Kungenzeka ukuthi uke wafunda 'ngeSifo' ezincwadini zomlando noma wezwa izindaba zomonakalo owasibangela esikhathini esidlule. Kunzima ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi ubhubhane kumelwe ukuba beluyesabeka kangakanani. Kodwa-ke, uyazi ukuthi amacala alesi sifo asabikwa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba namuhla? Nakuba singaseyona ubhubhane olusakazekile njengoba sasinjalo ngaphambili, sisalokhu siyinkinga enkulu yezempilo. KwaNirogi Lanka , sikholelwa ukuthi ukuhlala unolwazi kubalulekile, ngakho ake sibheke kabanzi ukuthi siyini lesi sifo nokuthi kungani sisabalulekile nanamuhla.
Kuyini ngempela i-Plague?
Kalula nje, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe siwukutheleleka okukhulu kwamagciwane okubangelwa yigciwane elaziwa ngokuthi i-Yersinia pestis . Sihlukaniswa njengesifo sezilwane ezizalwa naso , okusho ukuthi singasakazeka phakathi kwezilwane nabantu. Ngokuvamile, sidluliselwa kuwe ngokulunywa yi-flea ethelelekile ebilokhu idla isilwane esithelelekile.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zesifo. Uhlobo olukhula ngalo luncike ekutheni i-Yersinia pestis ithinta kanjani umzimba wakho:
1. Ubhubhane lwe-Bubonic: Lokhu kuthinta kakhulu ama-lymph node akho.
2. Ubhubhane lwe-Septicemic: Ngale ndlela, amabhaktheriya angena egazini lakho.
3. Isifo sofuba: Lolu hlobo luhlasela amaphaphu akho.
Ingabe igama elithi "Plague" lisasetshenziswa nanamuhla?
Yebo, sisabhekisela esifweni esibangelwa yi -Yersinia pestis ngokuthi “isifo.” Kodwa-ke, eNirogi Lanka, sivame ukucacisa uhlobo lwesifo ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa okucacile nokwelashwa, njengesifo se-bubonic, septicemic, noma i-pneumonia.
Ingabe isifo sofuba sisekhona?
Yebo, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe asikaqedwa. Sivame ukubikwa ezingxenyeni ezithile zase-Afrika , yize amacala angavamile esenzeka minyaka yonke e-Asia, eNingizimu Melika, nase-United States. Akusona neze isifo sesikhathi esidlule ongasinaka.
Ukubheka Ngokujulile Izinhlobo Ezintathu Zesifo Esiwumshayabhuqe
Ake sihlole ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo ngemininingwane eyengeziwe.
1. Ubhubhane lwe-Bubonic (Ifomu le-Lymphatic)
Lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwesifo esiwumshayabhuqe. Ngenhlanhla, luphinde lunikeze ithuba eliphezulu lokululama . Uma uqala ukwelashwa ngama -antibiotic ngokushesha, unesilinganiso sokusinda esingaba ngu-95%.
Uma unesifo se-bubonic plague, i-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu izovuvukala kabuhlungu . La ma-node avuvukile aziwa ngokuthi ama-buboes . Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuvuvukala kuvela eduze kwendawo lapho i-flea ethelelekile ikulume khona. Isibonelo, uma ulunywe emlenzeni wakho, ungase uphawule ukuvuvukala endaweni yakho yesisu.
2. Ubhubhane Lwezifo Ezibangelwa Yigciwane (Uhlobo Lomfudlana Wegazi)
Uma igciwane le -Yersinia pestis lingena egazini lakho, uba nesifo sofuba. Lesi yisimo esiphuthumayo sezokwelapha, njengoba igciwane lisakazeka emzimbeni wakho wonke futhi liqala ukubhubhisa izicubu. Lokhu kungaholela ekuboleni kwezicubu (ukufa kanye nokuba mnyama kwezicubu) kanye nokwehluleka kwezitho eziningi.
