Wake wacelwa ukuthi ulethe umbiko wegazi lapho uya kudokotela ngenxa yokugula? Wake wadideka ngamagama angajwayelekile akuwo? Sivame ukuba nokuhlangenwe nakho okufana nalokhu. Namuhla, sizokhuluma ngendlela yokuhlola esiyibona emibikweni enjalo, engase ibonakale iyinkimbinkimbi kancane, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu. Leso isivivinyo se-ELISA.
Kuyini i-ELISA kalula?
Kulungile, ake siqale sibone ukuthi la magama amane athi ELISA asho ukuthini. I-ELISA isifinyezo se -Enzyme- Linked I mmuno sorbent Assay . Kuzwakala kuyesabeka kancane uma ukuzwa, akunjalo? Kodwa ungesabi. Kalula nje, i-ELISA ayisona isifo. Iyindlela yokuhlola ekhethekile eyenziwa elabhorethri. Ifana neresiphi yokupheka.
Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa ukuthola izinto ezincane kakhulu oketshezini lomzimba wethu, njengegazi, umchamo, namathe. Isibonelo, le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukuthola izinto ezifana nama-antibodies umzimba wethu awenzayo ngokumelene negciwane elithile (esilibiza ngokuthi ama-antibodies), izingxenye zegciwane ngokwalo (esilibiza ngokuthi ama-antigen), ama-hormone, namaprotheni.
Le ndlela iphumelela kakhulu kangangokuthi odokotela bayibiza ngokuthi "i-Gold Standard" yokuhlolwa kwamasosha omzimba. Lokho kusho ukuthi iyindlela enembile kakhulu futhi ethembekile.
Cabanga ngokuhlolwa kokukhulelwa ekhaya okusetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi ukhulelwe yini. Lokho kusebenza futhi ngesimiso se-ELISA. Kubheka ukuba khona "kwe-hormone yokukhulelwa" ebizwa ngokuthi i-HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) emchameni.
Ukuze sikuqonde kahle lokhu, ake siqale sifunde 'ngama-Antigen' kanye 'nama-Antibodies'.
Ukuze siqonde indlela ye-ELISA, sidinga ukwazi ngezinhlamvu ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu emzimbeni wethu: Ama-Antigen nama-Antibodies.
Iyini i-Antigen?
Cabanga ngesela, isitha, noma isihambi singena emizimbeni yethu. Lesi sihambi yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-antigen . Lezi ngokuvamile yizinto eziyingozi emizimbeni yethu. Lezi zitha ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-antigen zingafika ngezindlela eziningi.
- Amagciwane (isib. udenga, i-HIV, i-coronavirus)
- Amagciwane (isib., amagciwane abangela i-typhoid, isifo sofuba)
- Izimuncagazi
- Izinto ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba (isib. uthuli, impova, ukudla okuthile)
- Amaprotheni ebusweni bamaseli omdlavuza
Ngayinye yalezi zitha inekhadi layo "lomazisi" elihlukile. Lelo khadi lomazisi yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi i-antigen.
Iyini i-Antibody?
Manje, uma i-antigen ingena emizimbeni yethu, imizimba yethu ayihlali nje lapho. Sinebutho elisebenza kahle kakhulu emizimbeni yethu. Sikubiza kanjaloAmasosha omzimba. Siwabiza ngokuthi amasosha akhethekile kula ma -antibodies empi.
Isici esikhethekile salezi zinhlayiya zomzimba ukuthi umzimba wethu udala isosha elikhethekile (i-Antibody) ukuze lihlasele uhlobo oluthile lwesela (i-Antigen). Njengoba nje kukhona ukhiye owodwa kuphela ofanelana nokhiye owodwa.
Uma igciwane le-dengue lingena emzimbeni, umzimba wenza ama-antibodies ahlasela igciwane le-dengue kuphela. Uma igciwane le-HIV lingena, lenza uhlobo oluhlukile lwe-antibody oluhlasela lona kuphela. La ma-antibodies ayahamba anamathele kuleso sitha (i-antigen) bese edlulisela kwamanye amaseli empi ukuze alibhubhise.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kuyindlela esebenzisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwalawa "masosha" (ama-Antibodies) kanye "nezitha" (ama-Antigens) elabhorethri ukuthola ukuthi sinesifo esithile yini emzimbeni wethu.
Ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kubheka ini?
I-ELISA ingabona izinto eziningi. Kufana nokusebenzisa idivayisi efanayo ukwenza izinto eziningi ezahlukene. Udokotela wakho uzonquma ukuthi yini okufanele uyibheke ekuhlolweni kwe-ELISA ngokusekelwe ezimpawini zakho.
Ungathola umbono omuhle ngalokhu kusukela kuthebula elingezansi.
| Kuhlolwa ini? | Izibonelo kanye Nencazelo |
|---|---|
| Izifo | Ibheka ama-antibodies akhiwe ngumzimba wethu ngokumelene nokutheleleka ngamagciwane, amagciwane noma isikhunta, noma izingxenye zegciwane ngokwalo (ama-antigen). Izibonelo: I-HIV, i-dengue, i-hepatitis A, B, C (i-Hepatitis), isifo se-Lyme, i-syphilis . |
| Izifo Zokuzivikela Ngokuzenzakalelayo | Ngezinye izikhathi amasosha omzimba wethu ayaphazamiseka bese eqala ukuhlasela amangqamuzana ethu aphilile. Lawa abizwa ngokuthi ama-autoantibodies. Isibonelo yisifo sikashukela sohlobo 1 . |
| Amazinga e-Hormone | Isetshenziselwa ukukala inani lama-hormone ahlukahlukene emzimbeni. Izibonelo: i-HCG (ukukhulelwa), i-FSH (ukuzala), i-Testosterone . |
| Amamaki E-Tumor | Izinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza zingatholakala ngamaprotheni athile aqoqana egazini. Isibonelo: Ukuhlolwa kwe -PSA (Prostate-specific antigen) komdlavuza we-prostate. |
| Ukungezwani komzimba | Singanquma ukuthi umzimba wethu une-allergy yini ezintweni ezifana nothuli noma ukudla ngokulinganisa amazinga ama-antibodies ahlobene nawo. |
| Ukuhlolwa Kwezidakamizwa | Isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuthola ukuthi kukhona izidakamizwa ezifana nama-amphetamine noma i-cocaine emzimbeni. |
Ulwenza kanjani uhlolo lwe-ELISA elabhorethri?
Indlela lokhu okusebenza ngayo iyinkimbinkimbi kancane. Kodwa ngizokuchazela ngesibonelo esilula kakhulu. Cabanga ukuthi udokotela wakho usola ukuthi une-dengue bese ethatha isampula yegazi kuwe ukuze enze isivivinyo se-ELISA. Nakhu okwenzekayo elabhorethri.
1. Ukulungiselela isitha: Okokuqala, uchwepheshe elabhorethri uthatha ipuleti lepulasitiki elikhethekile bese enamathisela ama-antigen egciwane le-dengue kulo. Manje "isitha" sethu sesilungile.
2. Ukuqoqa igazi lakho: Okulandelayo, isampula yegazi lakho lifakwa kuleli plate. Uma une-antibodies yokulwa ne-dengue, izonamathela ezinhlayiyeni zegciwane le-dengue ezikuleli plate. Njengemagnet. Uma kungekho antibodies ye-dengue, akukho lutho oluzonamathela.
3. Ukuwasha: Ngemva kwalokho, leli plate liyagezwa kahle. Okwenzekayo ukuthi zonke izinto ezingadingekile ezinganamathiselwe egciwaneni ziyagezwa. Kusala ama-antibodies anamathiselwe kuphela.
4. Ukwengeza i-antibody "eyaziwayo": Manje sekuza ingxenye ebalulekile. Olunye uhlobo lwe-antibody, olwenziwe ngokukhethekile elabhorethri, lufakwa kulokhu. Le antibody ine-enzyme enamathiselwe kuyo. Lena yingxenye "exhumene ne-Enzyme" egameni. Le antibody yesibili izonamathela kuphela kuma-antibody akho ayenamathiselwe epuletini ngaphambilini.
