Hena ne Oduruyɛfo a Ɔyɛ Oprehyɛn Kɛse? Momma yɛnka eyi ho asɛm tiawa!

Ebia woate ‘General Surgeon’ bi ho asɛm. Anaasɛ ebia woahyia w’abusuafo anaa w’adamfo no mu biako. Hena ankasa ne General Surgeon? Dɛn na ɔyɛ? Ɔkwan bɛn so na ɛsono wɔn wɔ nnuruyɛfo afoforo ho? Momma yɛnka eyinom nyinaa ho asɛm wɔ Sinhala kasa a ɛnyɛ den a wubetumi ate ase mu.

Hena ankasa ne General Surgeon?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa yɛ oduruyɛfo ne oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nso. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ obetumi ahu nyarewa, asa, na sɛ ɛho hia a, wayɛ no oprehyɛn. Ade titiriw ne sɛ ɛnyɛ nipadua no fã biako pɛ na saa nkurɔfo yi wɔ. Te sɛ yɛn abusua oduruyɛfo no ara pɛ, nanso wobetumi ayɛ oprehyɛn nso.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, nnuruyɛfo binom ho akokwaw wɔ koma (a `Cardiologist`) anaa amemene (a `Neurologist`) ho. Nanso oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa yɛ adwuma wɔ beae a ɛtrɛw koraa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wobetumi asa wo yafunu akwaa (`yafunu akwaa`), akisikuru a ɛwɔ wo nipadua no afã afoforo, anaasɛ opira pii a efi akwanhyia mu prɛko pɛ. Wɔn na wodi dwuma titiriw wɔ ɔyarefo no hwɛ ansa na wɔayɛ no oprehyɛn (`preoperative`), bere a wɔreyɛ oprehyɛn (`operative`), ne oprehyɛn akyi (`postoperative`). Wɔtaa yɛ wɔn a wɔne nnuruyɛfo ne ayarehwɛfo afoforo yɛ adwuma sɛ kuw.

Oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no nyinaa yɛ oprehyɛn titiriw 14 a Amerika Oprehyɛnfo Kuw no gye tom no mu biako.

Dɛn na oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa sa?

Madi kan aka sɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa te sɛ "abusua oduruyɛfo a obetumi nso ayɛ oprehyɛn." Enti wɔsa tebea horow a egu ahorow pii. Na, saa ayaresa ahorow no bi ne oprehyɛn ne akwan horow a wɔfa so yɛ no. Nanso, sɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa te nka sɛ wonni ahotoso koraa sɛ wɔbɛsa tebea pɔtee bi a, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ wɔde wo bɛkɔ oduruyɛfo titiriw nkyɛn. Ɛno nso yɛ wɔn asɛyɛde.

Dɛn ne tebea horow a wɔtaa sa?

Tebea horow a oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa taa sa no bi ni:

• Apirakuru a ɛyɛ hu: Fa no sɛ wɔsa opira a emu yɛ den a akwanhyia anaa asehwe de ba bere a wɔnantew kwan so no.
• Nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛnteɛ: Eyinom betumi ayɛ dɛmdi a wɔde awo obi anaa akisikuru a ɛba akyiri yi wɔ nkwa mu.
• Nufu mu kokoram: Wɔde oprehyɛn sa nufu mu kokoram a ebetumi aba mmarima ne mmea nyinaa so.
• Nyarewa a ɛwɔ GI kwan a ɛwɔ soro no mu:Ɛno kyerɛ nyarewa a ɛfa yɛn aduan, yafunu, ne yɛn dwensɔtwaa ketewa ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ nneɛma te sɛ yafunu mu yare mu yɛ den a, ebia ebehia sɛ wɔyɛ wo endoscopy anaasɛ wɔyɛ wo oprehyɛn mpo.
• Biliary tract: Nea ɛka eyi ho ne gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, ne mmerɛbo. Mpɛn pii no, oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa na ɔde oprehyɛn yi akisikuru mu abo.
• Endocrine tebea horow: Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔyɛ oprehyɛn de sa akisikuru a ɛwɔ thyroid gland anaa adrenal glands mu.
• Ntini mu tebea horow: Wɔde wɔn ho gye ntini mu haw ahorow bi nso mu.
• Yare a emu yɛ den ne yare a enni sabea: Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ oprehyɛn a ayarefo a wɔwɔ mmeae a wɔhwɛ wɔn a wɔyare denneennen hia mu, anaa nneɛma bi a wɔyɛ de tew ayarefo yaw so wɔ wɔn nkwa nna awiei mu.

