Sonke sinokubukeka nezici esizizuza kubazali bethu, akunjalo? Abanye bathi, "Amehlo ami afana ncamashi nakamama," futhi "Intukuthelo yami ivela kubaba." Konke lokhu kunqunywa izakhi zofuzo, izinto ezincane kakhulu emizimbeni yethu. Kalula nje, lezi zakhi zofuzo zifana nencwadi enkulu equkethe imiyalelo yokuthi umzimba wethu kufanele wakhiwe kanjani nokuthi kufanele usebenze kanjani. Kwenzekani uma uhlamvu noma igama elikule ncwadi yemiyalelo lingalungile, uma kukhona ushintsho oluncane? Yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo . Yilokhu esikhuluma ngakho namuhla.
Kalula nje, kuyini ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo?
Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kuwushintsho ochungechungeni lwe-DNA emzimbeni wakho. Cabanga ngomzimba wakho njengesakhiwo esikhulu. Uhlaka, noma uhlelo, lokwakha leso sakhiwo yi-DNA yakho. Le DNA iqukethe izakhi zofuzo. Lolu hlelo yilokho okutshela wonke amaseli emzimbeni wakho ukuthi enzeni.
Ngakho-ke, kwenzekani uma kukhona ushintsho oluncane endaweni ethile kulolu hlelo, uma umugqa udwetshwe endaweni engafanele, noma uma ingxenye isusiwe? Yilokho okushiwo ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Uma ingxenye yochungechunge lwe-DNA isendaweni engafanele, ingaphelele, noma yonakele ngandlela thile, ungakha izimpawu zesimo sofuzo.
Kwenzeka kanjani futhi nini lokhu kuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo?
Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli . Okusho ukuthi, lapho iseli elilodwa emzimbeni wethu lihlukana futhi kwakheka amaseli amasha. Zicabange ukopisha incwadi enkulu futhi wenza izincwadi eziningi. Uma ukopisha, amaphutha angenzeka, akunjalo? Yilokho okwenzekayo nalapha.
Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko lapho lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwamaseli kwenzeka khona emzimbeni wethu:
1. I-Mitosis: Yilokhu okwenzekayo lapho umzimba wethu wenza amangqamuzana amasha. Isibonelo, uma unenxeba esikhumbeni sakho, amangqamuzana amasha kudingeka akhiqizwe ukuze aphulukiswe. Yilokhu okusetshenziselwa lokhu kuhlukaniswa. Okwenzekayo lapha ukuthi kwenziwe ikhophi yama-chromosomes eseli elikhona bese lihlukana libe amangqamuzana amabili.
2. I-Meiosis: Lena inqubo ekhethekile. Ikhiqiza amaseli amaqanda namaseli esidoda adingekayo ukuze kwakheke isizukulwane esilandelayo. Into ekhethekile lapha ukuthi ingxenye kuphela yama-chromosome angu-46 aseseli lokuqala, okungukuthi, angu-23 kuphela, aya emaseli amasha. Yingakho uthola ulwazi olufanayo lwezakhi zofuzo kubo bobabili umama nobaba.
Ngakho-ke, phakathi nale nqubo yokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, amaphutha amancane angenzeka lapho i-DNA ikopishwa. Njengalapho kukopishwa incwadi, uhlamvu lungashiywa ngaphandle, uhlamvu lungashintshwa, noma uhlamvu olusha lungangezwa.
- Ukufaka incwadi esikhundleni sayo .
- Ukususa incwadi (susa) .
- Ukufaka uhlamvu olwengeziwe.
Uma kwenzeka lolu hlobo lwephutha (ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo), amaseli awasakwazi ukufunda imiyalelo ekuleyo ncwadi yemiyalelo. Mhlawumbe izingxenye ezidingekayo azikho, noma kunezelwa izingxenye ezingadingekile. Konke lokhu ekugcineni kusho ukuthi amaseli awasakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wawo ngendlela efanele.
Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kuyithinta kanjani imizimba yethu?
Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kuwushintsho kolwazi oludingwa amaseli akho. Izakhi zofuzo zethu ziyimiyalelo yokwenza amaprotheni emizimbeni yethu. Lawa maprotheni alawula cishe yonke into emizimbeni yethu - kusukela ekubukekeni kwethu, njengokuphakama, umbala wesikhumba, nombala wezinwele, kuya kuyo yonke inqubo eyenzeka ngaphakathi emzimbeni.
Ngakho-ke uma kwenzeka ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, indlela la maprotheni enziwa ngayo ingashintsha. Ngemuva kwalokho amaseli aqala ukwenza okuhlukile, hhayi umsebenzi okufanele awenze. Yingakho kuvela izimpawu zezifo zofuzo.
Lezi zimpawu zincike ekutheni ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka kuyiphi i-gene. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezifo nezimo ezibangelwa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Nazi ezinye zezimpawu ongase uzizwe:
- Izinguquko ekubukekeni komzimba: izinto ezifana nokukhubazeka kobuso, ulwanga oluqhekekile, iminwe egobile, kanye nobude obufushane.
- Izinkinga zokusebenza kwengqondo: ukukhubazeka kokufunda kanye nokubambezeleka kokukhula.
- Ukukhubazeka kokubona noma ukuzwa.
- Ubunzima bokuphefumula.
- Ingozi eyengeziwe yomdlavuza.
Ingabe zonke izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo zimbi? Ingabe zikhona ezinhle?
Cha. Lokhu kuyiphutha elivamile. Akuzona zonke izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo ezibangela izifo. Ezinye izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo zikhona nje ngaphandle kokuthinta impilo yakho. Isizathu siwukuthi noma ngabe kukhona ushintsho ochungechungeni lwe-DNA, akwenzi mehluko omkhulu endleleni iseli elisebenza ngayo.
Futhi imizimba yethu iyamangalisa. Sinezingxenye ezikhethekile emizimbeni yethu ezibizwa ngama-enzyme . Lezi zingalungisa izinguquko ezithile zofuzo ezenzeka ngaphambi kokuba zithinte iseli. Kufana nokusula uhlamvu olungalungile encwadini bese ulubhala futhi ngendlela efanele.
Okumangaza nakakhulu ukuthi ezinye izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo zingaba nomphumela omuhle kithi. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi zinguquko zithuthukisa amaprotheni akhiqizwa amangqamuzana ethu, zisisiza ukuba sizivumelanise kangcono nezinguquko endaweni esikuyo. Isibonelo, abanye abantu banoshintsho lwezakhi zofuzo olubavikela ezifweni zenhliziyo nesifo sikashukela. Amathuba abo okuthola lezi zifo mancane kunabanye, noma ngabe bayabhema noma bakhuluphele ngokweqile.
Ingabe kukhona ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo?
Yebo. Lezi zinguquko zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko kuye ngokuthi zenzeka kuphi.
| Uhlobo Lokuguquka | Incazelo elula |
|---|---|
| Ukuguqulwa kwe-Germline | Lokhu kwenzeka emangqamuzaneni okuzala abazali, okungukuthi, esidoda noma eqandeni . Ngakho-ke, lokhu kuguquka nakho kuzuzwa yingane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kudluliselwa kusuka esizukulwaneni kuya kwesinye (ifa) . |
| Ukuguqulwa kwesimo somzimba | Lokhu kwenzeka ngemva kokuba umntwana ekhulelwe, njengoba umbungu ukhula. Lokhu kuguquka kungenzeka kunoma yiliphi iseli emzimbeni, kodwa hhayi emangqamuzaneni okuzala (isidoda namaqanda). Ngakho-ke, akuzuzwa njengefa kubazali kubantwana . |
Ingabe lokhu kuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kudluliselwe kusuka kubazali kuya ezinganeni? (Ifa)
Yebo, njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kungazuzwa kubazali kuya ezinganeni. Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe, ngaphandle komlando womndeni.
