Sɛ yɛte asɛmfua PCR a, yɛdwene Covid ɔyaredɔm no ho, ɛnte saa? Bere a na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛde swab hyɛ yɛn hwene mu na yɛtwɛn ma amanneɛbɔ no ba... ɛno werɛ remfi da. Nanso so wunim sɛ ɛnyɛ PCR nko na wɔde hu Covid? Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛho hia yiye ankasa a ama wɔanya nkɔso kɛse wɔ aduruyɛ ho nyansahu mu. Enti ɛnnɛ, momma yɛnka nea PCR sɔhwɛ yi yɛ, nneɛma afoforo a ebetumi ahu, ne sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den so a wubetumi ate ase ho asɛm.
Dɛn ne PCR kɛkɛ?
Okay, momma yɛmfa no saa kwan yi so. Fa no sɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ wohwehwɛ asɛmfua biako wɔ nhoma biako kratafa biako so, wɔ nhoma mpempem pii a ɛwɔ nhomakorabea kɛse bi mu no mu. Ɛno bɛyɛ den dɛn? Ɛte sɛ nea yɛahu DNA anaa RNA , awosu mu nneɛma a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu no mu ade ketewaa bi.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) mfiridwuma ma saa adwuma a ɛyɛ den no yɛ mmerɛw. Nea eyi yɛ ne sɛ yɛyɛ DNA anaa RNA ketewaa bi a yɛrehwehwɛ no ho mfonini ɔpehaha pii, mpɛn ɔpepem pii mpo (amplification). Ɛte sɛ nea worehwehwɛ kratafa a asɛmfua no wɔ nhomakorabea nhoma no mu, de ahyɛ afiri a wɔde twetwe mfonini mu, na woayɛ bɛyɛ ɔpepem biako. Afei, esiane sɛ mprempren saa asɛmfua a ɛyɛ den sɛ yebehu no wɔ baabiara nti, ɛnyɛ den sɛ yebetumi ahu.
Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, PCR yɛ sɔhwɛ a egye nkwammoaa kakraa bi pɛ fi yɛn nipadua mu, mogya a ɛtɔ gu fam, anaa hwene mu aduru, na ɛde DNA anaa RNA pɔtee bi nyin wɔ mu wɔ aduruyɛdan mu de si so dua sɛ ebia ɛwɔ yɛn nhwɛsode no mu anaasɛ enni hɔ. Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛyɛ nkate kɛse. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ etumi hu mmoawa no kakraa bi mpo. Saa kwan yi ka sɔhwɛ kuw bi a wɔfrɛ no Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) ho.
Nyarewa bɛn na wobetumi ahu denam PCR nhwehwɛmu so?
Ɛwom sɛ PCR agye din esiane COVID ɔyaredɔm nti de, nanso wɔde adi dwuma wɔ aduruyɛ wiase mfe du du pii ni. Nneɛma pii wɔ hɔ a wobetumi de sɔhwɛ yi ahu. Ma yɛnhwɛ emu atitiriw no bi.
| Nea wobetumi ahu | Nhwɛso ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu |
|---|---|
| Nyarewa a Wɔde Nyarewa Ba | Etumi hu nyarewa a mmoawa nketenkete te sɛ mmoawa, mmoawa, fungi, ne mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae de ba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔde PCR di dwuma de hu nyarewa te sɛ COVID-19, dengue, influenza (flu), nsamanwaw, HIV, ne hepatitis B ne C pɛpɛɛpɛ. |
| Awosu mu Nyarewa | Nyarewa bi nam awosu mu nneɛma so na wonya fi awo mu. PCR boa ma wohu nsakrae bi (nkwaa mu nsakrae) wɔ saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm yi mu. Nhwɛso ahorow: Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington yare. |
| Kokoram | Saa sɔhwɛ yi betumi ahu awosu mu nsakrae pɔtee bi a ɛba kokoram nkwammoaa mu. Eyi betumi aboa nnuruyɛfo ma wɔapaw nnuru a ebetumi de wɔn ani asi saa kokoram no so (aduru a wɔde wɔn ani asi so). |
| Sɔhwɛ a Wɔyɛ Ansa na Wɔawo | Wɔde PCR mfiridwuma di dwuma wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow mu de di kan hu sɛ ebia abofra bi a ɔwɔ ɛna no awotwaa mu wɔ awosu mu nyarewa bi anaa. |
| Asɛnnibea Nyansahu | Wɔyi DNA fi mogya anaa nhwi ketewaa bi a wohu wɔ baabi a wɔyɛ nsɛmmɔnedi no mu, na wɔde PCR mfiridwuma yɛ kɛse, na wɔde hu wɔn a wosusuw sɛ wɔyɛ saa. |
Wobɛyɛ dɛn afa nhwɛsode bi de ayɛ PCR nhwehwɛmu?