Wobɛyɛ dɛn abɛyɛ Oprehyɛn Panyin?

Oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no nyinaa nyɛ akwantu a ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Nea edi kan no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ oduruyɛfo. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsua ade mfeɛ nnan wɔ aduruyɛ sukuu mu na wɔnya ``aduruyɛ ho abodin krataa``. Ɛno ansa na wofi ase tete wɔn ho ma wɔbɛyɛ oprehyɛn ho ɔbenfo.

Sɛ wɔbɛyɛ eyi a, ɛsɛ sɛ wowie oprehyɛn a wɔde bɛtra hɔ anyɛ yiye koraa no mfe anum . Wɔyɛ saa ntetee yi wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ so nkakrankakra so. Ɛne sɛ, bere a wɔawie afe biako yiye nkutoo na wɔfata sɛ wɔkɔ afe a edi hɔ no.

Bere a wɔawie ntetee yi mpo no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔda so ara twa board sɔhwɛ abien ansa na wɔabɛyɛ oprehyɛn ho oduruyɛfo a ɔwɔ adansedi krataa.

1. Nea edi kan ne sɔhwɛ a wɔde fata . Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔakyerɛw a nsɛmmisa a wɔpaw pii wom.

2. Bere a woatwa eyi mu akyi nkutoo na wobɛfata sɛ wotra ``certifying exam`` no mu . Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔde ano ka.

Bere a obi atwa sɔhwɛ abien yi nyinaa akyi nkutoo na wogye no tom sɛ "Certified General Surgeon." Enti susuw sɛnea eyi hwehwɛ ahofama ne adwumaden kɛse no ho hwɛ!

Dɛn na oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn sua ho ade wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so?

Oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa sua nneɛma atitiriw akron a ɛwɔ oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no nyinaa mu no ho ade kɔ akyiri bere a ɔretete no no. Wɔne:

• Yafunu mu ntini: Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ eyi kyerɛ yɛn aduan mu nneɛma a yɛde di dwuma no fã biara.
• Yafunu ne akyi berɛmo akwaa: Akwaa a ɛwɔ yafunu no mu, te sɛ mmerɛbo, asaabo, ne dwensɔtwaa.
• Nufu, honam ani ne ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw: Wosua nneɛma a ɛwɔ nipadua no ani nso ho ade.
• Ti ne kɔn: .Wɔsa tebea horow bi a ɛba mmeae yi nso.
• Koma ne ntini nhyehyɛe: Nimdeɛ titiriw a ɛfa koma ne mogya ntini ho.
• Endocrine system: Ntini a ɛma nkwaadɔm a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma no nhyehyɛe.
• Oprehyɛn a wɔde yɛ kokoram: Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛsa kokoram denam oprehyɛn so.
• Ahodwiriw: Nea ɛka eyi ho ne ntini ne nnompe mu opira, ti a opira, ne nsa a opira.
• Ɔhwɛ a emu yɛ den ne oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no ntɛm: Nneɛma te sɛ oprehyɛn a egye nkwa a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no ntɛm ara.

Wɔ wɔn ntetee mu no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde mfe anum mu mfe anan ne fã ne ayarefo yɛ adwuma. Na anyɛ yiye koraa no mfe abiɛsa de yɛɛ adwuma wɔ mmeae atitiriw akron a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no. Wontumi ntete wɔn ho bɛboro asram 12 wɔ oprehyɛn titiriw biako mu anaasɛ bɛboro asram 6 wɔ oprehyɛn titiriw bi a ɛnyɛ oprehyɛn mu. Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn ntetee no trɛw yiye.

Dɛn na Oduruyɛfo Panyin a ɔyɛ Oprehyɛn yɛ?

Sɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa wie ne ntetee na ɔkɔ adwuma a, oprehyɛn ne ayaresa a ɔtaa yɛ no betumi ayɛ soronko a egyina ayaresabea a ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ no so, sɛ́ ɛyɛ kurow kɛse bi mu anaa beae a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no.

