Dɛn ne ELISA wɔ wo mogya ho amanneɛbɔ mu? (ELISA Test) Momma yɛnte ase tiawa

So wɔaka akyerɛ wo pɛn sɛ fa mogya ho amanneɛbɔ bra bere a wokɔɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn wɔ yare bi ho no? So nsɛm a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛwɔ so no ama w’adwene atu afra pɛn? Yɛtaa nya osuahu ahorow a ɛte sɛɛ. Ɛnnɛ, yɛrebɛka sɔhwɛ kwan bi a yehu wɔ amanneɛbɔ a ɛtete saa mu, a ebia ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea ɛyɛ den kakra, nanso ɛho hia yiye ho asɛm. Ɛno ne ELISA sɔhwɛ no.

Dɛn ne ELISA kɛkɛ?

Okay, momma yenni kan nhwɛ nea nsɛmfua anan yi ELISA kyerɛ. ELISA yɛ Enzyme- Linked I mmuno sorbent Assay asɛmfua tiawa. Sɛ wote a, ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛ hu kakra, ɛnte saa? Nanso nnsuro. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ELISA nyɛ yare. Ɛyɛ ɔkwan titiriw a wɔfa so sɔ hwɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ aduruyɛdan mu. Ɛte sɛ aduannoa ho nyansahyɛ bi.

Yebetumi de saa kwan yi ahu nneɛma nketenkete paa wɔ yɛn nipadua mu nsu mu, te sɛ mogya, nsu, ne nnompe. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔde saa kwan yi di dwuma de hu nneɛma te sɛ nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa pɔtee bi (yɛfrɛ saa nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa yi), ɔyare mmoawa no ankasa afã horow (yɛfrɛ saa nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa yi), nkwaadɔm, ne protein ahorow.

Saa kwan yi di yiye araa ma nnuruyɛfo frɛ no "Gold Standard" a wɔde yɛ immunoassays. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ na wotumi de ho to so yiye.

Susuw nyinsɛn mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ fie a wɔde hwɛ sɛ woanyinsɛn anaa no ho. Ɛno nso yɛ adwuma wɔ nnyinasosɛm a ɛne ELISA no so. Ɛhwehwɛ sɛ "nyinsɛn mu hormone" a wɔfrɛ no HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) wɔ nsu mu.

Sɛ yɛbɛte eyi ase yiye a, momma yenni kan nsua ‘Antigens’ ne ‘Antibodies’ ho ade.

Sɛ yɛbɛte ELISA kwan no ase a, ɛsɛ sɛ yehu nneɛma abien a ɛho hia yiye wɔ yɛn nipadua mu ho asɛm: Antigens ne Antibodies.

Dɛn ne Antigen?

Susuw owifo, ɔtamfo, anaa ɔhɔho bi a ɔhyɛn yɛn nipadua mu ho hwɛ. Saa ɔhɔho yi ne nea yɛfrɛ no antigen kɛkɛ . Mpɛn pii no, eyinom yɛ nneɛma a epira yɛn nipadua. Saa atamfo a wɔfrɛ wɔn antigens yi betumi aba ahorow pii.

• Mmoawa (s.e. dengue, HIV, coronavirus) .
• Mmoawa (e.g., mmoawa a wɔde typhoid, nsamanwaw ba) .
• Nwansena a wɔsɛe nnɔbae
• Nneɛma a ɛma obi ho yɛ no hyew (e.g. mfutuma, pollen, nnuan bi) .
• Protein ahorow a ɛwɔ kokoram nkwammoaa ani

Saa atamfo yi mu biara wɔ n'ankasa "identity card" soronko. Saa identity card no ne nea yɛfrɛ no antigen.

Dɛn ne Antibody?

Afei, sɛ antigen bi hyɛn yɛn nipadua mu a, yɛn nipadua no ntra hɔ kɛkɛ. Yɛwɔ asraafo dɔm a wɔyɛ adwuma yiye paa wɔ yɛn nipadua mu. Yɛfrɛ noNkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no. Yɛfrɛ asraafo titiriw a wɔwɔ asraafo yi mu no sɛ nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa .

Ade titiriw a ɛwɔ saa nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa yi mu ne sɛ yɛn nipadua no bɔ ɔsraani soronko bi (Antibody) ma ɔtow hyɛ owifo pɔtee bi so (Antigen). Sɛnea safe biako pɛ na ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛfata lock biako no.

Sɛ dengue mmoawa no hyɛn nipadua no mu a, nipadua no yɛ nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a ɛtow hyɛ dengue mmoawa no nkutoo so. Sɛ HIV mmoawa no hyɛn mu a, ɛyɛ antibody soronko bi a ɛtow hyɛ no so nkutoo. Saa nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa yi kɔ na ɛbata saa ɔtamfo (antigen) no ho na ɛde kɔ asraafo nkwammoaa afoforo mu ma wɔsɛe no.

Enti dɛn na ELISA sɔhwɛ no hwehwɛ?

ELISA tumi hu nneɛma pii. Ɛte sɛ nea wode mfiri koro redi dwuma de ayɛ nneɛma ahorow pii. Wo duruyɛfo begyina wo sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow so asi nea wobɛhwehwɛ wɔ ELISA nhwehwɛmu mu ho gyinae.

Wubetumi anya eyi ho adwene pa afi pon a ɛwɔ ase ha no so.

Wobɛyɛ dɛn yɛ ELISA sɔhwɛ no wɔ lab?