Ɔkwan a wobɛfa so agye nhwɛsode bi de ayɛ PCR nhwehwɛmu no gyina yare ko a worehwehwɛ so. Ɔkwan a wɔfa so fa nhwɛsode no yɛ soronko wɔ tebea biara ho.
| Ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ nhwɛsode | Tebea bɛn mu na woyɛ eyi? |
|---|---|
| Mogya a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu (Blood Test) . | Wɔfa mogya de hu awosu mu nyarewa, ne afei nso de hu mmoawa bi (e.g. HIV, Hepatitis B/C) a wɔahyɛn mogya no mu. |
| Nasopharyngeal aduru a wɔde hyɛ anom | Eyi ne ɔkwan a yɛn nyinaa nim. Wokae bere a wode poma bɔɔ wo hwene so wɔ Covid bere mu no? Saa kwan yi na wɔde hu mmoawa a ɛka ɔhome nhyehyɛe (COVID, Influenza, RSV). |
| Biopsy a wɔde hwehwɛ nipadua mu | Wɔfa saa nhwɛsode yi fi ntini ketewaa bi a efi kokoram akisikuru anaa nnompe mu ntini mu na wɔde hwehwɛ awosu mu nsakrae a ɛba nkwammoaa no mu. |
| Amniocentesis a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma | Wɔyɛ eyi de sɔ akokoaa no awosu mu tebea hwɛ denam awotwaa mu nsu a atwa akokoaa no ho ahyia no kakraa bi a wogye fi ɛna a onyinsɛn hɔ no so. |
| Awosu mu Nhwehwɛmu a Wɔyɛ ansa na Wɔde Ahyɛ Mu | Wɔ in vitro fertilization (IVF) mu no, wɔde saa kwan yi sɔ nkwammoaa kakraa bi a efi awotwaa no mu hwɛ sɛ ebia ɔwɔ awosu mu nyarewa ansa na wɔde ahyɛ ɛna no awotwaa mu anaa. |
Mpɛn pii no, enhia sɛ woyɛ biribi titiriw biara de asiesie wo ho ama PCR nhwehwɛmu. Nanso, wɔ tebea horow bi mu, te sɛ bere a woreyɛ biribi te sɛ nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu no, wo duruyɛfo no bedi kan ama wo akwankyerɛ a ɛho hia.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na PCR mfiridwuma yɛ adwuma?
Okay, afei momma yɛnhwɛ sɛnea saa mfiridwuma a ɛyɛ nwonwa yi yɛ adwuma ankasa. Eyi yɛ nyansahu mu asɛm kakra, nanso mɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu tiawa.
1. Nhwɛsode a wɔyɛ: Nea edi kan no, woyi DNA anaa RNA fi nhwɛsode (mogya, nsu a wɔde sie, ne nea ɛkeka ho) a wogye fii wo hɔ no mu.
2. Afrafrade no a wɔyɛ: Afei, wɔde nnuru titiriw bi fra DNA/RNA a wɔatew ne ho yi. Ade titiriw a ɛwɔ saa afrafrade yi mu ne enzyme bi a wɔfrɛ no DNA Polymerase . Eyi ne nea ɛyɛ mfoninitwa adwuma no titiriw.
3. Ɔhyew ne Onwini Kyinhyia: Afei wɔde afiri ketewa a wɔde afrafra yi ahyɛ afiri titiriw bi mu. Saa afiri yi ma ɔhyew no kɔ soro na ɛba fam ntɛmntɛm yiye.
- Denaturation: Nea edi kan no, wɔma ɔhyew no kɔ soro kodu bɛyɛ digrii Celsius 95. Eyi ma DNA nhama abien no mu tetew.
- Annealing: Afei, wɔtew ɔhyew no so kodu bɛyɛ digrii 55. Afei, wɔde DNA (primers) nketenkete a ɛne DNA asinasin a yɛrehwehwɛ no hyia no bata DNA nhama a wɔatew mu no ho.
- Reheating (Extension): Afei wɔma ɔhyew no kɔ soro kodu bɛyɛ digrii 72. Afei DNA polymerase enzyme no ba mu na ɛyɛ DNA nhama foforo fi saa primer no mu a ɛne DNA nhama a edi kan no hyia.
4. Mfonini a Wɔyɛ: Seesei wɔayɛ DNA nhama biako mfonini abien. Saa ɔhyew kyinhyia yi san yɛ ne ho bɛyɛ mpɛn 30-40. Wɔ kyinhyia biako mu no, DNA dodow bu mmɔho abien. Mmienu bɛyɛ anan, anan bɛyɛ awotwe, awotwe bɛyɛ dunsia... Wɔ bɛyɛ kyinhyia 30 akyi no, wɔde DNA biako a edi kan no ayɛ bɛboro ɔpepepem biako .
Mprempren, saa DNA/RNA asinasin a kan no na ɛyɛ ketewaa dodo sɛ wobehu no abɛyɛ kɛse araa ma ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobehu.
So PCR nhwehwɛmu ahorow bi wɔ hɔ?
Yiw, ahorow abien titiriw na ɛsɛ sɛ yɛma yɛn ani da hɔ.
- Reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR): Mmoawa bi te sɛ Covid, influenza, ne HIV, wɔ wɔn awosu mu nsɛm wɔ RNA mu sen DNA mu. PCR a ɛyɛ daa no tumi yɛ DNA nkutoo ho mfonini. Enti, nea woyɛ wɔ RT-PCR mu ne sɛ wudi kan de enzyme soronko bi (`Reverse Transcriptase`) bedi dwuma de ‘dan’ saa RNA no ayɛ no DNA. Wɔfrɛ DNA a efi mu ba no DNA a ɛka ho (cDNA). Afei PCR nhyehyɛe a ɛfata no kɔ so.
- Real-time PCR / Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR): Eyi yɛ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri kakra. Nea ɛba wɔ eyi mu ne sɛ bere a wɔreyɛ DNA no ho mfonini no, wɔde fluorescent label bi bata ho. Bere a DNA dodow a wɔyɛ ho mfonini no kɔ soro no, saa fluorescence yi nso kɔ soro. Afiri no tumi susuw saa fluorescence yi. Enti, bere a yɛretwɛn, kyerɛ sɛ, wɔ bere ankasa mu , yebetumi ahu sɛ ebia DNA a ɛfa ho no wɔ nhwɛsode no mu anaasɛ enni hɔ. Ɛnyɛ ɛno nko, na mmom ebetumi ama wɔanya adwene a ɛyɛ mmerɛw nso wɔ mmoawa dodow a na ɛwɔ mfitiase nhwɛsode no mu (virus load). Wɔtaa de Real-time RT-PCR test a ɛka akwan abien yi nyinaa bom di dwuma de hu Covid.
Dɛn na PCR amanneɛbɔ no kyerɛ?
Ɛho hia paa sɛ wobɛte PCR amanneɛbɔ ase bere a wo nsa aka no.
- Detected / Positive: Sɛ w'amanneɛbɔ no ka sɛ "Detected" anaa "Positive" a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ na wo sample no kura virus anaa awosu mu nneɛma a na wɔrehwehwɛ no afã horow. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ebia wowɔ ɔyare no.
- Not Detected / Negative: Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔantumi anhu DNA/RNA asinasin a ɛfa ho no wɔ nhwɛsode a wɔsɔɔ hwɛe no mu. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ ɛda adi kɛse sɛ wunni saa ɔyare no.
Nanso biribi a ɛho hia paa ni. Ɛtɔ da bi a, sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ ɔyareɛ no nna a ɛdi kan no mu (titiriw ansa na sɛnkyerɛnne no ahyɛ aseɛ) a, ebia mmoawa dodoɔ a ɛwɔ wo nipadua mu no bɛsua na ebia PCR no renhunu. Enti, sɛ wunya ‘Not Detected’ aba mpo a, sɛ woda so ara wɔ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a, eye sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo bɛkasa na woadi n’afotu akyi. Ebia wɔbɛka akyerɛ wo sɛ san sɔ hwɛ bio wɔ nna kakraa bi mu.
Bere tenten a egye na wɔanya nea efi mu ba no gu ahorow gyina sɔhwɛ a wɔreyɛ no so. Anom aduru (te sɛ COVID, influenza) taa nya nea efi mu ba wɔ nnɔnhwerew 24 mu. Nanso, mogya mu nhwehwɛmu ne nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu de hwehwɛ awosu mu nyarewa betumi agye dapɛn biako anaa nea ɛboro saa.
Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa anaa nsɛm bi a ɛhaw wo wɔ PCR nhwehwɛmu anaa nea efi mu ba ho a, hwɛ hu sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo bɛkasa afa ho.
Nkrasɛm a Wɔde Kɔ Fie
- PCR nyɛ COVID ho nhwehwɛmu kɛkɛ. Ɛyɛ aduruyɛ mu sɔhwɛ a tumi wom na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ a wɔde hwehwɛ nyarewa ahorow, awosu mu nyarewa, ne tebea horow te sɛ kokoram.
- Saa mfiridwuma yi yɛ DNA anaa RNA kakraa bi pɛ a ɛwɔ nhwɛsode bi mu no ho mfonini ma ɛyɛ ɔpepem pii, na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobehu.
- Sɛ mpo PCR aba no yɛ "Not Detected" (Negative), sɛ wowɔ sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a, ɛnkyerɛ 100% sɛ wunni yare no. Eyi betumi aba saa, titiriw wɔ ɔyare mmoawa no mfiase.
- Wo duruyɛfo ne onipa a oye sen biara a obebua nsɛmmisa anaa dadwen biara a ebia wowɔ wɔ wo nhwehwɛmu aba ne w’akwahosan tebea ho, enti ntwentwɛn wo nan ase da sɛ wo ne no bɛkasa.
💬 Comments (0)
Wɔnnya nyɛɛ nsɛm biara. Fa wo nsɛm no ka ho wɔ ha nea edi kan.
Fa wo nsɛm no ka ho