Wake wezwa nge-'HTLV-1' (i-Human T-lymphotropic Virus uhlobo-1)? Ake sixoxe ngayo!

Cishe uke wezwa ngamagciwane afana ne-'HIV'. Kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi awukaze uzwe okuningi ngegciwane elithi 'HTLV-1'. Lolu futhi uhlobo lwegciwane olungangena emangqamuzaneni emizimba yethu futhi lubangele izifo. Kodwa ungakhathazeki, kubantu abaningi lokhu ngeke kube yinkinga enkulu. Kodwa kuhle ukwazi, akunjalo? Ngakho ake sibone ukuthi iyini i-'HTLV-1', ukuthi ikhula kanjani, nokuthi yini engenziwa ngayo.

Kuyini i-`HTLV-1`? Masiyiqonde kalula!

I-'HTLV-1' imele i-'Human T-lymphotropic Virus type-1' . Lokhu kungokweqembu lamagciwane abizwa ngokuthi i-'Retrovirus'. Uyakhumbula ukuthi sikhulume ngegciwane le-'HIV' (HIV) eliyi-'Retrovirus'? Esinye sezici ezikhethekile zalawa ma-'Retrovirus' ukuthi uma engena emaselini ethu, ulwazi lwawo lwezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi, 'izinto zawo zezakhi zofuzo', lufakwa ku-'DNA' (i-DNA) yamangqamuzana ethu. Cabanga nje sengathi igciwane lingene kwikhompyutha.

Kokubili igciwane le-'HIV' kanye negciwane le-'HTLV-1' lihlasela 'amaseli e-T' ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba. Kodwa indlela asebenza ngayo ihluke kakhulu. 'I-HIV' ibhubhisa 'amaseli e-T' futhi yenza buthaka uhlelo lokuzivikela komzimba. Kodwa 'i-HTLV-1' ayibhubhisi 'amaseli e-T' anjalo. Eqinisweni, abantu abaningi abangenwe yi-'HTLV-1' ababonisi zimpawu. Baphila njengabantu abaphilile.

Kodwa-ke, iphesenti elincane kakhulu labantu abangenwe yileli gciwane liba nezimo ezimbili eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, mhlawumbe eminyakeni engama-30 kuya kwengama-60 kamuva. Esinye uhlobo lomdlavuza wegazi olubizwa ngokuthi i-Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATL noma i-ATLL). Esinye isifo sesimiso sezinzwa esibizwa ngokuthi i-HTLV-1- associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP).

Ingabe zikhona ezinye izinhlobo ze-'HTLV'?

Yebo, kunezinhlobo eziningana zamagciwane e-'HTLV' athelela abantu. Isibonelo, kukhona i-'HTLV-1`, i-'HTLV-2`, i-'HTLV-3` kanye ne-'HTLV-4`. Konke lokhu kubangela ukutheleleka impilo yonke. Kodwa-ke, kuze kube manje, yi-'HTLV-1` kuphela ebangela izifo ezithile.

Ivame kangakanani le `HTLV-1`? Ingabe ikhona eSri Lanka?

Igciwane le-'HTLV' litholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba. Ochwepheshe balinganisela ukuthi abantu abaphakathi kwezigidi ezi-5 nezingama-20 emhlabeni wonke batheleleke nge-'HTLV-1'. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokutheleleka liyahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe nezifunda.

Isibonelo, eNyakatho Melika, abantu abangaphansi kuka-1% banaso. Kodwa-ke, ezingxenyeni zaseJapane, e-Afrika, eNingizimu Melika, e-Australia, e-Iran, nakwezinye izingxenye zaseCaribbean, abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu kubikwa ukuthi banalesi sifo. Kunzima ukuthola idatha ecacile ngesimo eSri Lanka, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela amagciwane anjalo.

Ziyini izimpawu zalokhu? Ingabe kwenzeka kuwo wonke umuntu?

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili,Iningi labantu abangenwe yi-HTLV-1 alibonisi zimpawu. Abazi nokuthi banalo leli gciwane. Izimpawu zivela eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kokutheleleka, lapho izimo ezishiwo ngaphambilini, njenge-ATL noma i-HAM/TSP, ziqala.