Kunezindlela eziningana lapho ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kutholwa khona njengefa kusuka kumzali kuya enganeni. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kancane, kodwa masikwenze kube lula.
| Iphethini Yefa | Incazelo elula |
|---|---|
| I-Autosomal Ebusayo | Kwanele ukuthi ingane ithole lesi sifo ngokuthola ifa lofuzo oluguquliwe kumzali oyedwa kuphela . Isibonelo, i-Marfan syndrome. |
| I-Autosomal Recessive | Ukuze ingane ithole isifo, bobabili abazali kumele bazuze ifa elifanayo eliguquliwe. Isibonelo, isifo se-sickle cell. |
| Okukhulu okuxhumene no-X/Okuphindaphindekayo | Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ku-chromosome X. Indlela okuzuzwa ngayo iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi umama noma ubaba uphethe ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo nokuthi ingane ingowesilisa noma owesifazane. Isibonelo: Ukungaboni umbala. |
| Kuxhunywe ku-Y | Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ku-chromosome Y. Njengoba abesilisa kuphela abane-chromosome Y, lokhu kuzuzwa kuphela kubaba kuya endodaneni. |
| I-Mitochondrial | Ushintsho ku-DNA ku-mitochondria, enikeza amandla kumaseli. Njengoba lawa etholwa ngumntwana kuphela kusuka kuseli leqanda, lawa azuzwa kuphela kunina . |
Ziyini Izinkinga Zofuzo?
Isifo sofuzo yisimo esibangelwa ushintsho ezintweni zakho zofuzo (i-genome). Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-DNA yakho, izakhi zofuzo, nama-chromosome. Lokhu kungabangelwa yizici eziningana:
- Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo (i-monogenic)
- Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo eziningana (ifa lezinto eziningi)
- Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kuma-chromosomes eyodwa noma ngaphezulu
- Izici zemvelo (ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali, imisebe ye-UV)
Ingabe kukhona esingakwenza ukuvimbela ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo?
Eqinisweni, akukho esingakwenza ukuvimbela ezinye izinguquko zofuzo ngoba zenzeka ngokungahleliwe. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinguquko zithonywa yindlela yethu yokuphila nendawo esizungezile. Lokhu kusho ukuthi singathatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa ingozi yezinguquko ezithile .
- Gwema ukubhema ngokuphelele. Amakhemikhali akugwayi angalimaza i-DNA.
- Sebenzisa isivikelo selanga esihle uma uphuma elangeni. Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet (UV) evela elangeni ingalimaza i-DNA yamangqamuzana esikhumba futhi ibangele ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo.
- Gwema ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali ayingozi (ama-carcinogen) kanye nemisebe.
- Yidla ukudla okunomsoco nokulinganiselayo. Nciphisa ukudla okwenziwe ngokwenziwa kanye nokudla okucutshungulwe ngangokunokwenzeka.
Uma unemibuzo noma ukungabaza ngezimo zofuzo emndenini wakho, noma uma uhlela ukuba nezingane, kungcono ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho ngakho. Uma kudingeka, ungaya kohlolwa ngofuzo. Lokhu kuhlolwa kungahlonza noma yiziphi izinguquko ezizakhi zofuzo zakho nama-chromosome.
Umlayezo Wokuya Nawe Ekhaya
- Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kuwushintsho encwadini yemiyalelo yemizimba yethu, i-DNA.
- Akuzona zonke izinguquko zezakhi zofuzo ezimbi. Ezinye zazo azisilimazi nhlobo, kanti ezinye zingaba yinzuzo.
- Ezinye izinguquko (i-germline) zizuzwa ngabazali ezinganeni. Ezinye izinguquko (i-somatic) zenzeka ngokungahleliwe ngesikhathi sokuphila futhi azizuzwa ngabantwana.
- Imikhuba yezempilo efana nokugwema ukubhema nokuzivikela elangeni inganciphisa ingozi yokuthuthukisa ezinye izinguquko zofuzo.
- Uma wena noma othile emndenini wakho usola ukuthi unesifo sofuzo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha.
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