Momma yensua immunophenotyping sɔhwɛ a ɛboa ma wohu kokoram nkwammoaa no ho ade kɛkɛ.

Ebia wontee asɛmfua `(Immunophenotyping)` ho asɛm da. Nanso eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛho hia yiye, titiriw wɔ nyarewa bi a wohu mu, sɛ nhwɛso no, mogya mu kokoram, mogya mu kokoram, ne kokoram afoforo. Enti, ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka sɔhwɛ yi ho asɛm wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den so, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobɛte ase yiye.

Dɛn ne Immunophenotyping? Momma yɛnte ase tiawa.

Okay, afei momma yɛnhwɛ nea saa asɛmfua `(Immunophenotyping)` yi kyerɛ. Ɛwom sɛ eyi te sɛ nyansahu mu asɛmfua kakra de, nanso nokwarem no, asɛm no yɛ mmerɛw yiye.

Asɛmfua ‘Immuno’ kyerɛ biribi a ɛfa yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa ho . Wɔ sɔhwɛ yi mu no, ɔyare ho ɔbenfo (oduruyɛfo a ne ho akokwaw wɔ nyarewa a wohu na ɔsa mu) de protein foforo a wɔfrɛ no ‘antibody’ a efi yɛn ankasa nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa mu di dwuma de hwehwɛ protein pɔtee bi a wɔfrɛ no ‘antigens’ wɔ yɛn nkwammoaa mu. Susuw saa ‘nkwaboaa a ɛko tia nyarewa’ yi ho sɛ safe, ne ‘antigens’ sɛ aponkɛse. Te sɛ lock a ɛfata safe biara no, ‘antibody’ pɔtee bi bɛbata ‘antigen’ pɔtee bi nkutoo ho. Ɔkwan foforo so no, awarefo bi a ɛne ne ho hyia wɔ abien no ntam.

Asɛmfua ‘phenotype’ kyerɛ su ahorow a wotumi hu wɔ akyi . Enti, sɛ saa `(antibody)` no kyekyere `(antigen)` a ɛfa ho no a, ɔyare ho ɔbenfo no nim sɛ ebia saa nkwammoaa no wɔ saa `(antigen)` no anaasɛ enni hɔ a egyina nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛda no adi so.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, saa `(Immunophenotyping)` sɔhwɛ yi hwɛ saa `(antigens)` agyiraehyɛde ahorow yi a ɛwɔ yɛn nkwammoaa no ani na ehu sɛ ebia saa nkwammoaa no yɛ nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden anaasɛ kokoram. Afei nso, saa `(antigens)` yi tumi kyerɛ kokoram nkwammoaa ko a ɛyɛ.

Bere bɛn na wɔyɛ saa (Immunophenotyping) sɔhwɛ yi?

Tebea horow pii wɔ hɔ a ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛkamfo nhwehwɛmu yi akyerɛ.

Fa no sɛ w’adamfo bi, momma yɛnka sɛ Nimal, ate nka sɛ wabrɛ kɛse na wayɛ mmerɛw nna kakraa bi ni. Bere a oduruyɛfo no yɛɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu (``Complete Blood Count'', anaa ``CBC'') no, ohui sɛ ne mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa dodow no dɔɔso wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so. Afei ebia oduruyɛfo no besusuw sɛ eyi betumi ayɛ mogya mu kokoram. Ɛno na ɔbɛkamfo akyerɛ sɛ yɛ saa ``Immunophenotyping'' sɔhwɛ yi na woahu pii afa nea ɛrekɔ so ankasa ho.

Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ:

• Sɛ nea efi mogya dodow a edi mũ mu ba (`(CBC)`) kyerɛ sɛ wo mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa dodow no dɔɔso wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so a.
• Sɛ wosusuw sɛ mogya mu kokoram ahorow bi wɔ hɔ, sɛ nhwɛso no, mogya mu kokoram anaa mogya mu kokoram a, eyi betumi aboa ma wɔabɛn nea wɔahu no kakra.

Bio nso, nhwehwɛmufoɔ nso de saa kwan yi a ɛne ``Immunophenotyping'' redi dwuma de asua sɛdeɛ kokoram nkwammoaa yɛ wɔn ade wɔ ``antigen'' agyiraeɛhyɛdeɛ pɔtee bi ho, titire ``immunotherapy''.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na sɔhwɛ yi yɛ adwuma?

