Okudingeka ukwazi ngeSifo!

Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wezwa 'ngeSifo' noma 'uMqedazwe' ezincwadini zomlando nasezindabeni. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi ubhubhane lwaluyingozi kangakanani ngaleso sikhathi, akunjalo? Kodwa bewazi ukuthi lolu bhubhane lusabikwa kwamanye amazwe omhlaba? Kodwa alulona ubhubhane olukhulu njengoba lwalunjalo ngaphambili. Namuhla, ake sixoxe ngalokhu ngemininingwane ethe xaxa , ngoba kubalulekile ukuthi wonke umuntu aqaphele izinto ezinjalo.

Iyini ngempela i-Plague?

Kalula nje, i-Plague isifo esibangelwa ukutheleleka ngamagciwane . Sibangelwa uhlobo lwebhaktheriya olubizwa ngokuthi i-Yersinia pestis. Sihlukaniswa njengesifo se-zoonotic. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lesi sifo singadluliselwa kusuka ezilwaneni siye kubantu, futhi sisuka kubantu siye ezilwaneni. Sivame ukusabalala yisinambuzane, njenge -flea, esilume isilwane esinalesi sifo bese siluma umuntu.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zesifo esiwumshayabhuqe. Uhlobo olutholayo luncike ekutheni igciwane le-Yersinia pestis lithinta kuphi emzimbeni wakho.

1. Ubhubhane lwe-Bubonic: Lokhu kuthinta ama-lymph node akho.

2. Ubhubhane lwe-Septicemic: Kulokhu, amabhaktheriya angena egazini lakho.

3. Isifo sofuba: Lokhu kuthinta amaphaphu akho.

Ingabe igama elithi Plague lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla?

Yebo, sisasebenzisa igama elithi "Plague" kulesi sifo esibangelwa yibhaktheriya i-Yersinia pestis. Kodwa ngokuvamile sibhekisela kulo ngohlobo olushiwo ngaphambilini. Okusho ukuthi, isifo se-bubonic, isifo se-septic, noma isifo se-pneumonia.

Ingabe iSifo Sisekhona Ngempela?

Yebo, lesi sifo asikaqedwa emhlabeni. Sivame kakhulu kwezinye izingxenye ze-Afrika . Futhi, kubikwa amacala amaningana minyaka yonke e-Asia, eNingizimu Melika, nase-United States. Ngakho-ke, lesi akusona isifo esingakhohlwa ngokuphelele.

Ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nezinhlobo ezintathu zesifo

Manje ake sibheke kabanzi lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlupho ngokwehlukana.

1. Isifo Sezibungu, esithinta ama-lymph node

Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwesifo esiwumshayabhuqe. Luphinde lusindise impilo kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo ezimbili. Uma ukwelashwa ngama-antibiotic kuqalwa ngokushesha, kunethuba elingu-95% lokululama.

Uma une-Bubonic Plague, i-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ivuvukala kabuhlungu . Lawa ma-lymph node avuvukile abizwa ngokuthi ama-buboe. Ngokuvamile avuvukala kuma-lymph node eduze nendawo lapho kuluma khona i-flea ethelelekile. Isibonelo, uma i-flea ikuluma umlenze, ama-lymph node asesinqeni sakho angase avuvuke.

2. Ubhubhane lwe-Septicemic (oluthinta igazi)

Ubhubhane lwe-septic luvela lapho igciwane i-Yersinia pestis lingena egazini lakho. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu ngoba igciwane lihamba egazini lakho bese liqala ukubhubhisa izicubu zakho. Lokhu kungaholela ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu njenge-gangrene (ukufa kwezicubu nokuba mnyama) kanye nokwehluleka kwezitho zomzimba.

Kunezindlela eziningana ezingadala ngazo i-Septicemic Plague:

• Ngokulunywa yi-flea enesifo.
• Ngokuthola uketshezi lomzimba (isib. igazi) oluvela esilwaneni esinegciwane lungena emzimbeni wakho ngokuphuka kwesikhumba sakho.
• Ukutheleleka kwesifo esithathelwanayo kwenye indawo emzimbeni (isib. isifo se-bubonic) kuba kubi kakhulu futhi amabhaktheriya angena egazini (lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi 'ukutheleleka kwesibili').

