Momma yensua Nyarewa a Ɛkyerɛ AIDS ho ade.

So wokae, ɛtɔ da bi a, sɛ yɛyare mpofirim a, yebisa yɛn ho sɛ, "Ɛhe na yare yi fi bae?" Titiriw bere a nipadua no tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no sua a, ɛnyɛ den sɛ nyarewa bɛbɔ mmɔden sɛ ɛbɛhyɛn nipadua no mu. Ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka nyarewa soronko dodoɔ bi a ɛbɛtumi aba berɛ a yɛanya mmoawa a wɔfrɛ no `HIV` (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) na tebea no mu yɛ den kakra, kyerɛ sɛ, berɛ a ebinom ka sɛ ɛduru AIDS gyinabea. Eyi ne nea nnuruyɛfo frɛ no `AIDS-Defining Illnesses (ADIs)`. Eyinom te sɛ kanea kɔkɔɔ, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw koraa esiane `HIV` yare mmoawa a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu nti.

Dɛn ne nyarewa a ɛkyerɛ AIDS (ADI) yi?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, saa `ADIs` yi yɛ kokoram ne nyarewa a ɛhyɛ `Hokwan mu Nyarewa` mu a ebetumi aba bere a `HIV` yare no mu yɛ den, kyerɛ sɛ, bere a yɛn nipadua no nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ mmerɛw kɛse no.

So wunim nea "hokwan mu nyarewa" yɛ? Fa no sɛ wubegyaw wo fie apon ne mfɛnsere nyinaa abue na ahobammɔ biara nni hɔ. Afei ɛnyɛ den sɛ obiara betumi akɔ mu. Saa na ɛte, sɛ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ mmerɛw esiane `HIV` nti a, mmoawa nketenkete paa mpo a mpɛn pii no wontumi mfa yare mma obi a ɔwɔ apɔwmuden mu no nya ‘hokwan’ a ɛnyɛ den sɛ ɛbɛhyɛn nipadua no mu na ɛde nyarewa akɛse aba. Ɛno ne nea yɛfrɛ no `opportunistic infections`. Mpɛn pii no, wobetumi ahu mmoawa yi wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu, nanso obi a ɔwɔ apɔwmuden no nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no ko tia na edi wɔn so.

Nnuruyɛfo de CD4 nkwammoaa dodow ne saa ADI ahorow yi di dwuma de susuw sɛnea HIV yare no mu yɛ den, kyerɛ sɛ, baabi a atrɛw akodu ne sɛnea emu yɛ den. Saa CD4 nkwammoaa yi yɛ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no fã a ɛho hia yiye, te sɛ polisifo titiriw a wɔwɔ yɛn nipadua mu. HIV mmoawa no sɛe saa CD4 nkwammoaa yi. Enti, sɛ wowɔ HIV na wowɔ saa ADI ahorow yi a, nnuruyɛfo frɛ eyi sɛ HIV yare no fã a ɛto so abiɛsa, a ɛne AIDS.

Ɛtɔ da bi a, ɛyɛ sɛ obi nya `ADI` nkutoo na wohu sɛ ɔwɔ `HIV`. Nanso, ɛho hia sɛ yɛkae sɛ ɛnyɛ obiara a ɔwɔ `ADI` na ɔwɔ `HIV`. Bere a `ADIs` binom abu so kɛse wɔ nnipa a wɔwɔ `HIV` anaa wɔn a wɔn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ mmerɛw mu no, `ADIs` pii nso betumi aba nnipa a wɔwɔ apɔwmuden a wonni yare biara a ɛhyɛ ase mu. Enti, ɔkwan a eye sen biara a wobɛfa so ahu no yiye ne sɛ wobɛyɛ aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu.

Dɛn ne nyarewa ahorow a ɛkyerɛ AIDS (ADI)?

Saa `ADI` ahorow yi gu ahorow. Nea ɛka ho titiriw ne nyarewa a wɔde yare mmoawa ba (fungal, bacterial, parasitic, viral infections), kokoram ahorow bi, ne tebea horow bi a ɛfa ntini ahorow ho. Ma yɛnhwɛ nea wɔyɛ.