Saa `(Immunophenotyping)` sɔhwɛ yi mu dodow no ara kɔ so wɔ lab, bere a wɔagye ntini anaa nsu nhwɛsode afi wo hɔ akyi. Sɛ yɛbɛka no katee a, nea ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ ara ne sɛ wode nhwɛsode no bɛma, na abenfo a wɔwɔ lab no na wɔbɛyɛ nea aka no.

Nnuruyɛfo dodow no ara de lab kwan bi a wɔfrɛ no ``Flow Cytometry'' di dwuma de yɛ saa sɔhwɛ yi. Bio nso, ɛtɔ da bi a wɔde ɔkwan bi a wɔfrɛ no ``Immunohistochemistry - IHC'' nso di dwuma. Momma yɛnhwɛ eyinom abien no nyinaa.

Akwan titiriw abien na ɛwɔ hɔ...

(Flow Cytometry) kwan (ɔkwan a wɔtaa de di dwuma) .

Sɛ wode saa kwan yi di dwuma a, wubetumi ahwehwɛ mogya akɛse anaa mogya nkwammoaa a wogye fii ntini ahorow mu no mu. Sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma ni:

• Nhwɛsode no a wɔbɛboaboa ano: Mpɛn pii no, eyi hwehwɛ sɛ wogye nnompe mu ntini bi fi nnompe mu ntini mu nhwehwɛmu, anaa mogya kakraa bi mu. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wobetumi agye nhwɛsode no afi akyi berɛmo mu nsu anaa nsu a ɛwɔ yafunu no mu.
• Nhwɛsoɔ no a wɔbɛkora so: Lab adwumayɛfoɔ no siesie nhwɛsoɔ no ma ``Immunophenotyping'' sɔhwɛ no. Wɔde nneɛma bi ka ho na amma nkwammoaa no anwu.
• Adding (Antibody): Afei, wɔde ``antibodies`` a wɔayɛ sɛ ɛbɛkyekyere ``antigen`` a wɔpɛ sɛ wohu no ka ho. Saa ``antibody`` yi bata ``fluorescent compound`` anaa ``immunofluorescence marker`` ho. Esiane saa agyiraehyɛde yi nti, sɛ ``antibody`` no kyekyere ``antigen`` no a, nkwammoaa no ma hann ba.
• Dwumadie (Flow Cytometry): Afei wɔde nhwɛsoɔ a wɔde saa `(antibodies)` no asiesie no gu afiri bi a wɔfrɛ no `(Flow Cytometer)` mu. Saa afiri yi wɔ sensor soronko (`detectors`), a ebetumi ahu hann a efi saa `(immunofluorescence marker)` no mu ba. Enti, saa `(Flow Cytometer)` yi susuw nkwammoaa dodow a ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔakyekyere `(antigen-antibody)` (i.e. emit light).

(Immunohistochemistry - IHC) kwan a wɔfa so yɛ ade

Immunohistochemistry yɛ ɔkwan a etumi hu sɛ antigens pɔtee bi wɔ ntini nhwɛsode bi mu. Anamɔn a wɔfa so yɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ lab no te sɛ nea ɛwɔ flow cytometry mu no ara pɛ. Nsonsonoe titiriw ne sɛ wɔ IHC mu no, wɔde enzyme bi ka nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa no ho sen sɛ wɔde aduru a ɛma hann bɛka ho. Saa enzyme yi de kɔla pɔtee bi ma nkwammoaa no fĩ sɛ antigen no wɔ hɔ a. Sɛ ɔyare ho ɔbenfo no hu nkekae bi wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete mu a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ nkwammoaa no kura antigen no.

Dɛn ne anohyeto ahorow a ɛwɔ saa (Immunophenotyping) sɔhwɛ yi mu?

Nea enye koraa ne sɛ ɛnyɛ lab biara a ɛyɛ sɔhwɛ yi na ɛwɔ ``standard procedures .'' Enti, ɛtɔ mmere bi a nsakrae kakraa bi betumi aba nea efi mu ba no mu.

Nanso ade biako na ɛsɛ sɛ wokae. Nnuruyɛfo nnyina saa `(Immunophenotyping)` aba yi nkutoo so nhu yare bi. Wɔde toto nneɛma afoforo pii te sɛ wo yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne ne nea efi sɔhwɛ afoforo mu ba ho de du asɛm bi ho. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ nhwehwɛmu yi nkutoo nkyerɛ wo sɛ wowɔ kokoram. Ɛyɛ mfonini kɛse biako pɛ, fibea biako pɛ a ebetumi aboa wo ma woasua w’akwahosan ho ade pii.

Nea afi mu aba no te dɛn? Dɛn na wɔka kyerɛ yɛn?

