Dɛn ne mmoawa? Momma yensua pii fa saa abɔde nketenkete yi ho!

So wunim sɛ abɔde nketenkete ɔpepem pii atwa yɛn ho ahyia, ne yɛn nipadua mu, a yentumi nhu? Ɛno ne nea mmoawa yɛ. Ebi yɛ papa, ebi nso yɛ ahuhufo kakra, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wobetumi de nyarewa aba. Momma yɛnka saa mmoawa yi nyinaa ho asɛm nkɔ akyiri nnɛ, ɛyɛ?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, mmoawa yɛ mmoawa a wotumi hu nneɛma nketenkete, a wɔwɔ nkwammoaa biako. Yɛfrɛ ɔyare mmoawa biako ‘ɔyare mmoawa’. Mmoawa ahorow ɔpepem pii, ɔpepepem pii mpo, wɔ wiase baabiara, wɔ wo nipadua mu mpo. Wɔwɔ wo honam ani, wo hwene mu, w’anom, ne wo aduan, wo awo, ne wo nsu mu nso. Susuw ho hwɛ, nyansahufo ka sɛ mmoawa nkwammoaa dɔɔso sen nnipa nkwammoaa wɔ yɛn nipadua mu mmɔho du! So ɛno nyɛ nwonwa?

Mpae bɛn na mmoawa yɛ ma yɛn?

Ɛnyɛ mmoawa nyinaa na wɔyɛ bɔne. Mmoawa ahorow bi boa yɛn paa. Saa mmoawa a wɔboa yi dodow no ara wɔ yɛn honam ani ne yɛn dwensɔtwaa a ɛyɛ yɛn aduan mu nhyehyɛe no mu. Yɛfrɛ wɔn yɛn mmoawa a wɔte hɔ, anaa yɛn ‘afifide a wɔte hɔ’, anaa wo ‘microbiome’. Eyi ne mmoawa nketenkete a wɔte wo nipadua mu ne wɔn so no kuw. Saa mmoawa pa a wɔwɔ awotwaa mu yi boa yɛn ma yɛtwe aduannuru , yɛyam aduan , na yegyae mmoawa bɔne nyin. Wɔte sɛ yɛn nnamfo paa.

Asiane bɛn na ɛwɔ mmoawa mu?

Ɛwom sɛ mmoawa dodow no ara nyɛ asiane de, nanso ahorow bi betumi ama woayare. Yɛfrɛ saa mmoawa ahorow yi sɛ ‘ɔyare mmoawa ’. Ɔyare mmoawa yɛ mmoawa nketenkete a wotumi de nyarewa ba. Wobetumi adɔɔso ntɛmntɛm wɔ wo nipadua mu na wɔayɛ awuduru . Ɛno ne bere a ɔyare mmoawa bi ba.

Mmoawa a wopira ho nhwɛso ahorow bi ni:

• Streptococcus : Mmoawa a wɔde menewa mu yareɛ ba, kyerɛ sɛ, strep throat.
• Staphylococcus : Mmoawa a wɔde staph nyarewa ba honam ani.
• Escherichia coli : Mmoawa a wɔde E. coli nyarewa ba.

Saa mmoawa yi nso na ɛde mogya mu awuduru ba kɛse, tebea a wɔfrɛ no ``septiceemia.' ’ Eyi ba bere a mmoawa hyɛn wo mogya mu no. Mmoawa a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu no betumi atrɛw na ɛde tebea a emu yɛ den a wɔfrɛ no ``sepsis'' aba. ’ Sepsis yɛ sɛnea wo nipadua yɛ n’ade boro so wɔ ɔyare mmoawa bi a atrɛw wɔ wo nipadua nyinaa mu ho.

Nhwɛso afoforo a ɛfa mmoawa a wɔde ɔyare ba ho ne:

• Aerococcus urinae: Ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde yare ba nsu mu .
• Chlamydia trachomatis : Mmoawa a wɔde nna mu yare (STI) a wɔfrɛ no chlamydia ba.
• Bordetella pertussis : Ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde ɔfe a ɛyɛ hu ba.

Wobetumi de nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa asa ɔyare mmoawa pii . Nanso, sɛ wotaa nom nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a, ɛda adi sɛ wo nipadua no betumi ayɛ nea ɛko tia . Afei nso, sɛ woannom nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa no wɔ bere no nyinaa mu anaasɛ sɛnea wo duruyɛfo ka kyerɛ wo no pɛpɛɛpɛ a, ɛda adi sɛ wubenya ɔyare mmoawa a wɔko tia no.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔkyekyɛ mmoawa mu?

Nyansahufo de akwan horow pii di dwuma de kyekyɛ mmoawa mu.

Wɔ nyansahu mu din so

Ɔkwan biako ne wɔn nyansahu mu din. Saa din yi ka wɔn ``abusua`` – din a wɔde ma mmoawa no a egyina wɔn su so – ne ``abɔde ahorow`` a ɛwɔ saa abusua no mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nyansahu mu din a wɔde frɛ mmoawa a wɔde yare no ba ``botulism`` ne ``Clostridium botulinum`` . Wɔ mmoa koro no ara mu mpo no, nyansahufo betumi ahu ``nsu ahorow`` ahorow.