Izimpawu ze-`ATL` (i-Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma) zingafaka:

• Ukuzizwa ukhathele ngaso sonke isikhathi (`Ukukhathala`)
• Ukuqubuka kwesikhumba, izimo ezifana ne-eczema
• Ama-lymph node avuvukele - njengasentanyeni, emakhwapheni, nasesinqeni
• Ukuqunjelwa
• Ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, ukudideka
• Ubuhlungu bethambo

Izimpawu ze-`HAM/TSP` (i-HTLV-1-associated myopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis) zingafaka:

• Ubuthakathaka noma ukuqina okwanda kancane kancane emlenzeni owodwa noma yomibili
• Ukuhlungu obusemhlane
• Ukungakwazi ukuzibamba komchamo
• Ukuba ndikindiki ezithweni, ukuzwa ukuqaqamba (i-peripheral neuropathy)

Yiziphi ezinye izifo ezingabangelwa yi-`HTLV-1`?

Cishe umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-20 (cishe u-5%) otheleleke ngegciwane le-HTLV-1 uba nezimo ezibizwa ngokuthi i-ATL (umdlavuza) noma i-HAM/TSP (isifo sezinzwa).

• I-'ATL' uhlobo lomdlavuza oluvela egazini . Iphinde ibe nezinhlobo eziningana (njenge-'acute', i-'lymphoma', i-'smoldering', ne-'chronic'). Ukwelashwa kanye nokubikezela kohlobo ngalunye kungahluka kancane.
• I-`HAM/TSP` yisifo esithinta uhlelo lwezinzwa. Sifana nesifo i-`Multiple Sclerosis` (`MS`). Sibangela ubuthakathaka bemisipha kanye nezinkinga eziqhubekayo ohlelweni lwezinzwa.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zifo ezimbili eziyinhloko, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi i-HTLV-1 ingadala nezinye izifo zokuvuvukala kanye nezifo zokuzivikela komzimba . Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwano obuqondile phakathi kwazo abukacaci. Ezinye zalezi zifo zifaka:

• I-Dermatitis
• Isifo samathambo
• Ukuvuvukala kwezingxenye zangaphakathi zeso (`Uveitis`)
• Isifo sikaSjögren

Izifo ezihlobene ne-HTLV-1 zikhula kanjani? Kungani kungebona bonke abantu abazitholayo?

Uma igciwane le-‘HTLV-1’ lingena emizimbeni yethu, liya ngqo kumaseli e-‘CD4’ (aziwa nangokuthi ‘amaseli e-T awusizo’) ohlelweni lwethu lokuzivikela komzimba. Lawa maseli e-‘CD4’ afana namaphoyisa omzimba wethu, uhlobo lweseli elisisiza ekusivikeleni ezifweni.

Manje, ama-retrovirus afana ne-HTLV-1 aphethe ulwazi lwawo lwezakhi zofuzo ku-molecule ebizwa ngokuthi i-RNA. Uma engena emaselini ethu, igciwane liguqula ngobuhlakani i-RNA yalo libe yinto efana ne-DNA equkethe ulwazi lwamaseli ethu. Bese kuthi ingxenye ye-DNA (ebizwa ngokuthi i-provirus) eliyenzile izifake ku-DNA yamaseli ethu. Ngamanye amazwi, igciwane lifaka ingxenye yalo kusofthiwe elawula amaseli ethu.

Manje amangqamuzana ethu, ecabanga ukuthi ingxenye ye-'DNA' yegciwane iyingxenye yawo, aqala ukwenza amakhophi engeziwe aleli gciwane. Lawa makhophi egciwane le-'HTLV' asanda kukhiqizwa ayahamba futhi athelele amanye amangqamuzana amaningi e-'CD4'. Ngisho noma igciwane lisakazeka emzimbeni ngale ndlela, ngokuvamile alibangeli zimpawu.

Kodwa-ke, kwabanye abantu, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi, lokhu kutheleleka kubangela ukuthi imizimba yabo ikhiqize 'amaseli e-T' amaningi kakhulu. Yilapho-ke kuvela khona isimo esibizwa ngokuthi 'i-ATL' leukemia. Kwezinye izimo, leli gciwane lingathinta isimiso sezinzwa futhi libangele isimo esibizwa ngokuthi 'i-HAM/TSP'. Ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka kwabanye abantu kusacwaningwa.

Leli gciwane elithi `HTLV-1` lidluliselwa kanjani lisuka komunye umuntu liye komunye?

Kunezindlela eziningana eziyinhloko igciwane le-'HTLV-1' elingadluliselwa ngazo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela lezi:

• Ngocansi: ucansi olungavikelekile lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, indunu noma umlomo.
• Kusukela kumama kuya enganeni ngokuncelisa: Lapho umama onegciwane encelisa ingane yakhe.
• Ngokwabelana ngezinaliti: Ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu abafaka izidakamizwa.
• Akuvamile: Ngokumpontshelwa igazi noma ukufakelwa izitho zomzimba. Kodwa-ke, emazweni amaningi, ukunikela ngegazi nezitho zomzimba manje sekuhlolwe igciwane, ngakho ukudluliselwa ngalezi zindlela akuvamile.