3. Isifo Sokusha Kwemiphunga, esithinta amaphaphu

Isifo sofuba sivela lapho igciwane i-Yersinia pestis lingena emaphashini akho. Lesi yisifo esingavamile kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zesifo, futhi siyingozi kakhulu .

Isifo sofuba sisakazeka kusuka kumuntu kuya komunye, njengomkhuhlane ovamile, ngokukhwehlela nokuthimula . Singabangelwa futhi ukuxhumana eduze nezilwane ezinegciwane noma ukusabalala kokutheleleka kofuba kwenye indawo emzimbeni kuya emaphashini (ukutheleleka kwesibili).

Lolu hlobo lubangela i-pneumonia enzima kanye nokwehluleka kokuphefumula. Uma kungelashwa ngokushesha, kunethuba elikhulu lokufa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa.

Uyini umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesifo se-Bubonic kanye ne-Pneumonic Plague?

Zombili izinhlobo zibangelwa yibhaktheriya efanayo, i-Yersinia pestis. Kodwa-ke, i-Bubonic Plague iwukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya okwenzeka kuma-lymph node akho. I-Pneumonic Plague iwukutheleleka kwebhaktheriya okwenzeka emaphashini akho. Umehluko omkhulu yingxenye yomzimba ethelelekile.

Ubani onamathuba amaningi okuthola lesi sifo?

Ubhubhane luthinta kakhulu abantu abahlala emazweni amaningana e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neMadagascar kanye neDemocratic Republic of the Congo .

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amacala abikwa minyaka yonke eMelika nase-Asia. E-United States, kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni zasemakhaya zamazwe asentshonalanga. Abantu abasebenza nezilwane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezaziwa ukuthi zinesifo esiwumshayabhuqe, basengozini enkulu yokuthola lesi sifo.

Isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sivame kangakanani?

Ubhubhane lusekhona, yize lungasekho kakhulu njengakuqala. Kodwa manje seluyivelakancane kakhulu.. Emhlabeni wonke, kubikwa amacala aphakathi kuka-1,000 no-2,000 obhubhane minyaka yonke. E-United States, kubikwa amacala ambalwa ayisikhombisa minyaka yonke. Ngakho-ke, asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka ngokweqile, kodwa ukuqaphela kubalulekile.

Isifo sithinta kanjani umzimba?

Uma igciwane elithi `Yersinia pestis` lingena emzimbeni wakho, liqala ngokucasha ohlelweni lwakho lokuzivikela komzimba . Lokhu kulivumela ukuthi liphindaphindeke ngokukhululeka futhi lisabalale emzimbeni wakho wonke. Uma igciwane lingena engqamuzaneni, likhipha 'ubuthi' obubulala ingqamuzana.

Ngale ndlela, igciwane elithi `Yersinia pestis` lingenza lokhu okulandelayo:

• Thela ama-lymph node akho (isifo se-bubonic), okubangela ukuvuvukala okukhulu okubizwa ngokuthi 'ama-buboes'.
• Ngena egazini lakho (ubhubhane lwe-septic), olungalimaza izitho zakho zomzimba.
• Ngena emaphashini akho (isifo se-pneumonia), esingabangela ukuvuvukala okukhulu kanye nobunzima bokuphefumula.

Yisiphi isifo esibi kakhulu emlandweni?

Ubhubhane olubi kakhulu emlandweni lubhekwa njengoluhlasela iYurophu, i-Asia, kanye neNyakatho Afrika maphakathi nawo-1300 . Ngaleso sikhathi, izigidi zabantu zafa ngenxa yalo. Esinye sezizathu zalokhu ukuthi abantu babesengozini enkulu yokuthola izifo ngenxa yokungahlanzeki kahle kanye nokuntuleka kokudla ngaleso sikhathi. Lwasakazeka lusuka kwelinye izwe luye kwelinye ngezindlela zokuhweba.

Esikhathini esiningi, uma umuntu ekhuluma “ngesifo esiwumshayabhuqe,” usuke esho lesi sifo esiwumshayabhuqe. Sibizwa nangokuthi “uKufa Okumnyama.”

Ziyini izimpawu zesifo esiwumshayabhuqe?

Ezinye izimpawu zesifo sofuba zivamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo. Kukhona nezimpawu ezihlukahluka kuye ngokuthi unesifo sofuba, isifo sofuba, noma isifo sofuba.

