So woate DNA mu nsakrae ho asɛm? Momma yensua Somatic & Germline Mutations ho ade wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den so!

So woasusuw sɛnea nyarewa bi a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu kɔ awo ntoatoaso so kɔ awo ntoatoaso so , anaa sɛnea nyarewa bi pue mpofirim no ho pɛn? Ade biako nti a ɛte saa ne nsakrae nketenkete a ɛba yɛn awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu, kyerɛ sɛ, DNA mu nsakrae ( mutations ). Ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka eyi ho asɛm tiawa koraa, wɔ ɔkwan a wubetumi ate ase so.

Dɛn ne DNA mu nsakrae? Momma yɛnte ase kɛkɛ!

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, DNA mu nsakrae yɛ nsakrae a ɛba wo DNA nhyehyɛe mu, kyerɛ sɛ, w’awosu mu nsɛm. Fa no sɛ ɛyɛ aduannoa ho nyansahyɛ a wɔde yɛ aduan. Sɛ wɔsesa nkyerɛwde anaa asɛmfua bi a ɛwɔ saa aduan yi mu kakra a, aduan no dɛ betumi asesa, ɛnte saa? Saa na DNA mu nsakrae te. Saa nsakrae yi a ɛba DNA mu, kyerɛ sɛ, nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae, taa ba bere a yɛn nkwammoaa mu apaapae na wɔayɛ nkwammoaa foforo no. Nanso mma ɛnhaw wo, mpɛn pii no, nsakrae a ɛba DNA mu yi nnya yɛn awosu mu nneɛma so nkɛntɛnso kɛse, na ɛmma yare biara mma. Nanso, nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae bi wɔ hɔ a ebetumi de awosu mu tebea horow a ɛka yɛn akwahosan aba. Awosu mu nsakrae a ɛte saa mpempem pii wɔ hɔ a ebetumi aba bere a yɛn nkwammoaa mu apaapae na wɔayɛ nkwammoaa foforo no. Wɔn mu no, ahorow atitiriw abien na ɛwɔ hɔ:

• Nkwammoaa mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae
• Somatic mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae

Afei ma yɛnhwɛ saa ahorow abien yi wɔ ɔkwan soronko so.

Nsakrae ahorow abien na ɛwɔ hɔ: germline ne somatic.

Dɛn ne Nkwammoaa mu Nsakrae?

Nkwammoaa mu nsakrae yɛ nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae a ɛba awofo no awo nkwammoaa mu, sɛ́ ɛyɛ nkesua nkwammoaa anaa mmadwoa nkwammoaa mu. Saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi sesa awosu mu nneɛma a abofra no nya fi awofo hɔ no. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, eyinom yɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae. Wubetumi anya saa mmoawa mu nsakrae yi afi wo maame anaa wo papa hɔ.

Fa no sɛ nsonsonoe ketewaa bi, mutation, wɔ ɛna anaa agya no nkesua nkwammoaa anaa mmadwoa nkwammoaa no biako mu. Afei, sɛ saa nkwammoaa no bom yɛ abofra a, wɔde saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no kɔ abofra no so. Ɛno nti na wɔfrɛ eyinom sɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no.

Dɛn ne Somatic Mutations?

Somatic mutations yɛ nsakrae a ɛba wɔ nkwammoaa biara a ɛwɔ obi nipadua mu a ɛnyɛ awo nkwammoaa (nkwaa anaa mmadwoa) DNA mu wɔ nyinsɛn akyi. Nea ɛho hia no, wɔmfa saa nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi mfi awofo hɔ nkɔma mmofra (ɛnyɛ awosu mu).Eyinom betumi asi kwa, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abusua abakɔsɛm biara nni mu, mpofirim. Afei nso, wɔmfa mma awo ntoatoaso a ɛbɛba daakye. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, sɛ wowɔ nsakrae wɔ wo DNA mu wɔ baabi wɔ w’awo akyi, te sɛ honam ani nkwammoaa anaa ahurututu mu nkwammoaa a, ɛyɛ nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae. Wɔmfa mma wo mma.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi ka yɛn nipadua?

Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka no, nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae dodow no ara mfa ɔhaw biara mma yɛn. Nanso, nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae bi betumi de yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne aba. Awosu mu tebea horow yɛ ɔhaw ahorow a nsakrae a ɛba yɛn awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu na ɛde ba. Wo genome yɛ awosu mu nsɛm a edi mũ a wo DNA, awosu mu nkwaadɔm, ne wo chromosomes na ɛyɛ.

So wobetumi de nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae afi awo ntoatoaso so akɔ awo ntoatoaso so?

Eyi yɛ asɛmmisa a ɛho hia paa.

• Wobetumi anya awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae afi awo mu efisɛ nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no ba wɔ awo nkwammoaa (nkesua anaa mmadwoa) mu. Esiane sɛ nkesua ne mmadwoa fi awofo hɔ kɔ mmofra mu nti, nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no nso fi awo mu.
• Worentumi nnya nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae efisɛ ɛba kwa wɔ nkwammoaa a ɛnyɛ nkesua anaa mmadwoa mu.

Ɛhe na yɛn DNA wɔ? Ɛte dɛn?

DNA wɔ yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa biara mu (nkwaboaa ɔpepepem pii na ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu!). Yɛn awosu mu nsɛm na ɛwɔ mu. Saa awosu mu mmara yi te sɛ akwankyerɛ nhoma a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea yɛn nipadua yɛ adwuma no. Ɛdefa sɛnea DNA te ho no, ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ nnyinaso anan:

• Adenine (A) .
• Cytosine (C) a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu.
• Thymine (T) (T) a wɔde yɛ nneɛma .
• Guanine (Guanine - G) .

