Ake sifunde nje ngezithunywa ezincane emzimbeni wethu: (Ama-Neurotransmitter)?

Unjani? Ngezinye izikhathi uzizwa ujabule kakhulu, kanti ngezinye izikhathi uzizwa udangele noma uthukuthele, akunjalo? Noma wake washiywa uklwebha ikhanda lakho ngemva kokukhohlwa into oyifundele kanzima esivivinyweni? Konke lokhu kungenxa yezithunywa ezincane kodwa ezibaluleke kakhulu ezisebenza ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu. Sizokhuluma ngazo namuhla.

Ziyini lezi (ama-Neurotransmitter)?

Kalula nje, ama-neurotransmitter awuhlobo lwesithunywa samakhemikhali esidingwa yimizimba yethu . Bafana nabafana abancane abasebenza eposini lemizimba yethu. Umsebenzi wabo ukuthutha izimpawu zamakhemikhali, noma imiyalezo, kusuka kwelinye iseli lezinzwa (i-neuron) kuya kwelinye iseli eliqondiwe. Leli seli eliqondiwe lingaba elinye iseli lezinzwa, noma kungaba iseli lemisipha noma indlala.

Imizimba yethu imbozwe inethiwekhi yezinzwa. Lokhu sikubiza ngokuthi uhlelo lwezinzwa . Kufana nenethiwekhi yezintambo zikagesi ezigijima ezweni lonke. Lolu hlelo lwezinzwa luthumela futhi lwamukele izimpawu zikagesi ziye futhi zivela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomzimba wethu. Lulawula hhayi kuphela lokho okucabangayo, indlela ozizwa ngayo, indlela imisipha yakho ehamba ngayo, kodwa futhi nendlela izitho zakho ezisebenza ngayo. Ngamanye amazwi, lezi zinzwa zihilelekile kukho konke okwenzayo, ocabangayo, nozizwayo. Amaseli ethu ezinzwa athola futhi athumele ulwazi oluvela kuwo wonke umzimba. Lokhu kushintshana njalo kolwazi yikho okusiza ukugcina umzimba usebenza kahle.

Yini elawulwa yizinzwa nama-neurotransmitter emizimbeni yethu?

Manje bheka ukuthi zingaki izinto lezi zithunywa ezincane ezihilelekile kuzo:

• Ilawula izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo yakho kanye nomfutho wegazi .
• Kukusiza ukuphefumula .
• Futhi benza ukunyakaza kwemisipha kube ngendlela efanele.
• Zinethonya elikhulu emicabangweni yakho , enkumbulweni yakho, ekufundeni kwakho, nasemizweni yakho . Cabanga ngakho, ngezinye izikhathi sizizwa sijabule kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi sizizwa sidabukile, sesaba. Zihilelekile kukho konke lokhu.
• Iphinde ilawule izinqubo zokulala, ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba, kanye nokuguga .
• Banquma impendulo yokucindezeleka . Laba bantu basiza ngendlela umzimba osabela ngayo lapho othile esaba noma ekhathazekile.
• Ilawula ama-hormone .
• Ilawula ukugaya ukudla, indlala, kanye nokoma .
• Yibo abasabela ezinzweni zethu ezinhlanu (ukubona, ukuzwa, ukuzwa, ukuthinta, kanye nokunambitha).

Ama-neurotransmitter asebenza kanjani?

Kunezigidigidi zamaseli ezinzwa emizimbeni yethu. Kuyamangalisa, akunjalo? Uma uthatha iseli lezinzwa, linezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Umzimba weseli: Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwama-neurotransmitter kanye nokusebenza kahle kweseli lemizwa.
• I-Axon: Ingxenye ende efana nomsila we-neuron ethwala izimpawu zikagesi eceleni kwe-neuron iye esigungwini se-axon.
• Itheminali ye-Axon:Yilapho lowo myalezo kagesi uba umlayezo wamakhemikhali. Lokhu kusizwa yi-(Neurotransmitters). Lo myalezo wamakhemikhali ube usuthunyelwa esitokisini esilandelayo sezinzwa, esitokisini semisipha, noma endlaleni.