Ubhubhane lwe-Septicemia lungavela nge:
- Ukulunywa yizimpukane ezinegciwane.
- Ukuthintana ngqo noketshezi lomzimba (njengegazi) lwesilwane esinalesi sifo ngesilonda sesikhumba.
- Ukuqhubeka kokutheleleka okukhona, okungalashwanga (njengesifo se-bubonic) okusakazekela egazini ( ukutheleleka kwesibili ).
3. Isifo Sokuphefumula (Uhlobo Lokuphefumula)
Uma i-Yersinia pestis ihlasela amaphaphu akho, ibangela isifo sofuba. Nakuba lolu uhlobo olungavamile kakhulu , luphinde lube yingozi kakhulu .
Isifo sofuba sihlukile ngoba, ngokungafani nezinye, singasakazeka sisuka komunye umuntu siye komunye ngokukhwehlela nokuthimula . Ungasithola futhi ngokuxhumana eduze nezilwane ezithelelekile noma njengenkinga yesibili yolunye uhlobo lofuba. Sibangela i-pneumonia enzima futhi singaholela ekuhlulekeni kokuphefumula . Uma ungatholi ukwelashwa ngokushesha, singabulala zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Uyini umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesifo se-Bubonic kanye ne-Pneumonic Plague?
Zombili izinhlobo zibangelwa amagciwane afanayo: I-Yersinia pestis . Umehluko oyinhloko indawo yokutheleleka: Isifo se-Bubonic sithinta ama-lymph node akho, kanti isifo se-pneumonic sihlasela amaphaphu akho ngqo.
Ubani osengozini enkulu?
Isifo esiwumshayabhuqe sivame kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi emazweni afana neMadagascar kanye neDemocratic Republic of the Congo. Nakuba amacala engavamile emazweni athuthukile, asavela minyaka yonke ezindaweni zasemakhaya entshonalanga ye-United States kanye nezingxenye zase-Asia. Usengozini enkulu uma usebenza eduze nezilwane ezindaweni lapho isifo siwumshayabhuqe sivamile khona.
Luvame kangakanani lolu bhubhane?
Nakuba kungase kuzwakale sengathi yinto yesikhathi esidlule, lolu bhubhane lusakhona nanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, manje seluyivelakancane kakhulu . Emhlabeni jikelele, kubikwa amacala aphakathi kuka-1,000 no-2,000 minyaka yonke. E-United States, isibonelo, ambalwa kuphela amacala aqoshwa minyaka yonke. Asikho isidingo sokwethuka okungadingekile, kodwa ukuhlala unolwazi kuhlale kuwukuhlakanipha ngeNirogi Lanka.
Ubhubhane luthinta kanjani umzimba wakho?
Uma igciwane le -Yersinia pestis lingena emzimbeni wakho, isinyathelo sokuqala salo ukucashela amasosha omzimba wakho . Uma seligwema ukutholakala, liyanda futhi lisakazeke emzimbeni wakho wonke. Njengoba amabhaktheriya ehlasela amangqamuzana akho, akhipha ubuthi obungabangela ukuba amangqamuzana afe.
Ngale nqubo, i-Yersinia pestis ingenza lokhu okulandelayo:
- Thela ama-lymph node akho (i-Bubonic plague), okubangela ukuvuvukala okubuhlungu okwaziwa ngokuthi ama-buboes .
- Ngena egazini lakho (isifo se-Septicemic), esingalimaza izitho zakho zangaphakathi.
- Thelela amaphaphu akho (isifo se-Pneumonic), okuholela ekuvuvukeni okukhulu kanye nokucindezeleka kokuphefumula.
Yikuphi ukuqubuka kwesifo esibi kakhulu emlandweni?