Wɔaka saa nnyinaso yi abom abien abien: A ne T, C ne G. Saa nnyinaso abien yi ne asikre molecule ne phosphate molecule bom yɛ nucleotide. Sɛ wɔka nucleotide ahorow yi bom a, ɛyɛ antweri a ɛyɛ nkuruwankuruwa wɔ yɛn nkwammoaa no mu, helix abien. Wɔ eyi mu no, nnyinaso abien no te sɛ antweri no antweri, na asikre ne phosphate molecule ahorow no te sɛ antweri no nsateaa. So ɛnyɛ adwini a ɛyɛ nwonwa?

Ɔkwan bɛn so na mmoawa mu nsakrae ba na ɛhe?

Nkwammoaa mu nsakrae ma nsakrae ba awo nkwammoaa DNA mu. Sɛ ɛwo ne mmadwoa bom bere a wɔreyɛ awo a, saa nkwammoaa no mu paapae yɛ nkwammoaa foforo, na ɛma awotwaa bi ba. Awofo a wɔkura nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no betumi de nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no akɔma wɔn mma.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae ba na ɛhe?

Somatic mutation yɛ nsakrae a ɛba obi DNA mu a ɛba bere a wawo no akyi, wɔ nkwammoaa biara a ɛwɔ wɔn nipadua mu a ɛnyɛ mmadwoa anaa nkesua (mmofra nkwammoaa) mu. Nnipa nkwammoaa mu apaapae bere nyinaa na wɔde nkwammoaa foforo asi ananmu. Sɛ nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae bi ba a, nkwammoaa afoforo a efi saa nkwammoaa a ɛka no mu ba nyinaa benya saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no wɔ wɔn DNA mu.

Dɛn ne tebea horow a ɛtaa ba a mmoawa mu nsakrae de ba?

Tebea horow a wonya fi awo mu no fi mmoawa mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae. Tebea horow a ɛtete saa ɔhaha pii wɔ hɔ, nanso tebea horow a ɛtaa ba a ɛfa mmoawa mu nsakrae ho no bi ne:

• Sickle cell yare a ɛma obi nya yare
• Cystic fibrosis a ɛma mogya tu
• Tay- Sachs yareɛ
• Huntington ’s yare no

Dɛn ne nyarewa a ɛtaa ba a nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae de ba?

Somatic mutations nso betumi de nyarewa a ɛka obi akwahosan aba. Nyarewa a ɛtaa de nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae de ba no bi ne:

• Honam ani kokoram
• Ahurututu mu kokoram
• McCune-Albright yare a ɛma obi nya ɔyare no
• Sturge-Weber yare a ɛma obi nya ɔyare no

So sɔhwɛ ahorow bi wɔ hɔ a wɔde hu saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi?

Yiw, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu betumi ahu saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi, kyerɛ sɛ, nsakrae a ɛba w’awosu mu nkwaadɔm, wo nkwaadɔm, anaa protein mu. Awosu mu nhwehwɛmu betumi ahu awosu mu nkwaadɔm anaa chromosome bɛn na ɛwɔ mutation no pɛpɛɛpɛ. Sɛ abusua abakɔsɛm bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛ awosu mu tebea horow wɔ awofo no mu a, saa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi aboa ma wɔate asiane a ɛwɔ abofra a ɔwɔ awosu mu tebea bi mu no ase.

Yɛbɛyɛ dɛn abɔ yɛn ho ban afi saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi ho?

Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛka eyi nso ho asɛm wɔ afã abien.

Nneɛma a ebetumi atew nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae so:

Nea eye ne sɛ, nneɛma bi wɔ hɔ a yebetumi ayɛ de atew asiane a ɛwɔ nipadua mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae mu no so:

• Sɛ wode aduru a ɛbɔ wo ho ban fi owia ho bedi dwuma bere a wowɔ owia mu na wɔatew UV mframa a wobɛbɔ so.
• Nneɛma a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban te sɛ akataso a wɔde bɔ wɔn ho ban ne nsateaa a wɔde bedi dwuma bere a wɔde nnuru reyɛ adwuma no.
• Ɛnyɛ sigaretnom.
• Aduan pa a wobedi ne apɔw-mu-teɛteɛ.

Momma yɛnhwɛ Germline Mutations ho asɛm:

Yɛrentumi nsiw mmoawa mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae a wonya fi awo mu no ano. Nanso, wubetumi ne wo duruyɛfo akasa afa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ho na ama woate asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobɛwo abofra a ɔwɔ ɔyare mmoawa mu nsakrae no ase. Eyi ho hia titiriw sɛ wowɔ abusua abakɔsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wowɔ awosu mu tebea horow a.

Kae ade a ɛho hia sen biara no! (Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔ Fie)

Sɛnea yɛaka ho asɛm nnɛ no, ebia woate ase sɛ nsakrae a ɛba yɛn DNA mu, anaasɛ nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no nyɛ biribi a ɛsɛ sɛ yesuro.

Mpɛn pii no, nsakrae a ɛba DNA mu no mma awosu mu tebea horow mma. Nanso, DNA mu nsakrae bi betumi aka w’akwahosan.

• Sɛ wowɔ abusua abakɔsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wowɔ awosu mu tebea horow a, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nka awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ho asɛm na ama woate asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobɛwo abofra a ɔwɔ mmoawa mu nsakrae no ase.
• Bɔ mmɔden sɛ wobɛkwati somatic mutations sɛnea wubetumi biara, a ɛnyɛ awo mu de. Sɛ wobɛyɛ eyi a, bɔ wo ho ban fi owia ho, kwati nnuru a epira, na kɔ so nya asetra pa.

Mewɔ anidaso sɛ saa nsɛm yi bɛboa wo. Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi a, ntwentwɛn wo nan ase da sɛ wubebisa oduruyɛfo.