Ama-neurotransmitter atholakala ekugcineni kwe-axon yeseli lemizwa. Agcinwa ezikhwameni ezincane, ezinezindonga ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-synaptic vesicles . Isikhwama esisodwa singaqukatha izinkulungwane zama-molecule e-neurotransmitter. Cabanga ngaso njengamaphakethe amancane.

Manje, lapho umyalezo noma isignali ihamba ngeseli lemizwa, ukushaja kukagesi kuleso signali kubangela ukuthi i-neurotransmitter ibopheke olwelwesini lweseli lemizwa, khona kanye ekugcineni kweseli. Bese kuthi ama-neurotransmitter aphethe umyalezo manje akhishwe esigungwini se-axon. Lokhu kukhishwa endaweni encane egcwele uketshezi phakathi kweseli elilodwa lemizwa kanye neseli elilandelayo eliqondiwe (okungaba elinye iseli lemizwa, iseli lemisipha, noma indlala). Lesi sikhala sincane kakhulu, singaphansi kwama-nanometer angu-40 (nm). Uma ucabanga ukuthi lesi sikhala sincane kangakanani, umucu wezinwele zakho ungama-nanometer angu-75,000 ububanzi.

Lesi sikhala esincane sibizwa ngokuthi i-synaptic junction . Yilapho ama-neurotransmitter ethwala khona umyalezo. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-neurotransmitter lubopha i -receptor ethile kuseli eliqondiwe. Njengoba nje ukhiye ungavulwa kuphela ngokuwufaka embobeni ethile yokhiye. Uma usuboshiwe, i-neurotransmitter ibangela ushintsho noma isenzo kuseli eliqondiwe. Isibonelo, ingabangela elinye iseli lemizwa ukuthi livuthele isignali kagesi, imisipha inciphe, noma indlala ikhiphe i-hormone.

Hlobo luni lomyalezo oluthunyelwa ama-neurotransmitter kuseli eliqondiwe?

Laba bathunywa, noma ama-neurotransmitter, benza esinye sezenzo ezintathu eziyinhloko ngemiyalezo yabo, kuye ngohlobo lwe-neurotransmitter ehilelekile.

• Imiyalezo evusa imizwa: Lezi zinhlobo zama-neurotransmitter "ziyavusa" iseli lemizwa bese " zidlulisela umyalezo ." Okusho ukuthi, umyalezo uya esiseleni esilandelayo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-Glutamate , i-Epinephrine, ne -Norepinephrine .
• Imiyalezo yokuvimbela: Le isetshenziselwa ukuvimba noma ukuvimba umyalezo wamakhemikhali ukuthi ungaqhubeki. Izibonelo zala ma-neurotransmitter zifaka i-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) , i-glycine, kanye ne -serotonin.
• Imiyalezo yokuguqula: Lawa (ama-neurotransmitter) athonya imiphumela yezinye izithunywa zamakhemikhali. Njengokuthi "azishintshe kancane." Okusho ukuthi, enza izinguquko ezincane endleleni amangqamuzana axhumana ngayo ku-synapse. Futhi, athinta inani elikhulu lamangqamuzana ezinzwa ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Kwenzekani kuma-neurotransmitter ngemva kokuba umyalezo uthunyelwe?

Kulungile, manje ama-neurotransmitter adlulise umyalezo wawo. Kwenzekani ngokulandelayo? La ma-molecule kufanele ashiye lowo mnyango we-synaptic (isikhala esiphakathi kweseli elilodwa lemizwa kanye neseli elilandelayo eliqondiwe). Ngaphandle kwalokho, azoqhubeka nokuthumela imiyalezo, akunjalo? Lokhu kwenzeka ngezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Ziyanyamalala kancane kancane (ukusabalala) .
• Ziphinde zimuncwe futhi ziphinde zisetshenziswe yiseli elifanayo lemizwa elazikhipha (ukuphinda zithathwe) , njengokungathi ziyasetshenziswa kabusha.
• I-enzyme engaphakathi kwe-synapse iyayibhidliza (ukubola) , okwenza ingakwazi ukubopha futhi kuseli le-receptor.

Zingaki izinhlobo zama-neurotransmitter ezikhona?