Izimpawu ezivamile:

• Imfiva
• Ukugodola
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu kanye nobuhlungu bomzimba
• Ubuthakathaka kanye nokukhathala okukhulu (Ukukhathala)
• Isiyezi
• Isicanucanu, ukuhlanza kanye nesifo sohudo

Izimpawu ezithile:

• Ubhubhane lwe-Bubonic: Ama-lymph node avuvukele futhi abuhlungu (ama-buboe).
• Ubhubhane lwe-Septicemic: Ubuhlungu besisu, ukuphuma kwegazi ekhaleni, emlonyeni, noma ngaphansi kwesikhumba. Ngezinye izikhathi iminwe, izandla, nezinyawo zingaba mnyama (`gangrene`).
• Ubhubhane lwe-Pneumonic: Ubunzima bokuphefumula, ubuhlungu besifuba, ukukhwehlela, kanye ne-phlegm enegazi noma enamanzi.

Isifo sibonakala kanjani uma sivela?

Ukubonakala kwesifo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba wakho ethintekile.

Ubhubhane lwe-SepticemiaI-gangrene ingenzeka. Izicubu zakho ziyafa. Iminwe yakho, izandla, izinzwane, imilenze, noma ezinye izingxenye zomzimba zingaba mnyama .

Uma unesifo se-bubonic plague , uzobona i-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ezinkulu kakhulu, ezibonakala ngokucacile (ama-buboe) . Abantu abaningi basebenzisa imidwebo yasendulo ukukhombisa isifo se-bubonic, kodwa abantu abakuleyo midwebo babonakala benezilonda emizimbeni yabo yonke. Akuyona indlela isifo esibukeka ngayo ngempela. (Lezo zithombe ezidumile zivame ukukhombisa "i-smallpox" noma "uchoko.")

Yini ebangela ubhubhane?

Isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sibangelwa yibhaktheriya ebizwa ngokuthi i-Yersinia pestis. Amagundane nezinye izilwane zithwala i-bacterium Y. pestis. Kodwa abantu batheleleka ngokulunywa yizinambuzane, njengezimpukane noma izintwala , ezithwala i-bacterium. Ibhaktheriya i-Y. pestis ingena kuma-lymph node akho, egazini, noma emaphashini bese ikwenza ugule.

Isifo sidluliselwa kanjani?

Ibhaktheriya ebangela isifo, i-'Y. pestis', ingadluliselwa kusuka ezilwaneni iye kubantu noma kwabanye abantu. Ungayithola isifo ngalezi zindlela:

• Kusukela ekulunyweni yizintwala noma yizintwala: Uma intwala ilume igundane noma esinye isilwane esine-'Y. pestis' iyakuluma.
• Kusuka ngqo esilwaneni esinegciwane: Ngokuthintana noketshezi noma izicubu zomzimba (isib. igazi, inyama) zesilwane esinegciwane.
• Kusuka komunye umuntu: Uma umuntu enegciwane elithi `Y. pestis` emaphashini akhe (isifo se-pneumonia), ungangenwa yileli gciwane uma ekhwehlela noma ethimula.

Izilwane zingaphinde zithole isifo esibangelwa ezinye izilwane.

Yiziphi izilwane ezizala ubhubhane?

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi amagundane kuphela angasakaza isifo. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izilwane eziningi zingathwala futhi zisakaze lesi sifo. Kuye ngokuthi uhlalaphi, izilwane ezinamathuba amaningi okuthola lesi sifo zingahluka. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi lesi sifo singathinta lezi zilwane:

• Amagundane: Izilwane ezifana namagundane, izinja zasezindaweni zasemakhaya, ama-squirrel, ama-gerbil, kanye nezingulube zaseGuinea.
• Ezinye izilwane ezincane ezincelisayo.
• Izinja namakati agcinwa emakhaya. (Yebo, izilwane zethu ezifuywayo nazo zingakuthola lokhu!)
• Inyamazane.
• Ikamela.

Ingabe isifo esithathelwanayo yisifo esithathelwanayo?

Ubhubhane lwe-Bubonic kanye nesifo sofuba asidluliselwa ngokuqondile sisuka komunye umuntu siye komunye. Lokho kusho ukuthi ngeke ugule ngokuthinta noma ukukhuluma nomuntu onazo (qaphela izimpukane!).