Ubani osengozini enkulu yokuthola i-'HTLV-1'?

Kunezici eziningana ezandisa ingozi yokutheleleka kwe-HTLV-1:

• Ukujova izidakamizwa ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela.
• Ukuzalelwa noma ukuhlala endaweni lapho igciwane elithi `HTLV` livame khona.

Ezinye izindawo ezinezinga eliphezulu lokutheleleka kwe-HTLV-1 zifaka:

• INingizimu-ntshonalanga yeJapane
• Amazwe ase-Afrika eningizimu yeHlane laseSahara (`i-Sub-Saharan Africa`)
• Ezinye izingxenye zaseNingizimu Melika
• Iziqhingi zaseCaribbean
• INyakatho ye-Iran
• I-Australia Ephakathi

Okubalulekile: Ngisho nangaphakathi ezweni elifanayo, izinga lokutheleleka alifani kuzo zonke izindawo. Ezinye izindawo ezincane zingase zibe nezinga eliphezulu lokutheleleka, noma ngabe izinga lilonke liphansi.

Yiziphi izinkinga ezingaba khona ngenxa yokutheleleka kwe-HTLV-1?

Igciwane le-`HTLV-1` lodwa alilinciphisi isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Kodwa-ke, uma kukhula i-`ATL` (umdlavuza) noma i-`HAM/TSP` (isifo sezinzwa), isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela singancipha.Lokhu kungaholela ezifweni ezingosomathuba ezingavamile ukutholakala kubantu abaphilile. Ezinye zalezi zifo zingaba yingozi empilweni.

Ukubona kanjani ngokunembile ukutheleleka kwe-'HTLV-1'?

Odokotela baxilonga ukutheleleka kwe-HTLV-1 ngokuhlolwa kwegazi. Lokhu kuhlolwa kubheka ama-antibodies (ama-antibodies) akhiqizwe emzimbeni ngokumelene negciwane le-HTLV, noma ukuba khona kwezinto zofuzo zegciwane (i-RNA).

Kodwa-ke, lokhu akulona ukuhlolwa okuvamile kwawo wonke umuntu. Udokotela angakuthumela kulolu vivinyo ezimweni ezilandelayo:

• Uma unesifo (isib. izimpawu ze-ATL noma i-HAM/TSP) ocabanga ukuthi zingase zihlobene nokutheleleka kwe-HTLV-1.
• Uma uhlala endaweni lapho ukutheleleka kwe-HTLV kuvame khona futhi uhlela ukuncelisa.
• Uma unethemba lokuba ngumnikeli wegazi noma umnikeli wezitho zomzimba (lokhu sekuyivivinyo eliyimpoqo ezindaweni eziningi).

Ingabe ikhona indlela yokwelapha i-'HTLV-1'? Ingabe ingelapheka?

Uma ngikhuluma iqiniso, alikho ikhambi okwamanje legciwane le-'HTLV-1'. Okusho ukuthi, igciwane alikwazi ukususwa ngokuphelele emzimbeni. Kodwa-ke, kunezindlela zokwelapha izifo ze-'ATL' kanye ne-'HAM/TSP' ezibangelwa yi-'HTLV-1'.

Lokhu kusetshenziswa njengokwelapha i-'ATL' (umdlavuza):

• Imithi esetshenziswa kwezinye izinhlobo ze-lymphoma, isibonelo i-chemotherapy .
• Imithi yokulwa namagciwane, njenge-zidovudine (Retrovir®) kanye ne-interferon alfa. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinhlobo ze-ATL ezisabela kule mithi yokulwa namagciwane.
• Ukufakelwa kwe -stem cell. Lokhu akunakwenzeka kuwo wonke umuntu one-ATL. Kodwa uma kuphumelele, kungandisa kakhulu isikhathi sokuphila.

Kubantu abane-`HAM/TSP` (isifo sezinzwa), izindlela zokwelapha ezilandelayo zisetshenziselwa ukulawula izimpawu nokunikeza impumuzo:

• `I-Interferon alfa`.
• Nciphisa ukuvuvukala nge-'Corticosteroids'.
• I-Interferon beta. Lokhu kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuvuvukala nokuvimbela ukulimala kwemizwa.
• Nciphisa ukuqaqamba kwemisipha nokuqina kwayo nge-Baclofen (Lioresal ®) noma i-tizanidine.
• I-Oxybutynin yokungakwazi ukuzibamba komchamo.