Fa no sɛ, wɔ ayaresabea kɛse bi a nneɛma a ɛho hia yiye wom mu no, ebia oprehyɛn ho abenfo bi wɔ hɔ a wɔyɛ oprehyɛn pɔtee bi. Sɛ nhwɛso no, koma ho oprehyɛn betumi ayɛ koma mu oprehyɛn, na ntini mu oprehyɛn nso betumi ayɛ ntini mu oprehyɛn. Nanso, wɔ ayaresabea a nnuruyɛfo atitiriw nni hɔ saa no, ebia ɛsɛ sɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa yɛ saa nnwuma yi pii. Enti, wɔn dwumadi ho hia paa.

Dɛn ne oprehyɛn a wɔtaa yɛ?

Oprehyɛn ahorow a wubetumi ahwɛ kwan sɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa bɛyɛ daa no bi ni:

• Anti-reflux surgery (Nissen fundoplication): Oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ de siw yafunu mu acid a ɛnkɔ soro kɔ menewa mu esiane tebea horow te sɛ yafunu mu yare nti.
• Appendix removal (Appendix removal / Appendectomy): Sɛ ɔyare mmoawa (appendicitis) bi ba nipadua no fã ketewaa bi a wɔfrɛ no appendix a, wɔyɛ oprehyɛn yi fi hɔ.
• Bariatric (weight loss) surgery: Oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ de boa nnipa a wɔayɛ kɛse mmoroso kɛse ma wɔn mu duru so tew.
• Nufu mu oprehyɛn: Oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ ma nufu mu akisikuru, te sɛ nufu mu kokoram.
• Oprehyɛn a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu (Laparotomy anaa Laparoscopy): Sɛ wontumi nhu yare bi a, wobue nipadua no anaasɛ wɔde mfoninitwa afiri hyɛ mu de hwɛ mu.
• Gallbladder removal (Cholecystectomy): Akisikuru a woyi fi hɔ bere a ɔhaw ahorow te sɛ gallstones aba no.
• Oprehyɛn a wɔde siesie hernia:Hernia (dwensɔtwaa no afã horow a ɛpue fa baabi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ yafunu no fasu mu) a wosiesie.
• Prostate removal (Prostatectomy): Oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ mmarima de sa tebea horow te sɛ prostate kokoram.
• Spleen removal (Splenectomy): Ebia ɛho behia sɛ woyi spleen no esiane mogya mu nyarewa ne akwanhyia ahorow bi nti.
• Uterus removal (Hysterectomy): Oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ de sa tebea horow bi a ɛfa awotwaa ho wɔ mmea mu.

Dɛn ne akwan a wɔfa so yɛ oprehyɛn?

Mprempren, wɔatete nnuruyɛfo a wɔyɛ oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no nyinaa sɛ wɔmfa mfiridwuma a aba so foforo (`mfiridwuma-assisted operative techniques`) nyɛ adwuma. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ sɛ́ anka wɔde ntwitwiridii akɛse bedi dwuma wɔ ɔkwan dedaw no so no, wɔde ntwitwiridii nketenkete ne oprehyɛn a mfoninitwa afiri boa di dwuma. Saa akwan yi mma ɔyarefo no nhaw no pii na ebetumi aboa no nso ma ne ho atɔ no ntɛmntɛm.

Akwan abiɛsa titiriw na ɛwɔ hɔ:

1. Endoscopy a wɔde hwɛ nipadua no mu

2. Oprehyɛn a wɔde laparoscopic yɛ

3. Robot a wɔde yɛ oprehyɛn

Dɛn ne Endoscopy?

Eyi yɛ adeyɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa yiye. Endoscopy yɛ adeyɛ a ɛma oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn tumi yɛ oprehyɛn nketenkete wɔ wo nipadua mu a ontwitwa wo honam ani anaa wo ntini. Fa no sɛ, wɔde nnwinnade atenten a ɛyɛ tratraa na edi dwuma. Wɔde eyinom fa afiri tenten bi a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔfrɛ no endoscope mu. Video mfoninitwa afiri ketewaa bi wɔ saa afiri yi ano biako.

