Ake sifunde ngezakhi zofuzo 'ezivikela' imizimba yethu (i-Tumor Suppressor Genes) ezibeke amabhuleki kumdlavuza!

Wake wacabanga ukuthi kuneziqaphi ezincane ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu ezisiza ekuvimbeleni ukwakheka komdlavuza? Yebo, kuyiqiniso. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngohlobo olubaluleke kakhulu lwezakhi zofuzo olulawula amangqamuzana omdlavuza emizimbeni yethu. Laba bafana 'nabaqaphi' emizimbeni yethu.

Ziyini lezi 'zakhi zofuzo ezivimbela umdlavuza'?

Kalula nje, lawa "maGene Okucindezela I-Tumor" ayiqembu elikhulu lama-gene avikela imizimba yethu emdlavuzeni. Lawa ma-gene asebenza njengamabhuleki emotweni. Lawa ma-gene enza uhlobo olukhethekile lweprotheyini. Lawa ma-protein avimba amangqamuzana ekukhuleni ngokushesha okukhulu, okungaholela kumdlavuza, futhi afake "ibhuleki" kuwo.

Cabanga ukuthi kuzokwenzekani uma lesi sakhi sofuzo esicindezela umdlavuza sidlula kuhlobo oluthile loguquko , okungukuthi, ushintsho. Bese kuba njengokukhumula amabhuleki emotweni bese unyathela i-accelerator. Ukukhula kwamaseli ngokuzumayo kuyashesha kakhulu. Yilapho ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza ikhula khona.

Lezi zakhi zofuzo zisebenza kanjani ngempela emizimbeni yethu?

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi la ma-"Tumor Suppressor Genes" asebenza kanjani, sidinga ukwazi okuncane ngobudlelwano phakathi kwe-"DNA", ama-gene, namaseli.

Izigidigidi zamaseli emzimbeni wethu ziqukethe "i-DNA". Ngaphakathi kwale "DNA" kukhona izakhi zofuzo. Lezi zakhi zofuzo zitshela amaseli ukuthi enzeni, ukuthi ahlukane nini, nokuthi ayeke nini ukuhlukana.

Manje cabanga ukuthi uma izakhi zofuzo eyodwa noma ngaphezulu esitokisini zishintsha , okungukuthi, zishintsha, lezo zakhi zofuzo eziguquliwe ziyeka ukwenza amaprotheni, noma ziqala ukwenza amaprotheni angajwayelekile. Uma lokho kwenzeka, lawo maprotheni angajwayelekile angayeka ukunikeza amangqamuzana imiyalelo, noma anganikeza imiyalelo engalungile. Emdlavuzeni, le miyalelo emisha ibangela ukuba amangqamuzana ahlukane futhi aphindaphindeke ngendlela engalawuleki, ekugcineni akhe amathumba .

Ngakho-ke, lokho okwenziwa yilezi zakhi zofuzo ezicindezela umdlavuza ukulawula ngokunembile inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo weseli. Okungukuthi:

• Kuvimbela amangqamuzana ukuthi ahlukane futhi aphindaphindeke ngokushesha, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezimila. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu.
• Amaseli ngokuvamile aphila isikhathi esithile bese efa. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi "ukufa kweseli okuhleliwe / i-apoptosis." Okusho ukuthi, kusiza amaseli amadala, alimele ukuba afe ngokwemvelo.
• Ilungisa umonakalo ku-DNA ongase wenzeke lapho amangqamuzana ehlukana ngokushesha kunokujwayelekile.
• Kuyasiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthi izimila ezinomdlavuza zingasabalali emzimbeni wonke, okungukuthi, zingabi "yi-metastatic."

Kalula nje, lezi zakhi zofuzo yizo eziqinisekisa ukuthi amangqamuzana emzimbeni wethu asebenza ngendlela ehlelekile nelawulwayo. Njengephoyisa lomgwaqo.

Kungani lezi zakhi zofuzo zishintshashintsha? Yiziphi izizathu?

Kunezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko ezenza lezi zakhi zofuzo ezicindezela umdlavuza ziguquke.

1. Izinguquko ezizuzwe njengefa:

Abanye abantu bazuza lezi zinguquko zofuzo kubazali babo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-gene eguquliwe yayikhona eqandeni noma esitokisini sesidoda esakubangela. Isibonelo, isimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-Li-Fraumeni syndrome sibangelwa ukuzuza i-gene eguquliwe ecindezela umdlavuza kumzali.