Sɛnea mmoawa no nsusuwii te

Ɔkwan foforo ne sɛnea mmoawa no te. Titiriw no, mmoawa ahorow abiɛsa na ɛwɔ hɔ:

• Ɛyɛ kurukuruwa anaa bɔɔl (`cocci ba CTE ria` - cocci mmoawa) .
• Ɛyɛ poma anaasɛ ɛte sɛ dua (`bacilli`) .
• Nsusuwii a ɛyɛ nkuruwankuruwa anaa helical (`spirochetes`) .

Sɛnea oxygen a wɔhwehwɛ kyerɛ no

Nyansahufo kyekyɛ mmoawa mu sɛnea ebia wohia mframa pa na ama wɔatumi atra ase na wɔanyin anaa.

• Wɔfrɛ mmoawa a wohia oxygen sɛ ‘aerobes ’.
• Wɔfrɛ mmoawa a wontumi ntra ase anaasɛ wontumi nnyin wɔ oxygen anim no ‘anaerobes ’.
• Mmoawa bi tumi tra ase na enyin a oxygen ka ho anaasɛ enni mu. Wɔfrɛ wɔn ``facultative bacteria`` .

Sɛnea awosu mu nneɛma a wɔayɛ kyerɛ no

Ɔkwan foforo ne sɛ wobɛhwɛ awosu mu nneɛma a ɛwɔ mmoawa mu. Mmoawa biara wɔ awosu mu nkwaadɔm soronko bi. Wɔfrɛ eyi wɔn ‘genotype’ . Nhwehwɛmu titiriw betumi ahu nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ saa awosu mu nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma yi mu.

Ɛnam Staining so - Gram Staining so

Eyi yɛ asɛm a ɛho hia kakra. Nyansahufo nso kyekyɛ mmoawa no mu denam kɔla a wɔde ma bere a wɔde nnuru titiriw (`stains`) ayɛ wɔn fĩ akyi no so. Ɔkwan biako a wonim no yiye a wɔfa so yɛ staining ne ``Gram staining`` . Eyi kyekyɛ mmoawa mu sɛ ``gram- positive`` anaa ``gram -negative``. Saa Gram staining yi nso boa ma wohu ayaresa. Efisɛ ɛsono sɛnea mmoawa a wɔwɔ gram-positive ne gram-negative yɛ wɔn ade wɔ nnuru bi a ekum ɔyare mmoawa ho.

Dɛn ne mmoawa a wɔwɔ Gram-positive?

Wɔkyekyɛ mmoawa mu sɛ gram-positive anaa gram-negative gyina kɔla a wɔyɛ wɔ Gram stain bi so. Ɛsono wɔn kɔla efisɛ ɛsono wɔn nkwammoaa afasu. ‘Positive’ ne ‘negative’ nkyerɛ ‘papa’ anaa ‘bɔne’, ɛkyerɛ papa ara kwa. Gram-positive mmoawa da adi bruu-akuturuku wɔ Gram stain bi so.

Nhwɛso ahorow bi:

• Corynebacterium (`Nkwammoaa a wɔfrɛ no Corynebacterium`) .
• Klostridium (`Klostridium`) .
• Listteria (`Nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ`) .

Dɛn ne mmoawa a wɔfrɛ wɔn Gram-negative?

Gram-negative mmoawa no da adi sɛ pinkish-red wɔ Gram stain bi so. Wɔde nyarewa ahorow ba sen mmoawa a wɔwɔ Gram. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nnuru ahorow a ekum ɔyare mmoawa nso sa wɔn yare.

Nhwɛso ahorow bi:

• Pseudomonas (`Atoro Nnuru`) .
• Proteus (`Proteus`) .
• Klebsiella na ɔkyerɛwee

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda mmoawa ne mmoawa ntam?

Mmoawa ne mmoawa yɛ mmoawa, anaa mmoawa nketenkete ahorow abien. N’abien nyinaa tumi de nyarewa ba, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a, yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne betumi ayɛ pɛ. Nanso, ɛsono ayaresa a wɔde sa ɔyare mmoawa ne ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba no koraa.

Nnuruyɛfo de nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa di dwuma de sa ɔyare mmoawa bi. Nanso nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa nyɛ adwuma wɔ mmoawa so. Nnuruyɛfo de nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa sa mmoawa bi , nanso saa nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa no nyɛ adwuma wɔ ɔyare mmoawa a mmoawa de ba no so. Eyi ho hia paa sɛ yɛte ase!

Dɛn ne mmoawa a wɔko tia nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa?

Wo nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no betumi ako atia mmoawa bi na adi nkonim. Nanso ɛtɔ mmere bi a, ɛsɛ sɛ wonom nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa de sa ɔyare mmoawa bi. Nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa no yɛ adwuma denam mmoawa no nkwammoaa fasu anaa DNA a wɔsɛe no so .