Ɔkwan a eyi fa so yɛ adwuma no yɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ kakra. Nanso mede nhwɛso a ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye bɛkyerɛkyerɛ mu akyerɛ wo. Fa no sɛ wo duruyɛfo susuw sɛ wowɔ dengue na ogye mogya fi wo hɔ de yɛ ELISA nhwehwɛmu. Nea ɛkɔ so wɔ lab no ni.

1. Ɔtamfo no a wobesiesie no: Nea edi kan no, mfiridwumayɛfo a ɔwɔ aduruyɛdan no mu no fa plastic prɛte soronko bi na ɔde dengue mmoawa no antigens bata ho. Afei yɛn "atamfo" no ayɛ krado.

2. Wo mogya a wobɛboaboa ano: Afei, wɔde wo mogya no ka prɛte yi ho. Sɛ wowɔ nnuru a ɛko tia dengue a, ɛbɛbata dengue mmoawa nketenkete a ɛwɔ prɛte no so no ho. Te sɛ magnet. Sɛ nnuru a ekum dengue nni hɔ a, biribiara renka.

3. Ahohoro: Ɛno akyi no, wɔhohoro prɛte yi yiye. Nea ɛba ne sɛ wɔhohoro nneɛma a ɛho nhia a ɛnbata mmoawa no ho nyinaa. Nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a ɛbata ho no nkutoo na ɛka.

4. "Recognizer" antibody a wode bɛka ho: Afei ɔfã a ɛho hia no ba. Wɔde nnuru foforo a ɛko tia nyarewa a wɔayɛ no titiriw wɔ aduruyɛdan mu ka eyi ho. Saa antibody yi wɔ enzyme bi a ɛbata ho. Eyi ne "Enzyme-Linked" fã a ɛwɔ din no mu. Saa antibody a ɛto so abien yi bɛbata wo antibodies a kan no na ɛbata prɛte no ho no nkutoo ho.

5. 5. .Kɔla a ɛyɛ adwuma: Awiei koraa no, wɔde nnuru bi ka eyi ho a ɛne enzyme no yɛ adwuma na ɛma kɔla bi . Afei, sɛ wowɔ dengue antibodies wɔ wo nipadua mu, na saa adeyɛ yi nyinaa asi a, saa ade no kɔla bɛsakra. Sɛ kɔla no sesa a, nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa . Sɛ kɔla biara mma a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ wunni dengue antibodies wɔ wo nipadua mu. Afei nea efi mu ba no yɛ nea enye .

Ɛdenam sɛnea kɔla yi mu yɛ den so no, wubetumi asusuw nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa dodow a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu no ho bɛyɛ sɛ.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔbɛkyerɛ nea efii ELISA sɔhwɛ no mu bae ase?

Mpɛn pii no, ELISA sɔhwɛ betumi ama wɔanya nneɛma ahorow abiɛsa.

• Nea efii mu bae pa: Eyi kyerɛ sɛ na nea na sɔhwɛ no rehwehwɛ (e.g. antibody anaa antigen) wɔ wo nhwɛsode no mu.
• Nea efii mu bae a enye: Eyi kyerɛ sɛ na nea na sɔhwɛ no rehwehwɛ no nni wo nhwɛsode no mu.
• Nea efii mu bae a ɛnteɛ: Eyi kyerɛ sɛ biribi ankɔ yiye wɔ sɔhwɛ no mu. Ebetumi ayɛ mfomso bere a wɔregye nhwɛsode anaasɛ biribi a esii wɔ lab. Sɛ eyi ba a, ɛho behia sɛ wɔsan yɛ sɔhwɛ no bio.

Sɛ nea efi mu ba no nyɛ nea ɛfata a, so ɛsɛ sɛ mehaw me ho?

Nte saa koraa. Esiane sɛ nea efi mu ba no nyɛ nea ɛfata, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ papa nti, ɛnkyerɛ sɛ akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ wowɔ yare no. Eyi te saa efisɛ ELISA sɔhwɛ ahorow no wɔ mmerɛwyɛ ketewaa bi. Ɛno ne nea ebetumi aba sɛ ɛtɔ mmere bi a wobetumi anya atoro aba.

Eyinom yɛ ahorow abien:

• Nea Efi Mu Ba a Ɛyɛ Atoro: Eyi ne bere a nhwehwɛmu no bɔ amanneɛ sɛ wowɔ yare no, ɛwom mpo sɛ wunni bi ankasa de. Saa atoro aba yi betumi afi aduruyɛ mu tebea foforo anaa ade foforo mu aba.
• False-Negative Results: Eyi ne bere a sɔhwɛ no san ba "ɛnyɛ yare" ɛwom mpo sɛ wowɔ yare no ankasa de. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu no wɔ ɔyare mmoawa bi mfiase bere a nipadua no nnya nyɛɛ nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a ɛdɔɔso a, eyi betumi aba.

Esiane eyi nti, nnuruyɛfo taa de ELISA di dwuma sɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu . Ɛne sɛ, sɛ wɔbɛtetew nnipa a ebia wɔwɔ yare no mu afi wɔn a wonni bi no ho. Sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ papa a, oduruyɛfo no bɛhyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu pɔtee foforo (te sɛ Western Blot) de si so dua .

Enti, sɛ wunya nea ɛnteɛ a, mma wo ho nnpopo. Ɛyɛ ahodwiriwde kɛse bi fã biako pɛ. Wo duruyɛfo no besusuw wo yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne, w’ayaresa ho abakɔsɛm, ne nhwehwɛmu afoforo ho ansa na wasi gyinae a etwa to. Enti, sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi a, ntwentwɛn wo nan ase sɛ wubebisa no.