Wo duruyɛfo no begyina ɔyare ho ɔbenfo no nhwehwɛmu so akyerɛkyerɛ nea nea efi mu ba no kyerɛ mu akyerɛ wo. Nea efi ``Immunophenotyping'' sɔhwɛ mu ba no nyɛ ``papa'' anaa ``bɔne'' kɛkɛ. Egye ɔyaresafo a wɔatete no na wate ``data'' a ``Flow Cytometer'' de aba fa nhwɛsode no ho ase na wakyerɛ nea ɛka no ase pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Ofi saa data yi mu hwehwɛ nneɛma te sɛ:

• Dɛn ne `mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa no su`?
• Nkɔso fã bɛn na wɔwɔ?
• Nkwammoaa dodow ahe na ɛwɔ antigen a worehwehwɛ no?

Nyarewa ho ɔbenfo no de nsɛm a efi wo nhwɛsode no mu no toto nsɛm a efi nnipa a wɔwɔ apɔwmuden a wonni kokoram hɔ, ne nsɛm a efi nnipa a wɔwɔ mogya mu kokoram anaa lymphoma pɔtee bi hɔ ho. Ɔde saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi ne nea efi nhwehwɛmu afoforo mu ba di dwuma de kyerɛ sɛnea ɛda adi sɛ wubenya kokoram a wɔreka ho asɛm no.

Bere bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mefrɛ me duruyɛfo?

Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa anaa nsɛm bi a ɛhaw wo wɔ nea afi mu aba anaa nea ɛkyerɛ ho a, hwɛ hu sɛ wobɛfrɛ wo duruyɛfo . Immunophenotyping yɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛyɛ den a wɔyɛ wɔ aduruyɛdan mu a ɛhwɛ nkwammoaa su. Nanso wo duruyɛfo betumi de nsɛm a ɛnyɛ den akyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea ɛka w’akwahosan mu.

Ebia woante ɛyaw biara, na ɛyɛɛ wo nwonwa sɛ wuhui sɛ wo mogya mu nkwammoaa fitaa no dɔɔso wɔ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no daa (``CBC'') mu. Anaasɛ ebia wo ho nyɛ wo den bere tiaa bi. Nanso, saa ``CBC'' aba no yɛ anammɔn a edi kan ara kwa a ɛbɛma woahu nea ɛrekɔ so, enti ɛsɛ sɛ wotɔ wo bo ase.

W’akwahosan ho nsɛm a ɛho hia pii wɔ wo nkwammoaa mu. Immunophenotyping yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛhwɛ wo nkwammoaa na ɛka w’akwahosan ho asɛm kyerɛ wo. Wɔ mmere te sɛ eyinom mu no, nea ebefi mu aba a wɔbɛtwɛn no betumi ayɛ hu ankasa na ama obi ayɛ basaa. Sɛ wuhia nkate fam mmoa a, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nka ho asɛm. Afei nso, sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi fa sɔhwɛ no mu aba ho a, ntwentwɛn wo nan ase sɛ wubebisa.

Nneɛma a ɛho hia paa a ɛsɛ sɛ yesua fi eyi mu

Okay, enti momma yɛnbɔ nneɛma a ɛho hia paa a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae wɔ saa `(Immunophenotyping)` sɔhwɛ a yɛkaa ho asɛm nnɛ yi ho no mua.

• Eyi yɛ lab sɔhwɛ titiriw bi. Ɛboa titiriw ma wohu kokoram ahorow te sɛ mogya mu kokoram ne lymphoma.
• Wɔnam protein soronko a wɔfrɛ no ``antigens'' a wohu wɔ yɛn nkwammoaa no ani so na ɛyɛ eyi.
• Akwan mmienu a wɔtaa fa so yɛ adwuma ne ``Flow cytometry'' ne ``Immunohistochemistry - IHC''.
• Nea efi mu ba no yɛ nea emu yɛ den kakra, enti ɔyare ho ɔbenfo bi hwehwɛ mu.
• Ma eyi ntra w’adwenem: Obiara ntumi nka nkyerɛ wo sɛ wowɔ kokoram denam nhwehwɛmu yi mu aba a ɔbɛhwɛ kɛkɛ so. Ɛyɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so hwehwɛ yare no fã biako pɛ.
• Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa bi fa nea ebefi mu aba ho a, nsuro sɛ wubebisa wo duruyɛfo. Wɔwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛboa wo.

` Immunophenotyping, kokoram, mogya mu kokoram, lymphoma, mogya mu nhwehwɛmu, nkwammoaa, antigens