Ososayensi manje sebethole okungenani izinhlobo eziyi-100 zama-neurotransmitter. Futhi kukholakala ukuthi kunezinye eziningi ezingatholakala. Zingahlukaniswa ngokwesimo sazo samakhemikhali. Manje ake sibheke ezimbalwa zezigaba ezibaluleke kakhulu esivame ukuzwa ngazo, izibonelo zama-neurotransmitter angamalungu azo, kanye nemisebenzi yawo.

Ama-amino acid (ama-Neurotransmitters)

Lawa (ama-neurotransmitter) ahilelekile emisebenzini eminingi yesimiso sethu sezinzwa.

• I-Glutamate: Lena yi-neurotransmitter eyinhloko ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa. Itholakala kakhulu ebuchosheni. Ibalulekile emisebenzini ebalulekile yokuqonda njengokucabanga, ukufunda, kanye nenkumbulo. Ukungalingani kwamazinga e-glutamate kuye kwahlotshaniswa nesifo i-Alzheimer's , i-dementia , isifo sikaParkinson, kanye nokuquleka .
• I-Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): I-GABA iyi-neurotransmitter eyinhloko evimbelayo ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa, ikakhulukazi ebuchosheni. Ilawula ukusebenza kobuchopho futhi ivimbele izinkinga ezifana nokukhathazeka , ukucasuka, ubunzima bokugxilisa ingqondo, ukungakwazi ukulala, isifo sokuwa kanye nokucindezeleka .
• I-Glycine: I-Glycine iyi-neurotransmitter eyinhloko evimbelayo emgogodleni wethu. I-Glycine ihilelekile ekucutshungulweni kolwazi lokuzwa, ukudluliselwa kobuhlungu, kanye nokulawulwa kwe-metabolism.

Ama-Monoamine (ama-Neurotransmitter)

Lawa (ama-Neurotransmitter) enza imisebenzi eminingi ehlukene ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa, ikakhulukazi ebuchosheni. Alawula ukuqonda, ukuqonda, ukunaka, kanye nemizwa. Ukuphazamiseka okuningi kohlelo lwezinzwa kuhlobene nokukhubazeka kulawa ma-monoamine (ama-Neurotransmitter). Futhi, imithi eminingi esivame ukuyisebenzisa iyawathinta lawa (ama-Neurotransmitter).

• I-Serotonin: I-Serotonin iyi-neurotransmitter. I-Serotonin isiza ekulawuleni imizwa yethu, amaphethini okulala, ubulili, ukukhathazeka, isifiso sokudla kanye nobuhlungu. Izifo ezihambisana nokungalingani kwe-serotonin zifaka:Isifo sokuzwela kwesizini, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, i-fibromyalgia, kanye nobuhlungu obungapheli. Imithi elapha lezi zimo ngokulawula i-serotonin ibizwa ngokuthi ama-SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) kanye nama-SNRI (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) .
• I-Histamine: I-Histamine ilawula izinto ezifana nokuphaphama, ukuziphatha kokudla, kanye nogqozi emzimbeni. I-Histamine ihilelekile ezimweni ezifana ne -asthma , i-bronchospasm, i-mucosal edema, kanye ne-multiple sclerosis .
• I-Dopamine: I-Dopamine ihilelekile "ohlelweni lomvuzo" lomzimba wethu. Lokhu kusho ukuzizwa ujabule, ukhuthazwe kakhulu, nokufunda. I-Dopamine iyasiza futhi ngokunaka, inkumbulo, ukulala, imizwa, kanye nogqozi. Izifo ezihambisana nokungasebenzi kahle ohlelweni lwe-dopamine zifaka phakathi isifo sikaParkinson , i-schizophrenia , isifo se-bipolar , i-restless legs syndrome , kanye ne-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Izidakamizwa eziningi eziluthayo (njenge-cocaine, i-methamphetamine, kanye nama-amphetamine) zithinta ngqo uhlelo lwe-dopamine.
• I-Epinephrine: I-Epinephrine (ebizwa nangokuthi i-adrenaline) kanye ne-norepinephrine (okwengeziwe ngalokhu ngezansi) yizona ezibangela " impendulo yokulwa noma yokubaleka " yomzimba wethu ekwesabeni nasekucindezelekeni. Lawa ma-neurotransmitters andisa ukushaya kwenhliziyo yethu, ukuphefumula, umfutho wegazi, amazinga kashukela egazini, ukugeleza kwegazi kuya emisipheni, kanye nekhono lethu lokugxila nokusabela ezinkingeni ezahlukahlukene. I-epinephrine eningi kakhulu ingaholela ezinkingeni zempilo ezifana nomfutho wegazi ophezulu, isifo sikashukela, nesifo senhliziyo. Njengomuthi, i-epinephrine isetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-anaphylaxis (ukusabela okukhulu kokungezwani komzimba), ukuhlaselwa yi-asthma, ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, kanye nokutheleleka okukhulu.
• I-Norepinephrine: I-Norepinephrine (eyaziwa nangokuthi i-noradrenaline) inyusa umfutho wegazi kanye nesilinganiso senhliziyo. Iyaziwa ngemiphumela yayo ekuqapheni, ekuvukeni, ekwenzeni izinqumo, ekunakeni nasekugxiliseni ingqondo. Imithi eminingi (izikhuthazi kanye nemithi yokucindezeleka) isebenza ngokwandisa amazinga e-norepinephrine ukuthuthukisa ukunakwa ezimweni ezifana ne-ADHD, noma ngokushintsha i-norepinephrine ukunciphisa izimpawu zokucindezeleka.

