So wo ba kɔ so yɛ nneɛma koro no ara? Momma yensua (Stereotypic Movement Disorder) ho ade!

Ebia woahu mmofra nkumaa, ebia w’ankasa wo ba, sɛ wɔrebɔ wɔn nsa, wɔrewosow wɔn ti, anaasɛ wɔrewosow wɔn nipadua saa ara. So eyinom yɛ agode ara kwa, anaasɛ ɛyɛ biribi a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛdwen ho ho sɛnkyerɛnne? Ɛnnɛ yɛbɛka saa kankyee a wɔtaa yɛ yi ho asɛm, titiriw tebea bi a wɔfrɛ no Stereotypic Movement Disorder (SMD) . Mma ɛnhaw wo, yɛbɛka eyi ho asɛm wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnyɛ den so a wubetumi ate ase.

Dɛn ne `(Stereotypic Movement Disorder)`?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, Stereotypic Movement Disorder yɛ tebea a abofra yɛ kankyee mpɛn pii, mpɛn pii a onni atirimpɔw biara a emu da hɔ . Susuw ti a wobɛbɔ, nipadua a wobɛwosow, ne nea ɛkeka ho ho Saa kankyee ahorow yi betumi asiw abofra dwumadi ahorow a ɔtaa yɛ no kwan na ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi apira nipadua no.

Sɛnea akwankyerɛ a nnuruyɛfo de hwehwɛ saa tebea yi, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) kyerɛ no, wɔfrɛ saa kankyee ahorow yi "SMD" sɛ wontumi mfa aduruyɛ tebea anaa nnuru foforo nkyerɛkyerɛ mu a.

Saa tebea yi taa fi ase ansa na wadi mfe 3 , na ɛtɔ mmere bi a ebetumi atra hɔ akosi mpanyin afe so.

Dɛn na `(Motor Stereotypies)` kyerɛ? So eyi yɛ soronko wɔ `(SMD)` ho?

Yiw, nsonsonoe kakra da abien no ntam. Ansa na yɛbɛduru `(SMD)` so no, momma yɛnte deɛ `(Motor Stereotypies)` kyerɛ ase. `(Motor Stereotypies)` kyerɛ saa kankyee no, kyerɛ sɛ, sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no. `(Stereotypic Movement Disorder)` kyerɛ saa tebea no, kyerɛ sɛ, yare no.

Nnuruyɛfo kyekyɛ ``Motor Stereotypies`` mu abien:

• Motor Stereotypies a Ɛnyɛ Den: Eyinom abu so kɛse. Wotumi hu wɔ mmofra nkumaa ne mpanyimfo nso mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nsateaa a wɔnom, nan a wɔde bɔ, ti nhwi a wɔde twitwiw, ne nnadewa a wɔde ka. Mpɛn pii no, saa kankyee a ɛnyɛ den yi nsiw da biara da dwumadi ahorow kwan anaasɛ ɛde ahoyeraw kɛse mma. Eyinom nyɛ nneɛma a yɛyɛ bere a yɛyɛ mmofra nko, na mmom ɛtɔ mmere bi mpo a bere a yɛrenyin no.

• Motor Stereotypies a Ɛyɛ Den: Eyinom yɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ den, a wɔtaa yɛ no mpɛn pii. Sɛ nhwɛso no, nsa a wɔbɔ, nipadua a ɛwosow, ne ano ne anim a wɔsan yɛ no mpɛn pii. Saa kankyee a ɛyɛ den yi taa fi ase ansa na wadi mfe 3 , ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛkɔ so kosi mmerantebere ne mmabaabere mu, na ebetumi akɔ so akosi mpanyin afe so. Wobetumi atwitware da biara da dwumadi ahorow mu na ebetumi asɛe nipadua no. Wɔtaa hu saa motor stereotypes a ɛyɛ den yi wɔ SMD mu.

Afei, wɔakyekyɛ saa ``Motor Stereotypies'' ahorow abien yi mu bio ayɛ no ahorow abien:

• Primary Motor Stereotypies: Eyinom ba a biribiara nni hɔ a ɛde ba, kyerɛ sɛ, enni ntini mu nkɔso mu ɔhaw foforo biara.