Fungal Nyarewa a Wɔde Ma

Sɛ wo nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ mmerɛw a, ɛnyɛ den sɛ fungal yare betumi atrɛw wɔ wo nipadua nyinaa mu. Eyinom bi ne:

• Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): Eyi yɛ ɔyare mmoawa a emu yɛ den a ɛba ahurututu mu.
• Candidiasis a ɛba ahurututu mu, aduannoa mu, ahurututu mu, anaa ahurututu mu
• Coccidioidomycosis - a ɛtrɛw/ɛfiri ahurututu akyi
• Intestinal cryptosporidiosis a enni sabea a ɛtra hɔ bɛboro ɔsram biako
• Cryptococcosis - a ɛwɔ ahurututu akyi
• Histoplasmosis - a ɛtrɛw/ɛfiri ahurututu akyi

Susuw ho hwɛ, sɛ yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no mu yɛ den a, saa fungi yi ntumi nyɛ pii. Nanso sɛ HIV ma yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ mmerɛw a, efi ase de ɔhaw ahorow ba.

Mmoawa a Wɔde Nyarewa Ba

Mmoawa nso tumi de nyarewa ahorow ba. Mmoawa bi a wɔde nyarewa ba a wobu no sɛ `ADIs` ne:

• Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) ma mmofra a wɔadi mfe 6 ne akyi: Eyi yɛ yare a nnipa pii ate ho asɛm, na ebetumi aka ahurututu ne akwaa afoforo nso.
• Mycobacterium nyarewa afoforo a atrɛw wɔ ahurututu akyi: Nhwɛso bi ne Mycobacterium kansasii ne Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).
• Mmoawa a ɛsan nya ɔyare mmoawa a wɔsan nya wɔ mmofra a wonnii mfe 6 mu.
• Salmonella septicemia a ɛnyɛ typhoid a ɛsan ba bio: Wɔ eyi mu no, Salmonella yare no hyɛn mogya no mu na ɛtrɛw kɔ nipadua no mu nyinaa.

Nyarewa a Ɛma Nwansena

Parasites nso betumi de `ADIs` aba. Nhwɛso ahorow:

• Toxoplasmosis a ɛwɔ amemene mu: Nanso, eyi mfa nkokoaa a wonnii ɔsram biako ho.
• Intestinal cystoisosporiasis a enni sabea a ɛtra hɔ bɛboro ɔsram biako

Nyarewa a Wɔde Nyarewa Ba

HIV nso yɛ ɔyare mmoawa. Afei nso, sɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ mmerɛw a, ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ mmoawa afoforo bɛtow ahyɛ wɔn so.

• Herpes simplex ahurututu mu yare, ahurututu mu yare, anaa aduan mu yare: Eyi nso mfa nkokoaa a wonnii ɔsram biako ho.
• Herpes simplex akuru a ɛtra hɔ bɛboro ɔsram biako
• Cytomegalovirus yareɛ: Wɔ akwaa foforɔ a ɛnyɛ mmerɛboɔ, akyi berɛmo, anaa ntini a ɛma mogya tu mu (e.g., cytomegalovirus retinitis - ɛka aniwa). Eyi mfa nkokoaa a wonnii ɔsram biako nso ho.
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): Eyi yɛ tebea a ɛntaa nsi nanso emu yɛ den a ɛka amemene no.

Kokoram ahorow

Sɛ yɛn T nkwammoaa (CD4 nkwammoaa nso yɛ T nkwammoaa bi) so tew a, asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ yebenya kokoram a mmoawa anaa kokoram a ɛka nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ankasa de ba no yɛ kɛse. Kokoram ahorow a wobu no sɛ ADI wɔ nnipa a wɔanya HIV mu:

• Kaposi sarcoma: Kokoram a ebetumi aba wɔ mmeae te sɛ honam ani, ntini a ɛma mogya tu, ne ano.
• Burkitt lymphoma a ɛma mogya tu
• Awotwaa mu kokoram a ɛba nipadua mu
• Immunoblastic lymphoma a ɛma nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa
• Amemene no mu lymphoma titiriw

Tebea Afoforo

Eyi akyi no, tebea afoforo pii nso frɛ no `ADIs`:

• Ahurututu mu yare a ɛsan ba: Wɔde ma mpanyimfo ne mmofra a wɔadi boro mfe 6. Ahurututu mu yareɛ yɛ yareɛ a ɛwɔ ahurututu mu a mmoawa, mmoawa, anaa fungi na ɛde ba.
• HIV amemene mu yare: Wɔ eyi mu no, HIV mmoawa no ka amemene no dwumadi.
• HIV wasting syndrome: Eyi ma nipadua no yɛ teateaa na ɛyɛ mmerɛw.