Ama-Peptide (ama-Neurotransmitter)

I-peptide uhlobo lwe-polymer, noma uchungechunge, lwama-amino acid.

• Ama-Endorphins:Ama-Endorphin ayimithi yokwelapha ubuhlungu yemvelo emzimbeni wethu. Athinta indlela esizizwa ngayo ubuhlungu. Uma ama-endorphin ekhishwa, anciphisa ubuhlungu futhi adale umuzwa "wokuzizwa kahle". Amazinga aphansi ama-endorphin angahlotshaniswa ne -fibromyalgia kanye nezinye izinhlobo zekhanda elibuhlungu.

I-Acetylcholine

Le neurotransmitter yenza umsebenzi omningi ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa oluphakathi (i-CNS - ubuchopho kanye nomgogodla) kanye nohlelo lwezinzwa olungaphandle (izinzwa ezisuka ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa oluphakathi). I-Acetylcholine ikhishwa ezinzwa eziningi ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa oluzimele, olulawula izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, umfutho wegazi, kanye nokuhamba kwamathumbu. I-Acetylcholine ibandakanyeka ekuqineni kwemisipha, inkumbulo, isisusa, isifiso sobulili, ukulala, kanye nokufunda. Ukungalingani emazingeni e-acetylcholine kuhlotshaniswa nezinkinga zempilo ezifana nesifo i-Alzheimer's , isithuthwane, kanye nokuqina kwemisipha.

Yiziphi izizathu ezenza ukuthi i-neurotransmitter ingasebenzi kahle?

Izinto eziningi zingahamba kabi futhi zibangele ukuthi ama-neurotransmitter angasebenzi kahle. Ngokuvamile, kunezinkinga ezimbalwa ezifana nalezi:

• Ukukhiqizwa noma ukukhishwa okuningi kakhulu noma okuncane kakhulu kwe -neurotransmitter eyodwa noma ngaphezulu.
• I-receptor esesiseleni (imizwa, imisipha, noma indlala) ethola umyalezo ayisebenzi kahle . Khona-ke, ngisho ne-neurotransmitter esebenza kahle ayikwazi ukukhombisa iseli elilandelayo kahle.
• Ukuvuvukala kanye nomonakalo ku-synaptic cleft kuvimbela ama-receptor eseli ukuthi athole ama-neurotransmitter anele (isibonelo: isimo esibizwa ngokuthi i-myasthenia gravis ).
• (Ama-Neurotransmitter) Ukuthathwa kabusha okusheshayo .
• Ama-enzyme anciphisa inani lama-neurotransmitter , anciphisa ukudlula kwawo esitokisini esiqondiwe.

