Konke mayelana nokwelashwa kwe-ART kwe-HIV (Ukwelashwa Nge-Antiretroviral) ngamagama alula

Kuvamile ukuzizwa ukhungathekile futhi ushaqekile uma uthola ukuthi une-HIV. Kodwa awuwedwa. Namuhla, isayensi yezokwelapha isithuthuke kakhulu. I-HIV yisimo esingalawulwa futhi ungaphila impilo enempilo nende. Isikhali esinamandla kakhulu esinaso salokhu ukwelashwa nge-ART. Ngakho-ke namuhla, ake sixoxe kalula ngokuthi kuyini lokhu kwelashwa nge-ART, ukuthi kusebenza kanjani, nokuthi kusebenza kanjani ukuze ukuqonde.

Kuyini ukwelashwa nge-ART ngamagama alula?

I-ART isifinyezo se -Antiretroviral Therapy . Kalula nje, iyinhlanganisela yemithi enikezwa ukwelapha ukutheleleka nge-HIV. I-HIV iyigciwane elihlasela amasosha omzimba wethu. Ngokukhethekile, amaseli e-CD4 (abizwa nangokuthi amaseli e-T awusizo), asebenza 'njengamasosha' emizimbeni yethu, abhubhisa leli gciwane. Lapho la maseli e-CD4 elahleka, isimiso sokuzivikela somzimba wethu siyawa. Ngemuva kwalokho, amathuba okuthola izifo ezinkulu kanye nokutheleleka okungavamile aphakeme kakhulu.

Uma umthwalo wegciwane uncipha, umzimba wakho uyakwazi ukuphinda wakhe amaseli e-CD4 engeziwe. Lokhu kuqinisa amasosha omzimba wakho futhi kukuvikele ezifweni ezinkulu.

I-ART ivame ukuhilela inhlanganisela yemithi emibili kuya kwemine. Ukunikeza imithi eminingana esebenza ngezindlela ezahlukene kusebenza kangcono kunokunikeza umuthi owodwa nje. Kuphinde kunciphise ingozi yokuthi igciwane likhule limelana nemithi.

Kungani lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi 'i-Antiretroviral'?

I-HIV ingeqembu lamagciwane abizwa ngokuthi ama-Retrovirus . Ngokuvamile, i-RNA (amakhophi emiyalezo) yenziwa nge-DNA (ulwazi lwethu lwezakhi zofuzo) emaseli ethu. Kodwa le Retrovirus yenza okuphambene nalokho. Okusho ukuthi, isebenzisa i-RNA equkethe ukwenza i-DNA ngaphakathi kwamaseli ethu. Yingakho le mithi ibizwa ngokuthi 'i-Antiretroviral' ngoba isebenza ngokumelene naleyo nqubo. Ungase uzwe ibizwa ngokuthi i-ART, i-cART (i-ART ehlanganisiwe) noma i-HAART (i-ART esebenzayo kakhulu). Wonke lawa amagama asho into efanayo.

Kusho ukuthini ukuba nomthamo wegciwane 'ongatholakali'?

Lesi yisici esibaluleke kakhulu nesizuzisayo se-ART. Uma uphuza imithi yakho ngendlela efanele, inani legciwane le-HIV (umthwalo wegciwane egazini) egazini lakho liyancipha kakhulu kangangokuthi alibonakali ngokuhlolwa okuvamile. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi izinga 'elingabonakali' . Lokhu kuvame ukuchazwa njengezinga lamakhophi angaphansi kwama-20 egciwane nge-milliliter yegazi (< amakhophi angu-20/mL).

'Akubonakali' akusho ukuthi usuphulukisiwe. Uma uyeka ukuthatha imithi yakho, igciwane elifihliwe emzimbeni wakho lingaphinde lisebenze. Futhi, uma uthatha ukuhlolwa kwe-HIV, kuzobonakala 'kuqinisekile' ngoba lezo zivivinyo zifuna ama-antibodies alwa negciwane, hhayi igciwane uqobo.

Isebenza kanjani i-ART? Indaba yegciwane lesandulela ngculazi

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi lo muthi usebenza kanjani, sidinga kuqala ukuqonda ukuthi igciwane le-HIV lingena kanjani emaseli ethu futhi lizenze amakhophi alo.

Cabanga ngegciwane lesandulela ngculazi njengesela. Iseli lakho le-CD4 liyindlu. Leli sela lingena endlini, lisebenzisa imishini efanayo endlini, lenze amakhophi amaningi alo, bese ligxumela kwezinye izindlu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, leyo ndlu yokuqala (iseli le-CD4) iyabhujiswa.

Kunezinyathelo eziningana kule nqubo. Imithi ye-ART isebenza ngokumisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yalezi zinyathelo.

Imithi ye-ART isebenza ngokuphazamisa esinye sezinyathelo ezishiwo ngenhla. Eminye imithi ivimba igciwane ukuthi lingangeni esitokisini. Eminye iyalivimba ekwenzeni i-DNA. Kanti eminye iyalivimba ekuhlanganiseni amagciwane amasha.

Yimiphi imithi esetshenziswa ekwelashweni kwe-ART?

Imithi ye-ART ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningana amakhulu. Iqembu ngalinye lisebenza ngokugxila engxenyeni ehlukile yomjikelezo wokuphila kwegciwane le-HIV.