Kwenzekani uma ngine-`HTLV-1`? Ingabe kufanele ngikhathazeke?

Lokhu kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Akuwona wonke umuntu onegciwane le-HTLV-1 ozoqala i-ATL noma i-HAM/TSP. Eqinisweni, iningi lalabo abangenwe yileli gciwane lingaphila impilo evamile ngaphandle kokuthola lezi zifo ezimbi kakhulu.

Kodwa-ke, uma uba nalezi zimo, isimo sincike ohlotsheni onalo. Abantu abanezinhlobo ze-ATL ezibhemayo noma ezingamahlalakhona bangaba nomphumela ongcono kunalabo abanezinye izinhlobo. Nakuba i-HAM/TSP ivame ukuba yimbi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ungaphila amashumi eminyaka ngemva kokuxilongwa.

Ngingazivikela kanjani kuleli gciwane le-'HTLV-1'? Zikhona yini izindlela zokulivimbela?

Yebo, kunezinto esingazenza ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwegciwane le-'HTLV-1'.

• Ukuhlola igazi nezitho ezinikelwe nge-HTLV-1 kungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukusabalala kwegciwane.
• Ungenza lezi zinto ukuze unciphise ubungozi bakho:
• Gwema ukujova izidakamizwa ngaphandle kwencwadi kadokotela.
• Gwema ukusebenzisa izinaliti ezifanayo zomjovo noma ukwabelana ngazo nabanye.
• Gwema ucansi olungavikelekile. Sebenzisa njalo ikhondomu ye-latex nganoma yiluphi uhlobo locansi (lwesitho sangasese sowesifazane, lwe-anal, noma lomlomo).
• Uma uhlolwe watholakala une-HTLV-1, gwema ukuncelisa nokunikela ngegazi. Uma une-HTLV-1 futhi ufuna ukuncelisa, cela iseluleko kudokotela onolwazi nge-HTLV-1. Ukukhama ubisi lwebele bese uluqandisa, bese uluncibilikisa, kunganciphisa ingozi yokudlulisela igciwane enganeni yakho, kodwa kubalulekile ukufuna iseluleko sezokwelapha ngaphambi kokwenza kanjalo.

Kusho ukuthini ukuthi i-`HTLV` ilungile?

Ukuba ne-'HTLV` positive kusho ukuthi une-'HTLV-1` noma olunye uhlobo lwe-'HTLV` emzimbeni wakho. Akusho ukuthi nakanjani uzoba ne-'ATL` noma i-'HAM/TSP`. Uma une-'HTLV-1` positive, kunezinyathelo zokuphepha ongazithatha ukuze ugweme ukusabalalisa igciwane kwabanye (njengokungancelisi ibele, ukugwema ucansi olungavikelekile).

Iyingozi kangakanani le `HTLV`?

Igciwane le-'HTLV', uma lithathwa lodwa, ngokuvamile aliyona ingozi futhi alibangeli izimpawu. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuliqaphela, njengoba i-'HTLV-1' ngezinye izikhathi ingabangela umdlavuza, izifo zemizwa, noma izimo zokuvuvukala.

Kufanele ngimbone nini udokotela?

Uma unemibuzo mayelana nokuhlolwa i-HTLV-1, noma uma une-HTLV-1 futhi ufuna ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha okufanele uzithathe, qiniseka ukuthi ukhuluma nodokotela. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqaphela lokhu uma uhlala endaweni lapho i-HTLV-1 ivame khona.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule

Kulungile, ngakho-ke sesikhulume kakhulu nge-'HTLV-1,' akunjalo? Khumbula, nakuba leli yigciwane elitholakala emhlabeni wonke, alivamile ezindaweni eziningi. Amaphesenti amancane kakhulu alabo abangenwe yileli gciwane aba nesifo esibi kakhulu.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi, ungakhathazeki ngokuhlolwa ukuthi une-HTLV-1.Iningi labantu lingaphila impilo enempilo ngaphandle kwezimpawu. Kodwa-ke, ukuqaphela leli gciwane, indlela elisakazeka ngayo, kanye nendlela yokulivimbela kungasiza ekuzivikeleni wena nalabo abaseduze nawe.

Uma uneminye imibuzo mayelana nalokhu, ungangabazi ukubuza udokotela womndeni wakho noma udokotela onolwazi ngalokhu. Hlala uphilile!

` I-HTLV-1, i-Retrovirus, i-ATL, i-HAM/TSP, umdlavuza, isifo sezinzwa, ukutheleleka ngegciwane