Ubhubhane olubhubhisa kakhulu lubhekwa njengobhubhane olwahlasela iYurophu, i-Asia, kanye neNyakatho Afrika maphakathi nawo-1300. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izigidi zafa. Isici esiyinhloko esasibangela lokhu kwakuwukuntuleka kokuhlanzeka kanye nokuntuleka kokudla ngaleso sikhathi, okwenza abantu babe sengozini enkulu. Lesi sifo sasihamba ngokushesha emizileni yezohwebo.
Uma abantu bebhekisela "kubhubhane," cishe njalo bakhuluma ngalesi sigameko esingokomlando, esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i -Black Death .
Ziyini izimpawu zalesi sifo?
Ezinye izimpawu zivamile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zesifo, kanti ezinye zincike ekutheni unesifo se-bubonic, septicemic, noma i-pneumonic.
Izimpawu Ezivamile:
- Imfiva
- Ukugodola
- Ikhanda elibuhlungu kanye nobuhlungu bemisipha
- Ukukhathala
- Isiyezi
- Isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, kanye nesifo sohudo
Izimpawu Eziqondile:
- Ubhubhane lwe-Bubonic: Ama-lymph node avuvukele futhi abuhlungu (ama-buboe).
- Ubhubhane lwe-Septicemic: Ubuhlungu besisu, ukuphuma kwegazi ngaphansi kwesikhumba, noma emlonyeni noma ekhaleni. Kwezinye izimo, iminwe yakho, izinzwane, noma amalungu omzimba angase abe mnyama ngenxa ye -gangrene .
- Isifo samaphaphu: Ubunzima bokuphefumula, ubuhlungu besifuba, ukukhwehlela, kanye nokukhwehlela igazi noma uketshezi.
Kubukeka kanjani ukutheleleka kwesifo sofuba?
Ukuvela kokutheleleka kuncike ekutheni iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba wakho ethintekile.
Esifweni se-Septicemic , ungase ube ne-gangrene , lapho izicubu zifa khona. Lokhu kungabangela iminwe yakho, izinzwane, noma amalungu omzimba abe mnyama .
Uma unesifo se-Bubonic plague , cishe uzobona i-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu evuvukile ebonakalayo, ekhuliswe kakhulu . Nakuba ubuciko besikhathi esidlule buvame ukubonisa izisulu zesifo zimbozwe izilonda, lokho akulona iqiniso—lezo zithombe cishe zazimelela i-smallpox noma uchoko esikhundleni salokho.
Yini ebangela ubhubhane?
Lesi sifo sibangelwa yibhaktheriya iYersinia pestis . Nakuba amagundane nezinye izilwane zithwala amagciwane, abantu bavame ukutheleleka ngokulunywa yizintwala noma izintwala . Uma amagciwane engena kuma-lymph node akho, egazini, noma emaphashini, uyagula.
Isifo sisakazeka kanjani?
I-Y. pestis ingasakazeka isuka ezilwaneni iye kubantu noma isuka kumuntu iye komunye. Ungase ube sengozini uma uhlangabezana nalokhu:
- Ukulunywa yizintwala noma yizintwala: Uma intwala elume igundane elinegciwane ikuluma.
- Ukuthintana ngqo nesilwane esinesifo: Ukuphatha izicubu noma uketshezi lomzimba (igazi, inyama) yesilwane esinesifo.
- Ukudluliselwa kwamagciwane kusuka kumuntu kuya komunye: Uma umuntu enesifo se-Pneumonic plague , angasakaza amagciwane ngokukhwehlela noma ukuthimula.
Qaphela ukuthi izilwane zingadlulisela lesi sifo nakwezinye izilwane.
Yiziphi izilwane ezithwala ubhubhane?
Nakuba abaningi becabanga ukuthi amagundane kuphela athwala lesi sifo, izilwane ezahlukene zingasigcina futhi zisisabalalise. Kuye ngokuthi uhlala kuphi, izici eziyingozi zingahluka. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi izilwane ezilandelayo zingathinteka:
- Amagundane: Amagundane, izinja zasezindaweni zasemakhaya, ama-squirrel, ama-gerbil, kanye nezingulube zaseGuinea.
- Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezahlukahlukene.
- Izilwane ezifuywayo zasekhaya, njengezinja namakati (Yebo, izilwane zakho ezifuywayo ezithandekayo zingakuthwala!).
- Inyamazane.
- Amakamela.
Ingabe ubhubhane luyathelelana?
Isifo se-Bubonic kanye nesifo se-Septicemic asisabalali ngqo sisuka komunye umuntu siye komunye. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngeke usithole lesi sifo ngokuthinta nje umuntu noma ukukhuluma naye uma ethelelekile (yize kusamele uqaphele izimpukane!).
Kodwa-ke, isifo sofuba siyathelelana. Singasakazeka kusuka kumuntu kuya komunye ngokukhwehlela, ukuthimula, noma ukusondelana nomuntu onegciwane. Sisakazeka njengomkhuhlane ovamile, kodwa imiphumela yezempilo imbi kakhulu.
Ingabe i-Plague iyigciwane?
Cha, lesi sifo asilona igciwane. Sibangelwa yigciwane elibizwa ngokuthi i-Yersinia pestis .
Isifo Sitholakala Kanjani?
Isibonakaliso esivame kakhulu sesifo se-bubonic yi- bubo —i-lymph node evuvukele futhi ebuhlungu. Uma ulunywe yi-flea noma une-bubo, udokotela wakho uzophenya ngokushesha ukuthi kungenzeka yini lesi sifo.
Uma uthintana nodokotela wakho, qiniseka ukuthi uyamtshela uma:
- Uhlala noma usanda kuvakashela indawo lapho kukhona khona ubhubhane.
- Ulunywe yi-flea.
- Uphathe izilwane ezingase zibe negciwane.
- Une-lymph node eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ebuhlungu, evuvukile.
Ukuhlolwa Kokuxilonga
Ukuze aqinisekise ukuxilongwa, udokotela wakho cishe uzothatha amasampula egazi, isikhwehlela, noma uketshezi oluvela ku-lymph node ukuze athunyelwe elabhorethri, lapho ezohlola khona ukuthi kukhona yini i -Y. pestis bacteria.
Iphathwa kanjani i-Plague?
Ukwelashwa okusheshayo ngama-antibiotic kubalulekile kulesi sifo.
Udokotela wakho angase akunikeze ukwelashwa ngomjovo we-intravenous (IV) noma ngomuthi womlomo. Kuye ngezimpawu zakho kanye nengozi yakho, angase aqale ama-antibiotic ngaphambi kokuba kufike imiphumela yelabhorethri. Isikhathi sibalulekile kulezi zimo.
Yimiphi imithi esetshenziswayo?
Ukwelashwa kuhilela ama-antibiotic omlomo noma nge-IV. Udokotela wakho angase akunikeze okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu okulandelayo:
- I-Ciprofloxacin
- I-Levofloxacin
- I-Moxifloxacin
- I-Doxycycline
- I-Gentamicin
- I-Streptomycin
- I-Chloramphenicol
- I-Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Ngingazivikela kanjani kulesi Sifo Esiwubhubhane?
Unganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yakho ngokugwema ukulunywa yizimpukane nangokuqaphela lapho uphatha izilwane ezingase zitheleleke. Nazi ezinye zezinyathelo zokuzivikela ezinikezwe yiNirogi Lanka:
- Hlanza izindawo ezingaba khona zokuzalela izilwane zasendle (isib. izinqwaba zamahlashana, udoti, utshani obude).
- Ungashiyi ukudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo ngaphandle futhi ugweme ukupha izilwane zasendle ukudla, njengoba lokhu kudonsela amagundane.
- Uma ungaphandle, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya noma ezinamahlathi, sebenzisa isifutho sezimbungulu esiqukethe i-DEET.