• Ama-Entry Inhibitors: Lawa avimbela igciwane ukuthi lingangeni kuseli le-CD4.
• Ama-Capsid Inhibitors: Vimbela 'ibhokisi lamathuluzi' (i-Capsid) legciwane ekuvulekeni noma ekuhlanganisweni kabusha.
• Ama-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs): Uma igciwane lenza i-DNA, linikeza izitini 'ezingamanga' ezibukeka 'njengezitini' elizidingayo. Uma lezi zisetshenziswa, uchungechunge lwe-DNA alukwazi ukuqedwa.
• Ama-Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs): Lawa aya ngqo ku-enzyme eyenza i-DNA (Reverse Transcriptase) futhi ayisebenzi.
• Ama-Integrase Inhibitors (ama-INSTI): Avimbela i-enzyme (i-integrase) ehlanganisa i-DNA yegciwane ne-DNA yeseli lethu.
• Ama-Protease Inhibitors (PIs): Vimbela i-enzyme esika amaprotheni (i-protease) ekuhlanganiseni amagciwane amasha.
• Izithuthukisi ze-Pharmacokinetic (Izithuthukisi): Lezi azithinti ngqo igciwane, kodwa zisiza eminye imithi ye-ART ukuthi ihlale emzimbeni isikhathi eside futhi isezingeni eliphezulu.

Imithi oyinikwayo ivame ukuba yinhlanganisela yalezi zinhlobo eziningana. Isibonelo, kungaba iphilisi elilodwa elenziwe ngama-NRTI amabili kanye ne-integrase inhibitor.

Ngingayikhetha kanjani imithi efanele ye-ART?

Udokotela okwelaphayo uzonquma inhlanganisela yemithi efaneleke kakhulu kuwe ngemva kokucabangela izici eziningana.

• Umthamo wakho wegciwane kanye nenani le-CD4: Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ziyini lezi zindinganiso lapho uqala ukwelashwa.
• Ukumelana nemithi yegciwane: Ngezinye izikhathi igciwane liyamelana nemithi ethile. Kungenziwa ukuhlolwa ukuze kutholakale ukuthi likhona yini.
• Uma unezinye izimo zezokwelapha, njengesifo sezinso, isifo sesibindi, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, noma i-cholesterol ephezulu, kufanele utshele udokotela wakho ngazo.
• Eminye imithi oyithathayo: Uma uthatha imithi yanoma yisiphi esinye isimo, kungase kube nokuxhumana phakathi kwaleyo mithi kanye nemithi ye-ART.
• Ukukhulelwa: Uma ukhulelwe noma uhlela ukukhulelwa, kunemithi ephephile ekufanele.
• Kulula ukuphuza umuthi: Cabanga ukuthi ngabe uyiphilisi elithathwa kanye ngosuku noma amabili ngosuku, ukuthi kufanele uphuzwe nokudla noma ngaphandle kokudla, nokuthi lihambisana kanjani nendlela yakho yokuphila.

Yiziphi izinzuzo nezingozi zokwelashwa nge-ART?

Izinzuzo

• Ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba: Inani lamaseli e-CD4 liyakhula, okwandisa ikhono lomzimba wakho lokumelana nezifo.
• Ukuvikelwa ezifweni ezingathi sína: I-HIV ingavikela ezifweni ezingosomathuba njenge-pneumonia nesifo sofuba.
• Ingozi encishisiwe yomdlavuza: Ingozi yokuthola umdlavuza ohlobene ne-HIV (isib. i-Kaposi sarcoma, i-non-Hodgkin lymphoma) iyancipha.
• Ukuvimbela i-AIDS: Uma ingelashwa, ukutheleleka nge-HIV kungaqhubekela esigabeni sokugcina esibizwa ngokuthi i-AIDS (i-Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). I-ART iyakuvimbela lokhu.
• Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwabanye:Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili (U=U) , uma inani legciwane lakho lingatholakali, ngeke ukwazi ukulidlulisela kwabanye ngocansi.
• Impilo ende nenempilo: Umuntu ophuza imithi kahle angaphila impilo ejwayelekile, njengomuntu ongenalo igciwane lesandulela ngculazi.

Izingozi nemiphumela emibi

Abanye abantu bangase babe nemiphumela emibi lapho beqala ukusebenzisa i-ART. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuvame ukuba okwesikhashana futhi kuphele ngemva kwamasonto ambalwa njengoba umzimba ujwayela imithi.

• Isicanucanu, ukuhlanza
• Ukuphazamiseka kwesisu, isifo sohudo
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu
• Isiyezi
• Ukukhathala, ukukhathala
• Ukungalali
• Ukuqhuma kwesikhumba

Uma uhlangabezana nanoma yiziphi zalezi zimpawu, ungayeki ukuphuza imithi yakho bese utshela udokotela wakho. Angakusiza ukuthola ikhambi noma, uma kudingeka, akushintshele komunye umuthi ofaneleka kangcono kuwe. Eminye imithi ingaba nemiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside, njengokwandisa amazinga akho e-cholesterol. Yingakho udokotela wakho ezokuxilonga njalo.

Uyiqapha kanjani impumelelo yokwelashwa?

Ngemva kokuqala i-ART, udokotela wakho uzokubheka ngesheduli ethile. Uzokwenza izivivinyo ezimbili eziyinhloko.

Ungaphuthelwa usuku olulodwa lokuthatha umuthi wakho!

Inselele enkulu empumelelweni yokwelashwa nge-ART yiThatha umuthi wakho nsuku zonke, ngesikhathi esifanele, ngaphandle kokuphuthelwa usuku olulodwa. Uma uphuthelwa umthamo, igciwane linethuba lokuphindaphindeka emzimbeni wakho futhi. Uma lokho kwenzeka, igciwane lingaba sengozini yokumelana nomuthi owuthathayo (ukumelana nomuthi). Ngemuva kwalokho umuthi uzoyeka ukusebenza futhi kuzodingeka uye kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthatha umuthi wakho ngesikhathi, kungaba ngokubeka isikhumbuzi efonini yakho noma ukucela ilungu lomndeni ukuthi likukhumbuze.