• Motor a Ɛto so Abien Stereotypies:Eyinom betumi aba sɛ aduruyɛ mu tebea foforo bi fã. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, abofra a ɔwɔ tebea bi a wɔfrɛ no ``Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)`` anaa ``Developmental Delay`` betumi anya saa kankyee yi.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, sɛ abofra a ɔwɔ `(ASD)` yɛ saa kankyee yi a, nnuruyɛfo bu no sɛ ɛyɛ `(ASD)` ankasa fã. Ebinom nso frɛ no `(stimming)`. Sɛ wɔbɛfrɛ no `(SMD)` a, ɛrentumi nyɛ ade foforo biara a ɛda adi pefee (aduruyɛ tebea foforo) a ɛde saa kankyee ahorow yi ba.

Stereotypic Movement Disorder abu so dɛn?

Nhwehwɛmufo nnim sɛnea SMD abu so ankasa, nanso mpɛn pii no wobu no sɛ ɛyɛ tebea a ɛntaa nsi . Nanso, nsɛm bi wɔ hɔ a ɛfa Motor Stereotypies ho.

Motor Stereotypies a ɛyɛ den ho yɛ na. Nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ ɛka mmofra 3% kosi 4%. Nanso, dodow yi dɔɔso wɔ mmofra a wɔwɔ ayaresa tebea horow bi mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, mmofra a wɔn nkɔso ayɛ basaa no mu 61% ne mmofra a wɔwɔ autism spectrum disorder (ASD) no mu 88% betumi anya saa kankyee a ɛyɛ den yi.

Nanso, motor stereotypes a ɛnyɛ den abu so kɛse. Wobetumi aka mmofra a wɔrenyin sɛnea ɛsɛ no mu 20% kosi 70% . Eyi kyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ hu sɛnea ebia wubesusuw no.

Dɛn ne `(Stereotypic Movement Disorder)` ho sɛnkyerɛnne?

Abofra a ɔwɔ SMD betumi anya nipadua mu ntini ho adwene a ɛnteɛ a esiw da biara da dwumadi ahorow kwan anaasɛ ɛde nipadua mu opira ba. Nhwɛso ahorow bi ne:

• Nsa a wɔbɔ
• Nipadua a ɛwosow
• Ti a wɔbɔ
• Nsateaa anaa nsa a wɔde kɔ so kankan
• Ano ne anim a wɔde keka wɔn ho koro no ara a wɔyɛ (orofacial movements) .
• Wo ho a wobɛbɔ, wo ho a wobɛbɔ, wo ho a wobɛka.
• Nnadewa a ɛyɛ den a ɛka obi

Saa nneyɛe yi taa ba wɔ mmere te sɛ eyinom mu:

• Bere a adwennwen kɔ soro no
• Bere a dadwen ba a
• Bere a w’ani agye yiye (anigye) .
• Bere a wode w’adwene asi biribi so kɛse (focused concentration) .
• Bere a wote nka sɛ woafono wo `(boredom)`

Nanso, sɛ wɔdan adwene a, mpɛn pii no, saa nneyɛe yi so tew anaasɛ ɛyera.

Mmofra a wɔwɔ SMD taa ka sɛ wɔte anigye nka na "okay" bere a wɔyɛ saa kankyee ahorow yi. Eyi yɛ soronko wɔ tebea te sɛ Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) ho. Wɔ OCD mu no, wɔyɛ kankyee no de twetwe wɔn adwene fi nsusuwii a ɛhaw adwene so. Nanso, sɛ wobɔ mmɔden sɛ wubesiw abofra a ɔwɔ SMD kwan sɛ ɔnyɛ saa kankyee ahorow yi a, ebia ne bo befuw, n’abam abu, anaasɛ n’abam abu .

Dɛn ne nneɛma a ɛde `(Stereotypic Movement Disorder)` ba?

Nhwehwɛmufo nnya nhuu nea ɛde Stereotypic Movement Disorder ba ankasa. Saa kankyee a wɔtaa yɛ yi ne ntini mu yare foforo biara anaa ntini mu nkɔso mu ɔhaw biara nni abusuabɔ.

Nanso mpɛn pii no, nhwehwɛmufo susuw sɛ saa ``Motor Stereotypies`` yi betumi afi nsakrae a ɛba wɔ nnuru bi a ɛkari pɛ wɔ amemene no mu, a yɛfrɛ no ``neurotransmitters``, sɛ nhwɛso no ``dopamine``, ``acetylcholine`` ne ``GABA`` .