Dɛn ne nyarewa a ɛtaa ba a ɛma obi nya AIDS (ADI)?

Ɛnyɛ eyinom nyinaa na ɛba obiara so. Nanso, `ADI` a abu so no bi ne:

• Pneumocystis ahurututu mu yare (PCP) .
• Kaposit sarcoma a ɛma obi ho yɛ hyew
• HIV a wɔsɛe no ho yare
• Esophageal candidiasis a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu
• Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba
• Nsanyare a ɛma obi nya nsamanwaw

Dɛn ne saa nyarewa yi ho sɛnkyerɛnne?

`ADIs` ho sɛnkyerɛnne gu ahorow gyina yare no so. Nanso, nyarewa dodow no ara wɔ nneɛma pii a ɛtaa ba:

• Huraeɛ
• Tipaeɛ
• Nipadua mu yaw, ntini mu yaw
• Menemkuro
• Ɔhome a ɛyɛ den
• Wora a ɛyɛ mmerɛw
• Ayamtuo
• Adwene a ɛyɛ basaa anaa adwene mu nsakrae afoforo

Sɛ wowɔ saa sɛnkyerɛnne yi mu baako anaa nea ɛboro saa, titiriw sɛ wunim sɛ wowɔ HIV a, ɛho hia paa sɛ wobɛkɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn ntɛm ara sɛnea wubetumi.

Dɛn nti na nyarewa a ɛkyerɛ AIDS (ADI) yi ba?

Sɛnea yɛaka ho asɛm dedaw no, mmoawa `HIV` sɛe `T` nkwammoaa (titiriw `CD4` nkwammoaa) a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no mu. Saa `T` nkwammoaa yi ne nea ɛboa yɛn ma yɛko tia nyarewa. Enti, sɛ saa `T` nkwammoaa yi dodow so tew dodo a, yɛn nipadua no ntumi nko ntia nyarewa sɛnea ɛsɛ. Afei, yebetumi ayare afi nneɛma a ɛmma obi a ne nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no nnya yare no mu. Afei nso, eyi na ɛma kokoram ahorow a ɛfa nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa ho anaa kokoram a mmoawa de ba no ba.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) tu mpɔn kɛse wɔ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no mu. Nanso, ɛtɔ mmere bi a ADI betumi aba bere a wɔrenom ART mpo no. Nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a ebetumi de aba:

• Sɛ wuntumi nnom w’aduru sɛnea wɔakyerɛw ama wo ne bere ano a.
• Sɛ aduru a wonom no ntumi nyɛ adwuma yiye a.
• Ebia na woanya ADI a enni sɛnkyerɛnne biara ansa na worefi ART ase, na ebetumi asan aba bio bere a wo nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no san ba bere a woafi ase ayɛ ART akyi (wɔsan frɛ eyi immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome - IRIS).

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wohu nyarewa a ɛkyerɛ AIDS (ADI)?

Wo duruyɛfo no begyina wo sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow so ahu sɛ wowɔ ADI. Ebia eyi bɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ mogya anaa nipadua mu nsu afoforo mu nhwehwɛmu, na ebia wɔbɛyɛ biopsy. Ebia wɔbɛyɛ mfoninitwa nhwehwɛmu te sɛ X-ray anaa CT scan nso de ahwehwɛ nsakrae a aba w’ahurututu anaa w’akwaa afoforo mu.

Sɛ wɔanhunu sɛ wowɔ HIV kane, na wowɔ ADI nko ara a, wo duruyɛfoɔ bɛtumi asɔ wo ahwɛ sɛ wowɔ HIV ne nneɛma foforɔ a ɛbɛtumi ama wo nipadua no tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no asiw wo so anaa.