Ngezinye izikhathi, umuntu ozelwe ene-gene eyodwa eguquliwe angakha enye i-gene eguquliwe kamuva ekuphileni. Ukuba ne-gene ezimbili ezinjalo eziguquliwe kwandisa ingozi yokuthola izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, njengomdlavuza webele. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukuzuza lezi zakhi zofuzo akusho ukuthi uzoba nomdlavuza .

2. Izinguquko ezitholiwe:

Ngokuvamile, njengoba sikhula, lezi zakhi zofuzo ezilwa nomdlavuza ziyashintshashintsha. Imizimba yethu ifana nomugqa wokukhiqiza osheshayo. Lapho kwenziwa izakhi zofuzo ezintsha, ngezinye izikhathi kungenzeka amaphutha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uma le nqubo ingalungiswa kahle, la maphutha anganqwabelana. Yilezi zinhlobo zamaphutha ezibangela ukuthi izakhi zofuzo ezilwa nomdlavuza ziyeke ukusebenza.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zezakhi zofuzo ezivimbela umdlavuza eziguquliwe? Ake sibheke ezinye izibonelo.

Abacwaningi bezokwelapha manje sebethole izakhi zofuzo ezingaphezu kuka-1,000 ezishintshashintshayo ezicindezela umdlavuza ezingabangela umdlavuza. Nazi ezinye zezibonelo eziyinhloko esivame ukuzwa ngazo:

• (ikhasi 53) Izakhi zofuzo: Izinguquko, noma ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, kulesi sakhi zofuzo kutholakale ukuthi kuhlotshaniswa namaphesenti angaphezu kuka-50 azo zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza . Lokhu kusho ukuthi lesi sakhi sofuzo esibaluleke kakhulu.
• Izakhi zofuzo (RB1): Lesi yisibonelo sokuqala sokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ezicindezela umdlavuza ezibangela umdlavuza. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi lesi sakhi sofuzo ``(RB1)`` siyashintsha kubantu abanomdlavuza ovamile njengomdlavuza webele nomdlavuza wendlala.
• I-gene (CDKN2a): Le gene iguquguquka kubantu abane-melanoma ezuzwe njengefa (uhlobo lomdlavuza wesikhumba) kanye ne-pancreatic carcinoma. Itholakala futhi kuma-25% kuya kuma-30% azo zonke izinhlobo zomdlavuza abantu abazitholayo ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo. Isibonelo, ingatholakala kumdlavuza webele, umdlavuza wamaphaphu, umdlavuza wesinye, kanye nomdlavuza we-pancreatic.
• Izakhi zofuzo (BRCA1) kanye (BRCA2): Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa ngalezi zakhi zofuzo. Abantu abanomdlavuza webele kanye nomdlavuza wesibeletho ozuzwe njengefa, kanye nalabo abathola umdlavuza wesibeletho kamuva ekuphileni, banezinguquko ku-gene ``BRCA1''. Abantu abanomdlavuza webele ozuzwe njengefa bangase babe nezinguquko ku-gene ``BRCA2''. Lezi zinguquko zandisa ingozi yokuthola umdlavuza webele, wesibeletho, kanye neminye. Ngezinye izikhathi, odokotela batusa ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo uma othile emndenini wakho eke waba nomdlavuza webele noma wesibeletho.
• Izakhi zofuzo (i-APC):Abantu abazalwa benezimo zofuzo ezifana ne-Gardner syndrome noma i-Turcot syndrome banenguqulo eguquliwe yalesi sakhi sofuzo esithi "(APC)". Abacwaningi baxhumanise lesi sakhi sofuzo esithi "(APC)" esiguquliwe nomdlavuza we-colorectal kanye nomdlavuza wesibindi.
• I-gene (PTEN): Le gene (PTEN) iguquguquka kubantu abanezinhlobo ezahlukene zomdlavuza, njengomdlavuza webele, umdlavuza we-prostate, i-carcinoma yekhanda nentamo, kanye nomdlavuza we-follicular thyroid.

Lezi yizibonelo ezimbalwa nje. Kunezinye izakhi zofuzo eziningi ezifana nalezi.

Ingabe kukhona ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuthola ukuthi lezi zakhi zofuzo ziguqukile yini?

Yebo, kunezivivinyo zofuzo ezingabona izinguquko ezithile zofuzo, okungukuthi, izinguquko ezithile kulezi zakhi zofuzo ezicindezela umdlavuza. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke umuntu okudingeka abe nalezi zivivinyo.