- Xhumana nodokotela wezilwane mayelana nokuvimbela izinambuzane ezifuywayo zakho, njengoba izinja namakati kungathwala izinambuzane ezithelelekile.
- Gqoka amagilavu uma kufanele uphathe izilwane (eziphilayo noma ezifile) ezingase zibe negciwane.
- Uma uhlala endaweni eyaziwa ngesifo esiwumshayabhuqe, ungavumeli izilwane zakho ezifuywayo zizulazule ngaphandle ngokukhululeka.
- Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uke wavezwa, xhumana nodokotela wakho ngokushesha ukuze uxoxe ngokuthi kudingeka yini ama-antibiotic okuvimbela.
Ingabe ukhona umuthi wokugomela i-Plague?
Imithi yokugomela ubhubhane ayitholakali kabanzi noma ayisetshenziswa. Ososayensi okwamanje benza ucwaningo ukuze bathuthukise izinketho ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.
Kwenzekani uma ngithola i-Plague?
Uma uthola lesi sifo, funa usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha. Nakuba ama-antibiotic ephumelela kakhulu, ithuba lakho elihle kakhulu lokululama ngokugcwele ukuqala ukwelashwa zingakapheli amahora angama-24 kusukela ekuqaleni kwezimpawu. Kuye ngobukhulu baso, ungase udinge nokunakekelwa okusekelwe njengomoya-mpilo noma uketshezi lwe-IV.
Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukululama?
Ngokwelashwa okusheshayo, kufanele uqale ukuzizwa ungcono phakathi nesonto elilodwa kuya kwamabili. Ama-lymph node avuvukele (ama-buboe) ahlobene nesifo se-bubonic plague angathatha amasonto amaningana ukuze aphele ngokuphelele.
Izinkinga Zesifo Esiwumshayabhuqe
Izinkinga ezibangelwa yilesi sifo zingakhula ngokushesha futhi zingaba yingozi empilweni. Lezi zinkinga zifaka:
- Ukufa kwezicubu nokulahlekelwa yizitho ngenxa yesifo esibangela ukubola kwezicubu .
- Ukuvuvukala kwezicubu ezivikelayo ezimboze ubuchopho ( i-meningitis ).
- Ukwehluleka kwezitho zomzimba .
- Ukwehluleka kokuphefumula .
Uphatha futhi uvimbele kanjani isifo sofuba?
Ukwelashwa okusheshayo ngama-antibiotic kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokusinda ekuthelelekeni ngesifo sofuba. Ngokungenela kwezokwelapha kusenesikhathi, cishe ama-90% eziguli ayalulama kuzo zonke izinhlobo zalesi sifo.
Lingakanani izinga lokufa kwalesi sifo esiwumshayabhuqe?
Uma ingelashwa, lesi sifo sivame ukuba yingozi . Ngokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kwanamuhla, izinga lokufa ngenxa yesifo se-bubonic bhubhane lehla liye phakathi kuka-5% no-15%, kuyilapho isifo se-pneumonia kanye ne-septic bhubhane sinezinga lokufa elingaba ngu-50%. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi ukwelashwa kwasekuqaleni kubaluleke kangakanani ekusindeni kwakho.
Kufanele ubonane nini nodokotela?
Uma usola ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi uke wadalulwa, funa usizo lwezokwelapha ngokushesha noma ushayele izinsizakalo eziphuthumayo zasendaweni (911):
- Uma ukholelwa ukuthi uke wabhekana nalesi sifo.
- Uma uhlala noma usanda kubuya endaweni lapho kwaziwa khona ukuthi lesi sifo sikhona futhi usuvele unezimpawu.
Imibuzo okufanele uyibuze udokotela wakho eNirogi Lanka
- "Uma ngisola ukuthi ngichayeke kulesi sifo, ingabe kudingeka ngiqale ukusebenzisa ama-antibiotic ngokushesha?"