5.Ukusabela kombala: Okokugcina, kufakwa into yamakhemikhali kulokhu ephendulana ne-enzyme bese ikhiqiza umbala . Manje, uma une-antibody ye-dengue emzimbeni wakho, futhi yonke le nqubo isiyenzekile, umbala waleyo nto uzoshintsha. Uma umbala ushintsha, umphumela uba muhle . Uma kungekho mbala okhiqizwayo, kusho ukuthi awunawo ama-antibody ye-dengue emzimbeni wakho. Khona-ke umphumela uba mubi .
Ukuqina kwalombala kungasetshenziswa ukukala cishe inani lama-antibodies emzimbeni.
Ungayichaza kanjani imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA?
Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kungaveza izinhlobo ezintathu zemiphumela.
- Umphumela omuhle: Lokhu kusho ukuthi lokho ukuhlolwa obekukufuna (isib. i-antibody noma i-antigen) bekukhona kusampula yakho.
- Umphumela ongemuhle: Lokhu kusho ukuthi lokho ukuhlolwa obekukufuna bekungekho kusampula yakho.
- Umphumela ongavumelekile: Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona okungahambanga kahle ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Kungaba yiphutha ngesikhathi sokuqoqwa kwesampula noma okuthile okwenzekile elebhu. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, ukuhlolwa kuzodingeka kuphindwe.
Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi udokotela wakho kuphela ongakuchazela kahle ukuthi le miphumela isho ukuthini nokuthi yini okufanele uyenze ngokulandelayo. Ngakho-ke ungazami ukuzixilonga ngokubheka ulwazi oluku-inthanethi.
Ingabe kufanele ngikhathazeke uma umphumela ungavamile?
Lutho neze. Ukuthi nje imiphumela yakho ayijwayelekile, okusho ukuthi inegciwane, akusho ukuthi nakanjani unesifo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-ELISA kunobuthakathaka obuncane. Yilokho okungenzeka ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela engamanga ingatholakala.
Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili:
- Imiphumela Emihle Ngamanga: Yilapho ukuhlolwa kubika ukuthi unesifo, noma ungenaso ngempela. Lo mphumela wamanga ungabangelwa esinye isimo sezokwelapha noma esinye isidakamizwa.
- Imiphumela Engalungile Nengamanga: Yilapho ukuhlolwa kubuyela khona "akuguli" yize empeleni unesifo. Isibonelo, lokhu kungenzeka uma ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ezinsukwini zokuqala zokutheleleka lapho umzimba ungakakhiqizi amasosha omzimba anele.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, odokotela bavame ukusebenzisa i-ELISA njengokuhlolwa kokuhlola . Okusho ukuthi, ukuhlukanisa abantu abangase babe nalesi sifo kulabo abangenaso. Uma umphumela ubonisa ukuthi sikhona, udokotela uzoyala olunye ukuhlolwa okuthile (njenge-Western Blot) ukuze akuqinisekise .
Ngakho-ke, ungesabi uma uthola umphumela ongajwayelekile. Kuyisiqephu esisodwa nje sephazili enkulu. Udokotela wakho uzocabangela izimpawu zakho, umlando wezokwelapha, kanye nezinye izivivinyo ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo sokugcina. Ngakho-ke, uma unemibuzo, ungangabazi ukumbuza.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- I-ELISA ayisona isifo, iyindlela yokuhlola eyenziwa elabhorethri.
- Lolu hlelo lusebenza ebuhlotsheni phakathi "kwezitha" (ama-Antigens) kanye "namasosha" (ama-Antibodies) emzimbeni wethu.
- Le ndlela isetshenziselwa ukuthola izinto eziningi, njengokutheleleka, amazinga ama-hormone, ukungezwani komzimba, kanye nezimpawu zomdlavuza.
- Ngenxa yokuthi umphumela wokuhlolwa kwe-ELISA ubonisa ukuthi unegciwane, akusho ukuthi ukuxilongwa okuqondile kuyatholakala. Ezimweni eziningi, kumane kuwukuhlolwa kokuqala.
- Udokotela wakho ungumuntu ongcono kakhulu nowukuphela kwakhe ongaxazulula noma yimiphi imibuzo noma ukukhathazeka ongase ube nakho mayelana nemiphumela yakho yokuhlolwa.
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