Ubani ofanele ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo?

Ngokusho kweNational Cancer Institute, kunezizathu eziningana zokuthi kungani ungase ucabangele ukuhlolwa kofuzo komdlavuza:

• Uma waba nomdlavuza ngaphambi kokuba uneminyaka engu-50.
• Uma uke waba nezinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene zomdlavuza.
• Uma unomdlavuza kuzo zombili izitho zomzimba wakho (isibonelo, umdlavuza kuzo zombili izinso, noma umdlavuza emabeleni womabili).
• Uma izihlobo eziningana zezinga lokuqala emndenini wakho ziye zaba nohlobo olufanayo lomdlavuza, izihlobo zezinga lokuqala zingabazali bakho, izingane zakini, nezingane. Abanye abacwaningi batusa ukuthi izihlobo zezinga lesibili nelesithathu nazo zihlolwe.
• Uma amalungu amaningana omndeni wakho eke aba nomdlavuza noma anawo njengamanje.
• Uma unohlobo oluthile lomdlavuza olungavamile ukuvela kubantu abaneminyaka noma ubulili bakho. Isibonelo, umdlavuza webele wabesilisa.
• Uma unezinguquko zomzimba ezihlobene nezinye izifo zomdlavuza ezizuzwe njengefa. Isibonelo, i-Neurofibromatosis Type 1 umdlavuza ozuzwe njengefa ohambisana nezinye izimpawu, njengezimila ezingezona umdlavuza ezibizwa ngokuthi i-neurofibromas.
• Uma ungowohlanga oluthile noma iqembu elithile, uyazi ukuthi basengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo ezithile zomdlavuza ezizuzwe njengefa, futhi unesisodwa noma ngaphezulu kwalezi zinto ezingenhla. Isibonelo, izifundo zibonise ukuthi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo `(BRCA1/2)` kuvame kakhulu ku-`(Ashkenazi Jewish)` (abantu bozalo lwamaJuda aseCentral naseMpumalanga Yurophu).

Singakwazi yini konke ngokunembile kulezi zivivinyo?

Lokhu nakho kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngisho noma uthola ukuhlolwa kofuzo komdlavuza, ungase ungatholi impendulo ecacile.Futhi, ukuba noguquko lwezakhi zofuzo akusho ukuthi uzothola umdlavuza. Kusho ukuthi ungase ube sengozini enkulu yokuba nomdlavuza.

Uma ukhathazekile ngengozi yakho yokuba nomdlavuza, kungcono ukubona udokotela wakho bese ukhuluma ngempilo yakho iyonke, imikhuba yakho yokuphila, kanye nomlando wezokwelapha womndeni. Udokotela wakho angabe esencoma ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa komdlavuza okufanele wena. Lokhu kuhlolwa akuzona njalo izivivinyo zofuzo.

Ngakho-ke, yiziphi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okudingeka sizikhumbule? (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, ngakho-ke nazi izinto eziyinhloko okufanele uzikhumbule mayelana "ne-Tumor Suppressor Genes" esikhulume ngazo:

• Lezi zakhi zofuzo zisebenza njengesivikelo esiyinhloko esikuvikela emdlavuza .
• Zilawula izinga amangqamuzana akho ahlukana ngalo, zibulale amangqamuzana amadala noma alimele, futhi zilungisa umonakalo we-DNA.
• Uma lezi zakhi zofuzo zishintshashintsha , amangqamuzana angahlukana futhi ande ngokungalawuleki, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezimila ezinomdlavuza.
• Abacwaningi bezokwelapha bathole izakhi zofuzo ezicindezela umdlavuza ezingaphezu kwe-1,000.
• Kunezivivinyo zofuzo zokuhlonza lezi zinguquko zofuzo, kodwa azifanele wonke umuntu.
• Uma ukhathazekile noma ukhathazekile ngengozi yakho yokuba nomdlavuza, kungcono ukubona udokotela ukuze akunike iseluleko. Udokotela wakho uzobe esekutshela ukuthi yini ongayenza ukuze unciphise ingozi yakho yokuba nomdlavuza nokuthi yiziphi izivivinyo ongase uzidinge.

Ngakho-ke, ngithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luwusizo. Sizobonana futhi ngelinye icebiso elibalulekile lezempilo elifana naleli!

` Isivimbeli Sokuhlushwa Izakhi zofuzo, umdlavuza, izinguquko zofuzo, i-DNA, amaseli, ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ingozi yomdlavuza