Kodwa-ke, isifo sofuba siyathelelana. Sisakazeka lapho umuntu onesifo sofuba ekhwehlela, ethimula, futhi exhumana naye eduze.Ingadluliselwa kusuka komunye umuntu iye komunye. Isakazeka njengomkhuhlane ovamile, kodwa imiphumela imbi kakhulu.

Ingabe i-Plague iyigciwane?

Cha, i-Plague ayilona igciwane. Ibangelwa yigciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-Yersinia pestis.

Ungayibona kanjani isifo esiwumshayabhuqe?

Isibonakaliso esivame kakhulu sesifo se-bubonic yi-lymph node evuvukile nebuhlungu ebizwa ngokuthi i-`bubo`. Uma ulunywe yi-flea noma une-`bubo,' udokotela wakho angase asole ukuthi lesi sifo sikhona.

Uma uya kudokotela, qiniseka ukuthi usho lezi zinto:

• Uma uhlala endaweni enezifo ezibangelwa ubhubhane, noma usanda kuya endaweni enjalo.
• Une-flea.
• Uma uke wathinta izilwane ocabanga ukuthi zingase zibe negciwane.
• Uma une-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ebuhlungu, evuvukele emzimbeni wakho.

Ukuhlolwa kokuxilonga

Ukuze axilonge isifo esiwumshayabhuqe, udokotela wakho uzothatha isampula yegazi lakho, isikhwehlela, noma uketshezi oluvela ku-lymph node bese eluthumela elabhorethri ukuze abheke izimpawu zebhaktheriya i-Y. pestis.

Iphathwa kanjani i-Plague?

Kubalulekile ukwelapha isifo esiwumshayabhuqe ngama-antibiotic ngokushesha.

Udokotela wakho uzokunikeza imithi ngomthambo (i-IV) noma njengephilisi. Kuye ngezimpawu zakho kanye nezici eziyingozi, ungase uqalwe ukusebenzisa ama-antibiotic ngaphambi kokuba imiphumela yokuhlolwa ifike. Isikhathi sibaluleke kakhulu.

Yimuphi umuthi osetshenziswayo?

Isifo sofuba siphathwa ngama-antibiotic omlomo noma ngemithambo yegazi. Udokotela wakho angase akunike elinye noma ngaphezulu lala ma-antibiotic:

• `I-Ciprofloxacin`
• 'I-Levofloxacin'
• 'I-Moxifloxacin'
• `I-Doxycycline ( i-Doxycycline (i -Doxycycline (i-Doxycycline) )`
• `I-Gentamicin`
• 'I-Streptomycin'
• `I-Chloramphenicol`
• `I-Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole`

Ungazivikela kanjani kulesi sifo esiwumshayabhuqe?

Unganciphisa ingozi yakho yokuthola isifo ngokugwema ukulunywa yizimpukane nangokuqaphela lapho usebenzelana nezilwane ezingase zibe negciwane.

Nazi ezinye izinto ongazenza:

• Hlanza izindawo lapho izilwane zasendle zingakha khona amakhaya (isib., izinqwaba zezinkuni, udoti, izihlahla).
• Ungashiyi ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo ngaphandle, futhi ungazondli izilwane zasendle. Izilwane ezifana namagundane zizofika ngemva kokuzibona.
• Uma ungaphandle, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, sebenzisa isifutho sezimbungulu esiqukethe i-DEET.
• Buza udokotela wezilwane wesilwane sakho ngezindlela zokuzivikela ezifweni. Izilwane ezifuywayo, okuhlanganisa izinja namakati, nazo zingathwala ubhubhane.
• Uma uphatha izilwane (eziphilayo noma ezifile) ocabanga ukuthi zingase zibe negciwane, qiniseka ukuthi ugqoka amagilavu.
• Uma uhlala endaweni enesifo esiwumshayabhuqe, ungavumeli izilwane zakho ezifuywayo zizulazule ngaphandle ngokukhululeka.
• Uma ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uke wabhekana nalesi sifo, buza udokotela wakho ukuthi udinga yini ukuthatha ama-antibiotic ukuze ugweme ukugula.

Ingabe ukhona umuthi wokugomela lesi sifo?

Imithi yokugoma ayisetshenziswa kabanzi ukuvikela isifo esiwumshayabhuqe. Ososayensi okwamanje basebenza ekuthuthukiseni imithi yokugoma isifo esiwumshayabhuqe esebenza kahle kakhulu.

Kwenzekani uma kukhona isifo esiwumshayabhuqe?