Ama-neurotransmitter angathinteka yizinkinga ngezinye izingxenye zesimiso sezinzwa, izifo ezikhona, noma imithi oyiphuzayo. Futhi, lapho ama-neurotransmitter engasebenzi kahle, izifo zingavela. Isibonelo:

• Ukuntuleka kwe -acetylcholine kungadala ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo okubonakala kwisifo i-Alzheimer's .
• Amazinga e-serotonin amaningi angase ahlotshaniswe nezinkinga ze-autism spectrum .
• Ukwanda komsebenzi we-glutamate noma ukwehla komsebenzi we-GABA kungabangela ukuqhuma okukhulu kwama-neurons ebuchosheni ngokuzumayo, okuholela ekubanjweni yizinhlungu .
• Umsebenzi owandisiwe we-norepinephrine kanye ne -dopamine kanye nokungajwayelekile ekudlulisweni kwe-glutamate kubangela i-mania.Kufaka isandla kulesi simo.

Imithi ithinta kanjani isenzo sama-neurotransmitter?

Ososayensi baye baqaphela ukubaluleka kanye nendima yama-neurotransmitter ohlelweni lwethu lwezinzwa. Baye baqaphela nokubaluleka kokuthuthukisa imithi engathinta laba bathunywa bamakhemikhali ukwelapha izimo eziningi zempilo. Imithi eminingi, ikakhulukazi leyo elapha izifo zobuchopho, isebenza ngokuthinta ama-neurotransmitter ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Cabanga ngakho, ezinye izidakamizwa zifana namaphoyisa omgwaqo. Ngezinye izikhathi zivala imigwaqo ukuze zinciphise ithrafikhi, ngezinye izikhathi zivumela izimoto zidlule. Izidakamizwa zenza into efanayo ngama-neurotransmitter.

Imithi ingenza lokhu:

• Vimba i-enzyme ephula i-neurotransmitter, uvumele ingxenye enkulu yaleyo neurotransmitter ukuthi ifinyelele kuma-receptor ezinzwa.
• Isibonelo: I-Donepezil, i-Galantamine, ne-Rivastigmine zivimba i-enzyme i-acetylcholinesterase, ephula i-neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Le mithi isetshenziselwa ukuzinzisa nokuthuthukisa inkumbulo kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kubantu abanesifo i-Alzheimer's kanye nezinye izifo ze-neurodegenerative.

• Vimba i-neurotransmitter ukuthi ingafiki endaweni yayo yokwamukela.
• Isibonelo: Ama-SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) ayiqembu lemithi evimba ukuphinda kuthathwe i-serotonin emangqamuzaneni ezinzwa. Le mithi ingasiza ekwelapheni ukucindezeleka, ukukhathazeka, nezinye izimo zempilo yengqondo.

• Vimbela ukukhululwa kwe-neurotransmitter esitokisini sezinzwa.
• Isibonelo: I-Lithium, umuthi osetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-mania, usebenza ngokuvimbela ukukhishwa kwe-norepinephrine, ngezinga elithile. Isetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo se-bipolar .

Into ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele uyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ngakho-ke, cishe uyaqonda ukuthi ama-neurotransmitter ayizithunywa ezincane ezibalulekile ezihilelekile cishe kuyo yonke imisebenzi emizimbeni yethu. Kalula nje, yizithunywa zamakhemikhali ezithwala umyalezo wenzwa kusuka kwelinye iseli lemizwa kuya kwelinye. Ngaphandle kwama-neurotransmitter, umzimba wethu awukwazi ukusebenza.

Ukwanda noma ukuncipha kakhulu kwe-neurotransmitter ethile kungaholela ezinkingeni ezahlukene zempilo. Imithi eminingi esiyithathayo isebenza ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa inani noma umsebenzi walezi zi-neurotransmitter.

Ngakho-ke uma unenkinga yengqondo, unezinkinga zokukhumbula, unenkinga yokungalali, noma uma ubona ushintsho ekuziphatheni kwakho, ungangabazi ukukhuluma nodokotela. Kungase kube ngenxa yoshintsho ekusebenzeni kwalezi (ama-neurotransmitter). Kunezindlela zokwelapha ezifanele zalokho.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi ukuqaphela lezi zithunywa zamakhemikhali ezimangalisayo emzimbeni wakho kuzokusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono impilo yakho!

Ama - neurotransmitter, ubuchopho, uhlelo lwezinzwa, izithunywa zamakhemikhali, impilo yengqondo, imizwa