Wɔde saa `endoscope` yi fa wo menewam (`upper endoscopy`) anaa wo menewam (`colonoscopy`). Mfonini ahorow a wohu fi mfoninitwa afiri no mu no, wɔda no adi wɔ `screen` so. Oduruyɛfo no de nnwinnade nketenkete yi yɛ oprehyɛn no bere a ɔrehwɛ screen no.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, eyi yɛ nhwehwɛmu anaa oprehyɛn ketewaa bi a nea ɛka ho ne sɛ wɔde mfoninitwa afiri hyɛ nipadua no mu a wontwa ntwitwiridii kɛse biara.

Nneɛma a wɔtaa fa endoscopy so yɛ ne:

• Polyps nketewa anaa akisikuru a woyi fi hɔ (polypectomy).
• Ntini nhwɛsode a wɔfa de yɛ nhwehwɛmu (biopsy).
• Ntini a ɛyɛ den a wotwa na wogyae (`myotomy`).

Dɛn ne oprehyɛn a wɔde laparoscopic yɛ?

Oprehyɛn a wɔde laparoscopic yɛ nso yɛ oprehyɛn a wɔmfa biribiara nhyɛ mu . Wɔ eyi mu no, oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn no nam "safe tokuru" nketewa kakraa bi a wɔatwa a ne kɛse nnu nsateakwaa fã so kɔ wo yafunu mu akwaa ahorow no mu .

Wɔde afiri bi a wɔde mfoninitwa afiri ahyɛ mu a wɔfrɛ no laparoscope (a ɛno nso yɛ endoscope bi) fa ntokuru no biako mu na wɔhwɛ emu. Wɔde mfonini ahorow a efi mfoninitwa afiri no mu no kyerɛ wɔ screen so. Afei wɔde oprehyɛn nnwinnade atenten a ɛyɛ tratraa fa ntokuru afoforo mu na wɔyɛ oprehyɛn no bere a wɔrehwɛ screen no. Saa kwan yi ma ɔyarefo no ho tɔ no ntɛmntɛm na ɛmma akuru pii nkɔ so.

Oprehyɛn ahorow a nnuruyɛfo a wɔyɛ oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no nyinaa taa yɛ wɔ laparoscopic so ne:

• Appendectomy yɛ oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ ma appendicitis.
• Oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ ma akisikuru (Cholecystectomy).
• Gastric bypass oprehyɛn yɛ oprehyɛn a ɛma obi mu duru so tew.

Dɛn ne robɔt oprehyɛn?

Robotic oprehyɛn yɛ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri a wɔfa so yɛ oprehyɛn a wɔde laparoscopic yɛ. Ɛde laparoscope ne nnwinnade atenten a ɛyɛ tratraa fa safe nketewa mu di dwuma. Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ mu ne sɛ wɔde robɔt abasa na ɛyɛ nnwinnade yi ho adwuma.

Nanso eyi nkyerɛ sɛ robɔt bi ankasa bɛyɛ oprehyɛn no. Oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn no fi kɔmputa afiri bi a ɛwɔ oprehyɛn dan no mu na ɛyɛ robɔt nsa no adwuma. Eyi ma wotumi yɛ oprehyɛn a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ na ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye. Nnuruyɛfo a wɔyɛ oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no nyinaa betumi asua robɔt oprehyɛn ho ade wɔ wɔn ntetee a wɔde ma daa no mu, anaasɛ wobetumi ayɛ ntetee foforo (fellowship).

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa ne oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ daa ntam?

Eyi yɛ asɛm a nnipa pii bisa. Oduruyɛfo biara a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn yɛ oduruyɛfo. Nanso ɛnyɛ oduruyɛfo biara na ɔyɛ oprehyɛn. Nnuruyɛfo a wɔyɛ oprehyɛn yɛ nnipa a wɔyɛ nnuruyɛfo na afei wonya ntetee ne adansedi foforo de yɛ oprehyɛn. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, oprehyɛn yɛ adeyɛ a wɔyɛ wɔ obi nipadua mu te sɛ akwaa, ntini, ne nnompe, de sa opira anaa nyarewa.