Nanso, nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde di dwuma boro so no betumi de ɔhaw ahorow aba bere a bere kɔ so no. Nea enti a ɛte saa ne sɛ mmoawa bi tumi ko tia nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa.(`a ɛko tia`). Afei ɛbɛyɛ den yiye sɛ wɔbɛsa nyarewa a ɔyare mmoawa foforo de ba no. Bere biara a wobɛnom aduru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa no, hokwan a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ mmoawa no besua sɛnea wɔbɛko atia no kɔ soro.

Nea ɛho hia: Ɛho hia sɛ wobɛnom nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a oduruyɛfo akyerɛw ama wo, wɔ dodow pɔtee ne bere tenten no nyinaa mu. Sɛ wogyae wɔn fã anaasɛ wonom no dodow a ɛba fam a, ɛrenkum mmoawa no koraa, na wɔn a wɔaka no nso benya ahoɔden a ɛko tia nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa no.

Mmoawa bi a nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa ntumi nkɔ mu ho nhwɛso pa ne MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus a ɛko tia methicillin). Eyi yɛ nea asiane wom kakra.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na mmoawa kɔ nnipa mu?

Mmoawa dodow no ara nam adeyɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no ``binary fission' so na ɛwo. ’ Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ɔyare mmoawa nkwammoaa biako yɛ ne DNA mmɔho abien na afei ɛkyekyɛ mu abien. Nkwammoaa foforo biara nya DNA no bi. Ɛte sɛ nea obiako bɛyɛ abien, abien bɛyɛ anan, ne nea ɛkeka ho.

So mmoawa yɛ prokaryotic anaasɛ eukaryotic?

Mmoawa nni ``nucleus`` . Enti, wɔkyekyɛ wɔn mu sɛ ``prokaryotes`` . Wɔyɛ mmoawa nketenkete a wɔn nkwammoaa nhyehyɛe yɛ mmerɛw yiye. Mmoawa wɔ ``nkwaboaa afasu``. Wɔ nkwammoaa no fasu mu no, sɛ wohwɛ sɛnea nkwammoaa biako te a, ``cytoplasm`` , ``ribosomes`` ne DNA wɔ hɔ. Wɔ nkwammoaa fasu no akyi no, ebia ``flagella`` biako anaa nea ɛboro saa wɔ hɔ. Saa flagella yi na ɛboa mmoawa no ma wodi akɔneaba.

So mmoawa bi wɔ hɔ a wodi plastic?

Yiw, mma ɛnyɛ wo nwonwa! Afe 2016 mu no, nyansahufo kuw bi a wɔwɔ Osaka, Japan, huu mmoawa foforo bi. Wɔtoo din ``Ideonella sakaiensis`` . Wohuu saa mmoawa yi sɛ wɔredi plastic nkotoku wɔ baabi a ɛbɛn baabi a wɔsan de nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma bio!

Mpɛn pii no, mmoawa di abɔde mu nneɛma a awu. Nanso saa ɔyare mmoawa yi dii plastic bi a wɔfrɛ no polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Wɔtaa de saa PET plastic yi na ɛyɛ nneɛma te sɛ yɛn nsu a yɛnom nkotoku. Bere a nyansahufo yɛɛ ɔyare mmoawa yi ho nhwehwɛmu kɔɔ akyiri no, wohui sɛ ɛma aduan mu nneɛma titiriw abien a ɛboa ma ɛyam plastic.

Saa enzyme yi yam PET plastic nkutoo. Nanso nyansahufo wɔ anidaso sɛ da bi, mmoawa a wodi plastic te sɛ eyi betumi aboa ma wɔadi wiase no mu plastic efĩ ho haw kɛse no ho dwuma. Wo de susuw sɛnea ɛno bɛyɛ kɛse no ho hwɛ!

Enti, nneɛma bɛn na ɛho hia paa a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae fi saa asɛm yi mu?

Okay, yɛaka mmoawa ho asɛm pii mprempren. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, nea ɛsɛ sɛ wokae ni:

• Mmoawa yɛ abɔde nketenkete a ɛwɔ baabiara na yɛn ani ntumi nhu.
• Mmoawa ahorow dodow no ara nyɛ asiane mma yɛn. Ebi wɔ mfaso kɛse ma yɛn nipadua, titiriw wɔ yɛn dwensɔtwaa mu. Yɛfrɛ eyinom yɛn `microbiome`.
• Nanso, mmoawa (pathogens) ahorow bi betumi de ɔyare mmoawa aba, na ehia sɛ wɔsa.
• Nnuruyɛfo kyerɛw nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa ma ɔyare mmoawa dodow no ara.
• Ade a ɛho hia sen biara: Sɛ wode nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa redi dwuma a , di wo duruyɛfo akwankyerɛ akyi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Fa bere a ɛfata ne dodow a ɛfata. Sɛ woanyɛ saa a, mmoawa befi ase anya nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa. Ɛno yɛ ɔhaw kɛse.

Enti, mmoawa yɛ yɛn asetra fã. Sɛ yenya wɔn ho ntease a ɛfata a , ebetumi aboa yɛn kɛse ma yɛakɔ so anya apɔwmuden.

` Mmoawa, ɔyare mmoawa, nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa, mmoawa nketenkete, akwahosan, Gram stain, nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a wɔko tia