- "Ingabe ngidinga ukungeniswa esibhedlela, noma kuphephile yini ukubhekana nalokhu ekhaya?"
- "Yiziphi izimpawu noma izinguquko ezithile esimweni sami okufanele ngiziqaphele?"
Ubhubhane Lwezifo Eziwumshayabhuqe Zomlando
Umlando ubunjwe yizifo ezintathu ezinkulu nezibhubhisayo zobhubhane:
1. Ubhubhane lweJustinian: Kusukela cishe ngo-541 AD, lolu chungechunge lokuqubuka kwalesi sifo lwabulala izigidi zabantu.
2. Ukufa Okumnyama: Njengoba kwavela ngo-1348, lolu bhubhane lwaholela ekufeni kwabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-25 eYurophu kuphela.
3. Ubhubhane Lwesithathu: Lokhu kwasakazekela kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica, kwabulala cishe abantu abayizigidi ezingu-12 eNdiya naseShayina.
Ukuthatha kokugcina
Nakuba lesi sifo sake sabulala izigidi zabantu, sisalokhu sisifo esibi kakhulu namuhla. Ngenxa yezindlela zanamuhla zokuhlanzeka kanye nama-antibiotic, ukufa ngenxa yalesi sifo akuvamile. Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi ukungenelela kwezokwelapha ngokushesha kubalulekile uma usola ukuthi uthelelekile.
Uma uzwa inkulumo ethi "gwema njengobhubhane," zizwe ukhululekile ukukhumbuza abanye ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza lokho iwukuphatha izilwane ngendlela efanele kanye nokuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuphumelelayo. Ukuqwashisa kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezisebenzayo yizona zivikelo zakho ezinhle kakhulu, futhi kwa- Nirogi Lanka , sizibophezele ekukugcineni unolwazi.
👩🏽⚕️ Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa (Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa)
💬 Ingabe lesi sifo siyisifo sesikhathi esidlule?
Ngokomlando, lesi sifo esaziwa ngokuthi "i-Black Death," sabangela ukufa kwezigidi zabantu ngawo-1300. Nakuba singaseyona ingozi esakazekile njengoba sasinjalo—ngenxa yemithi yokulwa namagciwane yesimanje—asikaze sinyamalale ngokuphelele. Namuhla, amacala angavamile alesi sifo esithwalwa yizimpukane asavela ezindaweni ezifana neMadagascar, izingxenye zase-Afrika, ngisho nase-United States ngezikhathi ezithile.
💬 Ingabe kudingeka ngilunywe yigundane ukuze ngilibambe?
Akunjalo ngempela. Akudingeki ukuthi ulunywe yigundane ukuze uthole ukutheleleka. Ibhaktheriya (Yersinia pestis) ivame ukusabalala yizimpukane ezinegciwane ezitholakala kumagundane agxumela kubantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni zesifo se-pneumonia, igciwane lingasakazeka ngamaconsi okuphefumula lapho umuntu onegciwane ekhwehlela.
💬 Ingabe ubhubhane lubangela amaqhubu emzimbeni?
Yebo. Ngendlela eyaziwa ngokuthi isifo se-Bubonic, amabhaktheriya aya kuma-lymph node akho, okwenza avuvuke kakhulu, abe buhlungu, futhi avuvuke (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi ama-Buboe, ikakhulukazi embotsheni, emakhwapheni nasentanyeni). Uma kungelashwa, lokhu kungathuthuka ngokushesha kube ubuthi egazini kanye nokugula okubucayi. Uma usola ukuthi uvezwe, funa usizo lwezokwelapha oluphuthumayo ngokushesha.
I-Nirogi Lanka Amathegi: Ubhubhane, Ukufa Okumnyama, i-Yersinia pestis, Ubhubhane lwe-Bubonic, Ubhubhane lwe-Septicemic, Ubhubhane lwe-Pneumonic, Ama-Fleas, Ubhubhane, Izimpawu, Ukwelashwa
