalo azinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-macula.

Uma ukukhanya kungena esweni, kudlula ilensi engaphambili kweso bese kushaya i-retina. I-retina iqukethe amaseli akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi ama-photoreceptor . Lawa maseli aguqula amandla okukhanya abe amasignali kagesi. Lesi signali sithunyelwa ebuchosheni nge -optic nerve . Ubuchopho buhlaziya lesi signali bese buyiguqula ibe isithombe esisibonayo. Ngakho-ke, i-macula ithwebula imininingwane emihle kakhulu yalokho okubonayo ngqo phambi kwakho bese iyithumela ebuchosheni. Okungukuthi:

• Kuyasiza ukufunda izinhlamvu encwadini noma ephephandabeni ngokucacile .
• Kuyasiza ukubona ubuso babantu .
• Kusiza ukubona ukunyakaza okuncane kakhulu .
• Kuyasiza ukuhlukanisa nokubona imibala ehlukene .

Kungani le macula ibaluleke kangaka?

Cishe ungabona ukuthi i-macula incane kangakanani, kodwa yenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu. Yilokho okusivumela ukuthi sibone imininingwane emincane kakhulu futhi sigxile ezingxenyeni ezithile kakhulu zalokho esikubukayo. I-retina yonke ithola ukukhanya bese ithumela ulwazi ebuchosheni. Kodwa i-macula ikhethekile.

Cabanga ngale ndlela, njengokunisela ingadi ngepayipi, yonke i-retina iqoqa ulwazi. I-macula ifana ne-dropper encane ephonsa umuthi. Igxila inani elithile nelincane lolwazi (okungukuthi, lokho okubonayo ngqo phambi kwakho kanye nemininingwane emincane kakhulu yalo) bese iluthumela ebuchosheni.

Ngaphandle kwe-macula, noma uma i-macula yonakele, iso lakho lizoqhubeka nokusebenza (okungukuthi, lizovumela ukukhanya kungene), kodwa umbono wakho uzoba lufifi futhi imininingwane izolahleka . Kufana nekhamera ephuma ekugxileni.

Ibukeka kanjani i-macula? Yenziwe ngani?

I-macula iyindawo encane, ephuzi, emise okweqanda enkabeni ye-retina. I-macula yabantu abaningi ingamamitha ayi-5 ububanzi. Lokho kungaphansi kwengxenye yesine yesentimitha! Akumangazi yini ukuthi into encane kangaka ingaba nomthelela omkhulu kangaka ekuboneni kwethu?

Manje ake sibheke ukuthi i-macula yenziwe ngani. I-macula (kanye ne-retina yonke) yakhiwe ngamaseli azwela ukukhanya esikhulume ngawo ngaphambili abizwa ngokuthi 'ama-photoreceptor' . Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zala maseli:

• Izinduku: Lezi zinomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu wokubona ukukhanya okumnyama nokumhlophe. Futhi zingamangqamuzana asisiza sibone ebusuku nasekukhanyeni okuphansi.
• Amakhoni: Lawa amaseli asisiza ukubona umbala. Alawula iningi lokubona kwethu okucacile nokubukhali emini.

Nansi into ebalulekile: I-macula inezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lamaseli e-cone. Yingakho i-macula ikwazi ukuthwebula imininingwane nemibala emihle kakhulu embonweni wethu ngokunembe kangaka.

Yiziphi izimo ezivamile ezithinta i-macula?

Noma yisiphi isimo esonakalisa iso singathinta i-macula. Kodwa-ke, kunezimo eziningana ezithinta ngqo i-macula. Lezi zifaka:

• Ukuguga Okuhlobene Nokuguga Kokubona (AMD): Lokhu kuyimbangela ehamba phambili yokulahlekelwa umbono ophakathi kubantu abadala.
• I-Macular Pucker: Ebizwa nangokuthi 'i-Epiretinal Membrane', lena ifilimu encane eyakheka phezu kwe-macula, engaphazamisa umbono.
• Imigodi Yesikhumba: Njengoba igama lisho, kwakheka imbobo encane ku-macula.
• I-Cystoid Macular Edema: Kulokhu, uketshezi luyaqongelela ku-macula bese luvuvukala, okubangela ukubona okufiphele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinkinga ezithinta i-retina yonke zingalimaza ne-macula. Isibonelo:

• Izimo zofuzo ezifana ne -Retinitis Pigmentosa .
• Ukuntanta kwamehlo kanye nokukhanya - lokhu kungaba uphawu lwenkinga enkulu ngezinye izikhathi.
• Ukuvaleka Kwemithambo Ye-Retinal.
• Ukususwa Kwama-Vitreous Angemuva: Kulokhu, into efana nejeli engaphakathi kweso iyahlukana ne-retina.
• Ukuhlukaniswa Kwe-Retinal: Lokhu kuyisimo esiphuthumayo.

Wazi kanjani ukuthi unenkinga nge-macula yakho? Ziyini izimpawu?