General Practitioner (anaa Primary Care Physician - PCP) yɛ oduruyɛfoɔ a ɔyɛ aduruyɛ a ɛfa nnipa nyinaa ho, sene sɛ ɔbɛyɛ oduruyɛfoɔ titire. Mpɛn pii no, wɔnyɛ oprehyɛn.

Ɔkwan foforo so no, oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa yɛ oduruyɛfo a wapaw sɛ ɔbɛyɛ oprehyɛn ho ɔbenfo. Ɛnyɛ oprehyɛn titiriw biako pɛ na wɔyɛ, na mmom wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ "oprehyɛn a wɔyɛ no nyinaa" a ɛtrɛw mu.

Bere tenten ahe na egye na obi abɛyɛ Oprehyɛn Panyin?

Susuw ho hwɛ, wɔ ɔman te sɛ Amerika mu no, egye mfe anan ansa na woanya bachelor’s degree. Afei egye mfe anan bio ansa na woanya aduruyɛ ho abodin krataa. Afei egye mfe anum ansa na wɔanya oprehyɛn a wɔde bɛtra hɔ. Ɛno yɛ mfe 13! Na afei egye bere ansa na woatumi atwa saa board sɔhwɛ ahorow a madi kan aka ho asɛm no. Enti, anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ wusua ade mfe 13 ansa na woabɛyɛ oprehyɛn ho ɔbenfo. So ɛno nyɛ bɔhyɛ kɛse?

Nsonsonoe bɛn na ɛda Oduruyɛfo a Ɔyɛ Oprehyɛn Kɛse ne Mmofra Oprehyɛn ntam?

Eyi nso yɛ asɛm a ɛho hia. Mmofra oprehyɛn ho oduruyɛfo biara yɛ oprehyɛn a ɔyɛ obiara. Nanso ɛnyɛ oduruyɛfo biara a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn wɔ mmofra oprehyɛn mu.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, mmofra oprehyɛn yɛ obi a watete ne ho sɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa na afei wanya ntetee titiriw foforo de asa mmofra yare. Ɛte sɛ mmofra oduruyɛfo, nanso oduruyɛfo yi nso betumi ayɛ oprehyɛn.

Oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa te sɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ daa a ɔwɔ tumi foforo. Saa tumi no ne tumi a wotumi sa nyarewa ahorow wɔ oprehyɛn dan mu.

Egye ntetee, nimdeɛ, ne ahokokwaw pii na obi abɛyɛ obi a ɔte sɛ eyi. Nanso ɛyɛ adwuma a ɛma abotɔyam kɛse. Efisɛ nna abien biara nni hɔ a ɛyɛ pɛ. Nsɛnnennen foforo, osuahu foforo wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa.

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae (Take-Home Message) .

Okay, enti misusuw sɛ seesei wowɔ adwene pa wɔ oprehyɛn ho ɔbenfo panyin bi ho.

• Oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa yɛ oduruyɛfo a ne ho akokwaw a wɔatete no sɛ ɔnyɛ oprehyɛn ahorow pii. Ɛnyɛ nipadua no fã biako pɛ na wɔyɛ.
• Wɔsa nneɛma pii, te sɛ yafunu mu haw, akwanhyia, nufu mu akisikuru, ne akisikuru.
• Wɔhwɛ ɔyarefo no ansa na wɔayɛ no oprehyɛn, bere a wɔreyɛ no, ne bere a wɔayɛ no oprehyɛn akyi.
• Wobetumi de akwan foforo te sɛ `Endoscopy` ne `Laparoscopy` ayɛ oprehyɛn, denam ntwitwiridii kakraa bi so.
• Sɛ́ obi bɛyɛ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa no gye nhomasua ne ntetee a ɛkɔ akyiri.
• Sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ wo oprehyɛn a, ebia wo duruyɛfo de wo bɛkɔ oduruyɛfo a ɔyɛ oprehyɛn nyinaa nkyɛn. Mma ɛnhaw wo, wɔwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛboa wo.

Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa foforo biara a, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nkasa. Kɔ so nya apɔwmuden!

` Oprehyɛn, General Surgeon, oprehyɛn, oprehyɛn, ayaresa, diagnosis, General Surgeon