Uma unesifo sofuba, udinga ukwelashwa ngokushesha. Nakuba ama-antibiotic esebenza kahle, unethuba elihle kakhulu lokululama uma uqala ukuthatha umuthi zingakapheli amahora angama-24 kusukela ekuqaleni kwezimpawu . Ungase futhi unikezwe umoya-mpilo noma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha ukulawula izimpawu zakho.

Isifo sihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Ngokwelashwa, kufanele uqale ukuzizwa ungcono cishe ngemva kwesonto noma amabili. Ama-buboe (ama-lymph node avuvukele) abangelwa yisifo se-bubonic angathatha amasonto amaningana ukuphola.

Izinkinga ezibangelwa yisifo

Izinkinga eziningi zobhubhane zenzeka ngokushesha futhi zingasongela ukuphila . Ezinye zazo zifaka:

• Ukufa kwezicubu nokulahlekelwa yizitho ngenxa yesifo esibangela ukubola kwesikhumba.
• Ukuvuvukala kwezicubu ezimboze ubuchopho (i-meningitis).
• Ukwehluleka kwezitho zangaphakathi.
• Ukwehluleka kokuphefumula.

Ungakugwema kanjani ubhubhane?

Ukwelashwa ngokushesha ngama-antibiotic kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela ubhubhane. Ngokwelashwa okusheshayo, cishe ama-90% eziguli ezinazo zonke izinhlobo zalolu bhubhane ziyasinda.

Lingakanani izinga lokufa kwalesi sifo esiwumshayabhuqe?

Uma ingelashwa, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sivame ukubulala. Ngokwelashwa, izinga lokufa ngenxa yesifo esiwumshayabhuqe liphakathi kuka-5% no-15%. Ngesifo esiwumshayabhuqe kanye neseptic, izinga lokufa licishe libe ngu-50%. Ngakho-ke, uyabona ukuthi ukwelashwa kwasekuqaleni kubaluleke kangakanani, akunjalo?

Kufanele ubonane nini nodokotela?

Uma uhlangabezana nanoma yiziphi zalezi zimpawu , funa iseluleko sezokwelapha ngokushesha :

• Uma ucabanga ukuthi uke wabhekana nalesi sifo.
• Uma uhlala endaweni enesifo sofuba, noma usanda kuya kwenye, futhi manje unezimpawu zofuba.

Yimiphi imibuzo okufanele ngiyibuze udokotela wami?

• "Uma ngicabanga ukuthi ngike ngabhekana nalesi sifo, kufanele ngithathe ama-antibiotic?"
• "Ingabe kuzodingeka ngihlale esibhedlela ngithole ukwelashwa, noma ngingathola ukwelashwa ekhaya?"
• "Yiziphi izimpawu ezintsha noma ezishintshayo okufanele ngiziqaphele?"

Izifo ezinkulu ezibangelwa ubhubhane emlandweni

Kunezifo ezintathu ezidumile ezibangelwa yi-Plague emlandweni:

1. Ubhubhane lweJustinian: Kusukela cishe ngo-541 AD, kwaba namagagasi amaningana ezifo. Nakuba kunzima ukusho ukuthi bangaki abantu abafa, kukholakala ukuthi lolu bhubhane lwabulala amashumi ezigidi zabantu.

2. Ukufa Okumnyama: Kwaqala ngo-1348. Cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-25 bafa eYurophu kuphela.

3. Ubhubhane lwesithathu: Lokhu kwasakazekela kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Kwabulala abantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-12 eNdiya naseShayina kuphela.

Ekugcineni, khumbula lokhu.

Esikhathini esidlule, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sabulala izigidi zabantu. Lesi sifo sisakhona nanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yezindlela zanamuhla zokuhlanzeka kanye nama-antibiotic, inani lababulawa yiso manje seliphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthola ukwelashwa ngokushesha okukhulu .

Uma othile ethi kuwe, "Ngiyakugwema njengobhubhane," ungamhalalisela ngokuphatha izilwane ngokuphephile kanye namasu okulawula izimpukane! Ngoba ukuqwashisa kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuphepha yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu.

'Ubhubhane, ubhubhane, i-Yersinia pestis, ubhubhane lwe-bubonic, ubhubhane lwe-septic, ubhubhane lwe-pneumonia, izinambuzane, ubhubhane, izimpawu, ukwelashwa