Uma unesinye noma ngaphezulu kwalezi zimpawu zamehlo ezilandelayo, qiniseka ukuthi ubona udokotela. Lezi kungaba izimpawu zenkinga nge-macula noma enye ingxenye yeso:

• Ukuzizwa sengathi umbono wakho uyafiphala .
• Ukubona into eyodwa njengezinto ezimbili kubizwa ngokuthi i-diplopia.
• Kubukeka sengathi imigqa eqondile idwetshwe futhi igobile.
• Uhlobo olusha lobuhlungu bamehlo obungapheli izinsuku eziningana.
• Ukufiphaza amehlo akho uze ungakwazi ukubuka ukukhanya kubizwa ngokuthi 'i-Photophobia'.
• Kuzwakala sengathi umbono wakho uya ngokuya uba mubi kancane kancane .
• Ukubona indawo emnyama noma engenalutho phakathi nendawo yokubona.

Uma ubona into efana nale, ungesabi, kodwa ungayizibi. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha.

Ihlolwa kanjani i-macula?

Udokotela wakho wamehlo uzohlola ne-macula yakho (ubuningi be-macula yi-maculae) ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile. Bavame ukusebenzisa ithuluzi elikhethekile elibizwa ngokuthi i-ophthalmoscope ukubheka i-macula yakho. Lokhu kubavumela ukuthi babheke ngaphakathi kweso lakho futhi bahlole yonke ingxenye yalo, kufaka phakathi i-macula.

Ngezinye izikhathi, uma kukhona ukusolakala kwenkinga nge-macula, udokotela kungadingeka enze izivivinyo ezikhethekile kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukuskena okubizwa ngokuthi i-OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) . Lokhu kungathatha isithombe esinemininingwane se-macula, njenge-cross-section. Futhi, izivivinyo ezifana ne-Fluorescein Angiography ngezinye izikhathi zenziwa.

Ngingayigcina kanjani i-macula yami iphilile?

Kunezinto eziningana esingazenza ukuze sivikele i-macula yethu:

• Uma ubona noma yiziphi izinguquko embonweni wakho , tshela udokotela wakho ngokushesha. Ngisho nento encane ingaba yinto ebalulekile.
• Uma ugqoka izibuko noma ama-contact lens, thola ukuhlolwa kwamehlo njalo ngezikhathi ezithile bese ubuyekeza umuthi wakho wemithi uma kudingeka.
• Gwema ukubhema. Ukubhema kuyimbangela enkulu yomonakalo ku-macula, ikakhulukazi ukuwohloka kwe-macular okuhlobene nobudala (AMD).
• Gqoka izibuko zokuzivikela uma uhlanganyela kwezemidlalo noma eminye imisebenzi engaba yingozi emehlweni.
• Gqoka izibuko zelanga ezinhle ezinezivikelo ze-UV uma uphuma elangeni. Imisebe yelanga eyingozi ingalimaza i-macula.
• Yidla ukudla okunempilo nokulinganiselayo. Izinto ezifana nemifino eluhlaza, izithelo, nenhlanzi ecebile ngamafutha e-omega-3 zilungele impilo yamehlo.
• Nakekela impilo yakho iyonke. Lawula izimo ezifana nesifo sikashukela kanye nomfutho wegazi ophakeme. Lokhu kungathinta namehlo akho.

Yiziphi izikhathi ezinhle kakhulu zokuya kudokotela?

Lokhu kulula kakhulu. Bonana nodokotela ngokushesha nje lapho ubona noma yiziphi izinguquko embonweni wakho. Kungaba yinto elula njengokudinga izibuko ezintsha, noma kungaba uphawu lokuqala lwesimo esibucayi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukuhlola amehlo akho ngaphambi kokulinda izimpawu zibe zimbi kakhulu. Uma uzithola kusenesikhathi, ungelapha izinkinga eziningi futhi ulondoloze umbono wakho.

Uma ulahlekelwa umbono wakho ngokuzumayo, uba nobuhlungu obukhulu bamehlo, noma ngokuzumayo uqala ukubona ukukhanya noma ukuntanta, hamba uye egumbini lezimo eziphuthumayo esibhedlela ngokushesha. Lezi kungaba izimo eziphuthumayo.

Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya

Kulungile, ngakho sixoxe kakhulu nge-macula namuhla, akunjalo?

• I-macula iyingxenye encane enhle ngaphakathi kweso, kodwa ifana neqhawe elisisiza sibone phambili ngokucacile nangokucacile .
• I-macula ibalulekile ekufundeni izinhlamvu, ekuboneni ubuso, nasekuboneni imibala.
• Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ucabanga ngakho noma cha, sikusebenzisa ngaso sonke isikhathi.
• Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlolwa kwamehlo njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-macula yakho (neso lakho lonke) iphilile.
• Bonana nodokotela ngokushesha nje lapho ubona noma yiziphi izinguquko ezincane emehlweni akho, ikakhulukazi umbono wakho. Ngisho nezinguquko ezincane zingaba uphawu lokuthile okukhulu okungathinta umbono wakho kamuva.

Amehlo akho ayimpahla eyigugu kakhulu onayo. Ngakho-ke, kungumthwalo wakho ukuwanakekela. Ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi mayelana ne-macula luzokusiza ngalokho!

I- Macula, i-retina, impilo yamehlo, umbono, izifo zamehlo, umbono ophakathi, ukuhlolwa kwamehlo