Sɔhwɛ ahorow bɛn na wɔyɛ?

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow bi a oduruyɛfo no betumi de adi dwuma:

• Mogya mu nhwehwɛmu
• Nhwɛsode a wogye fi hwene mu (Nasal swab) .
• Biopsy a wɔde hwehwɛ nipadua mu
• Ahurututu mu nhwehwɛmu: Wogye nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ bi fi ahurututu no mu de hwɛ sɛ ɔyare mmoawa bi wɔ hɔ anaa.
• Nsu mu sɔhwɛ
• Koko so X-ray a wɔyɛ
• CT scan a wɔde yɛ adwuma
• Lumbar puncture/akyi berɛmo mu tap
• HIV ho nhwehwɛmu

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔsa nyarewa yi?

Ayaresa a wubetumi apaw no gyina yare ko a wowɔ ne wo tebea pɔtee so. Sɛ wo nnom ART a, wo duruyɛfo betumi afi ase ART ntɛm ara sɛnea obetumi anaasɛ wɔ adapɛn abien kosi anan akyi bere a wafi ase sa ɔyare mmoawa a wonya hokwan no.

Sɛ wɔahu sɛ wowɔ HIV dedaw na worenom ART a, ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu pii de ahwɛ sɛnea w’aduru no reyɛ adwuma yiye.

ADI pɔtee bi ho ayaresa betumi ayɛ:

• Nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a wɔde sa ɔyare mmoawa
• Nnuru a ekum fungal a wɔde sa fungal yare mmoawa
• Nnuru a wɔde ko tia mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba
• Oprehyɛn, mframa a wɔde ma, anaa nnuru a wɔde sa kokoram

Sɛ mewɔ yare bi a ɛkyerɛ AIDS (ADI) a, dɛn na ɛba?

Sɛ obi nya ADI a, ɛma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obewu wɔ nsɛnnennen a ɛfa AIDS ho no yɛ kɛse. Nanso, asɛmpa no ne sɛ, nnansa yi mfe mu no, nnipa dodow a wowuwu wɔ AIDS mu no so atew kɛse esiane ART nti. Ɛwom sɛ wobu akontaa sɛ nnipa a wɔanya HIV no mu bɛyɛ nkyem anan mu biako wuwu esiane nsɛnnennen a ɛfa AIDS ho nti, nanso sɛ wofi ase de ART di dwuma ntɛm a, nnipa pii a wɔwɔ HIV no tra ase yiye a wonnya AIDS.

So wobetumi asiw nyarewa a ɛma obi nya AIDS (ADI) ano?

Yiw, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ ebetumi aba!

ART betumi aboa ma mmoawa dodow a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu (viral load) no so atew. Eyi ma wo T nkwammoaa (CD4 nkwammoaa) dodow kɔ soro. Eyi boa wo nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ma ɛyɛ yiye na ɛko tia nyarewa. Ɛboa nso ma wɔko tia mmoawa a wɔde kokoram a ɛde HIV ba no.

Akwan foforo pii wɔ hɔ a wɔfa so tew asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wobenya ɔyare mmoawa no so:

• Nnuru a wɔde siw yare ano:Ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛkyerɛw wo nneɛma te sɛ nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa anaa nnuru a ekum fungal na ama asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya ɔyare mmoawa bi no so atew.
• Vaccination: Bisa wo duruyɛfo no vaccines bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ wonya na sɛ ebi wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wokwati.
• Nhwehwɛmu: Ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛkamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu daa wɔ kokoram ne nyarewa bi a wɔde yare mmoawa ba ho.
• Mfa nnwinnade a wɔde twitwiw nnuru mu nkyɛ: Sɛ wode nnuru a wɔakyerɛw ama obi ne nea wɔmfa nkyerɛw redi dwuma a, nkyɛ nnade, syringe, ne nea ɛkeka ho ne afoforo.
• Ahotew pa: Hohoro wo nsa mpɛn pii, titiriw ansa na woasiesie aduan, ansa na woadi, ne bere a wode aguaree akɔ awie no. Mfa aduan, anonne, anaa w’ankasa nneɛma nkyɛ afoforo.
• Aduan mu ahobammɔ: Kwati nkesua a wɔannoa no yiye, nufusu a wɔmfa nnuru nhyɛ mu (a kyiisi ne ice cream ka ho), ne nnuaba mu nsu a wɔmfa nnuru nhyɛ mu. Hohoro anaa yi nnuaba ne nhabannuru yiye ansa na woadi.
• Kwati sɛ wode nsu a wɔansiesie no bedi dwuma: Kwati sɛ nsu bɛkɔ w’anom bere a woreguare wɔ mmeae te sɛ atare ne atare mu no, na kwati sɛ wobɛnom tap mu nsu a wɔansiesie. Sɛ wokɔ baabi a wunnim sɛnea nsu no ho tew a, nom nsu a wɔde ahyɛ toa mu na fa nsu koro no ara di dwuma de noa aduan.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mekɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn?

Sɛ wowɔ HIV a, hwɛ hu sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo bɛkɔ akɔyɛ nhyehyɛe nyinaa. Sɛ wowɔ sɛnkyerɛnne foforo anaasɛ ɛreyɛ kɛse, anaasɛ ɛyɛ den ma wo sɛ wobɛnom wo ART a, ka kyerɛ wo duruyɛfo. Hwehwɛ nea wubetumi ayɛ de asiw ɔyare mmoawa ano ne nea ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ sɛ wowɔ ɔyare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ wokɔ Emergency Treatment Unit (ETU) ?

Sɛ wususuw sɛ ebia woanya HIV, anaasɛ wowɔ saa sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a emu yɛ den yi bi a, kɔ baabi a wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔwɔ ayaresa a egye ntɛmpɛ mu ntɛm ara:

• Atiridiinini a ɛboro digrii Fahrenheit 103 (digrii Celsius 40).
• Ɔhome a ɛyɛ den.
• Ɔfe anaa akisikuru a emu yɛ den.
• Koko mu yaw.
• Adwene a ɛyɛ basaa anaasɛ adwenem naayɛ a ɛyera.
• Sɛ kuru bi yɛ hyew, ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ, ɛho ahonhon, ɛyɛ yaw, anaasɛ ɛnsa a.

Nsɛm bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mibisa me duruyɛfo?

Ebia ɛbɛyɛ nea mfaso wɔ so sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo nsɛm te sɛ eyinom:

• Mɛyɛ dɛn anom m’aduru no yiye?
• Sɛ woankɔ bere a wopɛ sɛ wonom nnuru a, dɛn na woyɛ?
• Dɛn na metumi ayɛ de asiw nyarewa ano?
• Nsɛnkyerɛnne bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mehwɛ yiye?
• Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mekɔ baabi a wɔhwɛ wɔn a egye ntɛmpɛ?

Awiei koraa no, nkrasɛm a wɔde kɔ fie

Nyarewa a ɛkyerɛ AIDS (ADI) yɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛboa nnuruyɛfo ma wohu sɛnea HIV mmoawa no aka wo nipadua no kɛse. Sɛ wowɔ HIV a, asiane kɛse wom sɛ wubenya nsɛnnennen a emu yɛ den afi ɔyare biara a wubenya mu aba.

Nanso,Nea ɛho hia sen biara no, sɛ wonom nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa (ART) yiye na ɛkɔ so daa a, ebetumi ama wo nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no anya apɔwmuden na ama wo nipadua no anya ahoɔden de ako atia nyarewa. Saa nnuru yi aboa ma wɔasiw AIDS ano na ama nnipa a wɔwɔ HIV no atumi atra ase akyɛ te sɛ wɔn a wonni HIV no.

Enti, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nkasa mfa ahwɛyiye afoforo a wubetumi ayɛ de asiw nyarewa a emu yɛ den ano. Mma ɛnhaw wo, wubetumi de nimdeɛ ne ayaresa a ɛfata ako atia tebea horow yi.

` AIDS, HIV, AIDS a wohu, nyarewa a wonya hokwan, nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa, CD4 nkwammoaa, ART ayaresa