Ɛte sɛ nea awosu mu abusuabɔ bi wɔ `(Motor Stereotypies)` a ɛyɛ den no ho. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ abofra a ɔwɔ saa kankyee ahorow yi taa nya abusua muni bi a ɔbɛn no (onua, onuawa, anaa ɔwofo) a ɔwɔ tebea no. Nanso, wonnya nhuu awosu mu abɔde pɔtee biara.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wobehu `(Stereotypic Movement Disorder)`?

Sɛ oduruyɛfo betumi ahu sɛ wo ba no anya Stereotypic Movement Disorder (SMD) a, ɛsɛ sɛ wudi tebea horow yi nyinaa ho dwuma :

• Anyɛ yiye koraa no ɛsɛ sɛ saa nneɛma a wɔyɛ no mpɛn pii yi di adapɛn anan .
• Ɛsɛ sɛ saa kankyee ahorow yi siw abofra no fekubɔ, sukuu dwumadi, ne da biara da dwumadi ahorow kwan, anyɛ saa a ɛsɛ sɛ abofra no pira ne ho.
• Aduruyɛ mu ntease foforo biara ntumi mma saa kankyee ahorow yi.

Nea edi kan no, wo ba no oduruyɛfo bɛyɛ nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu na wabisa wo wo ba no aduruyɛ ho abakɔsɛm. Wobebisa wo ba no yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne nso, sɛ nhwɛso no:

• Bere bɛn na saa kuw yi fii ase?
• Mpɛn ahe na saa nneɛma yi sisi?
• So tebea horow anaa nneɛma bi a atwa yɛn ho ahyia nti na eyinom kɔ soro?
• Eyinom ka abofra no da biara da dwumadi dɛn?

Ɛho hia nso sɛ woyi tebea afoforo a ɛtaa ba a ebetumi de saa nipadua no mu ntini a ɛyɛ den yi te sɛ Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) afi hɔ. Ebia eyi bɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu ne sɔhwɛ ahorow.

Ebia wo ba no duruyɛfo nso bɛkamfo akyerɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ nhwehwɛmu bi te sɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu, na ama wɔahu sɛ ebia honam fam biribi a ɛde saa kankyee yi ba anaa.

Dɛn ne ayaresa ahorow a wɔde sa `(Stereotypic Movement Disorder)`?

Mpɛn pii no, ɛho nhia sɛ wɔde ayaresa pɔtee biara ma Stereotypic Movement Disorder. Nanso, sɛ wo ba hia mmoa a ɔde bɛtew saa kankyee yi so, anaasɛ sɛ ɔrepira wɔn ho esiane saa nneyɛe yi nti a, nneyɛe ho ayaresa a wɔfrɛ no Habit Reversal Training (HRT) betumi atu mpɔn kɛse. Eyi betumi aboa ma wɔatew sɛnea kankyee no mu yɛ den ne mpɛn dodow a ɛba no so.

Wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfrɛ no `(HRT)` mu no, wɔtete abofra no ma onhu nsɛnkyerɛnne no bere a saa kankyee ahorow yi reyɛ afi ase no na ɔnyɛ nneyɛe afoforo mmom. Abofra no sua sɛnea ɔde saa akwan yi bedi ne nneyɛe so. Wɔ adesuadan mu ne fie no, wo ne abofra no kyerɛkyerɛfo betumi agyae saa nneyɛe yi na woatwetwe abofra no adwene bere a wuhu ara pɛ.

Sɛ wo ba no repira ne ho (sɛ nhwɛso no, ɔrebɔ ne ti anaasɛ ɔrebɔ ne ho) esiane saa ``Motor Stereotypies'' yi nti a, ebia ɛho behia sɛ wɔyɛ nneɛma titiriw bi de bɔ ne ho ban. Ebia eyi bɛka ho ne sɛ wɔbɛma wɔhyɛ ``dade kyɛw'' anaasɛ wɔbɛhyɛ nsateaa de atew picking so. Wubetumi abisa wo ba oduruyɛfo anaa ``Adwuma mu Ɔyaresafo'' afotu wɔ akwan pɔtee a ɛfata wo ba no nneyɛe ho.

Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ nnuru bi betumi aboa ma wɔadi mmofra a wɔwɔ autism ne ntini mu nkɔso mu haw afoforo a ɛyɛ den so. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nnuru yi boa ma obi nya Stereotypic Movement Disorder.

Sɛ me ba wɔ `(Stereotypic Movement Disorder)` a, dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mehwɛ kwan?

`(SMD)` nneyɛeɛ taa tumi kɔ so kɔ mmabunbere ne mpanyin afe so. Kae sɛ, bere tenten a abofra no mpira ne ho no, saa nneyɛe yi nyɛ nea epira. Ebetumi aba sɛ eyi yɛ wɔn ankasa kwan a wɔfa so di wiase no ho dwuma ara kwa. Yiw, ebia ɛbɛyɛ soronko wɔ afoforo ho. Nanso ɛnyɛ ‘mfomso’.

Sɛ wo ba hia mmoa wɔ saa kankyee ahorow yi ho a, kɔ wɔn duruyɛfo anaa adwumayɛ ho ɔyaresafo nkyɛn. Sɛ woma wo ba no ka kakra wɔ gyinaesi ahorow a ɛfa ne hwɛ ho a, ebetumi aboa no ma wate nka sɛ ɔwɔ ne nipadua so tumi na ebetumi anya n’adwene mu akwahosan so nkɛntɛnso pa.

Nsɛm bɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mibisa me ba oduruyɛfo?

Sɛ wo ba no wɔ Stereotypic Movement Disorder a, ebia ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ wubebisa oduruyɛfo no nsɛm te sɛ eyinom:

• "Dɛn nti na, Oduruyɛfo/Miss, me ba no wɔ saa `(Stereotypic Movement Disorder)` yi?"
• "Yɛbɛyɛ dɛn ahu no yiye sɛ me ba no wɔ eyi na ɛnyɛ yare foforo?"
• "So sɛnkyerɛnne afoforo bi wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ mehwɛ yiye?"
• "Mɛyɛ dɛn aboa me ba a ɔwɔ Stereotypic Movement Disorder?"
• "Aduruyɛfo titiriw bɛn na wobetumi aboa me ba?"

So wobetumi asiw Stereotypic Movement Disorder ano?

Esiane sɛ wonnim nea ɛde Stereotypic Movement Disorder ba ankasa nti, wontumi nsiw ano.

Sɛ́ ɔwofo no, ɛyɛ ade a ɛfata sɛ wobɛte dadwen nka bere a wuhu nsakrae ketewaa bi mpo wɔ wo ba nneyɛe mu no. ‘SMD’ titiriw yɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so kyekyɛ nneɛma a wɔyɛ no mpɛn pii, a atirimpɔw biara nnim te sɛ eyi mu ara kwa. Ebia wo ba no behia mmoa wɔ eyi mu anaasɛ ɔrenhia. Nanso, nea ehia paa ne sɛ wobɛboa wo ba. Wubetumi nso anya mmoa afi wo ba no oduruyɛfo hɔ. Nsuro sɛ wobɛbisa nsɛm na woaka w’adwene. Wɔwɔ hɔ sɛ wɔbɛboa wo.

Nneɛma a ɛho hia sen biara a ɛsɛ sɛ wokae (Take-Home Message) .

Okay, enti nneɛma a ɛho hia paa a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛma ɛtra yɛn adwenem fi nea yɛaka ho asɛm no mu ni:

• Stereotypic Movement Disorder (SMD) yɛ tebea a ɛma obi ho yɛ hyew mpɛn pii a ɛkɔ so wɔ ɔkwan koro no ara so a atirimpɔw biara nni ho.
• Ɛnyɛ saa kankabi ahorow yi nyinaa na ɛyɛ aniberesɛm. ``Motor stereotypies`` a ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye no abu so.
• Sɛ saa nkankyee yi siw abofra no da biara da asetra kwan, sɛ epira wɔn ho, anaasɛ sɛ abofra no rehu amane wɔ eyi ho a, hwehwɛ aduruyɛ mu afotu.
• Suban ho ayaresa te sɛ ``Habit Reversal Training (HRT)`` betumi aboa ma wɔadi saa tebea yi so.
• Nea ɛho hia sen biara ne sɛ wobɛte abofra no ase, ama no ɔdɔ ne mmoa, na woagye saa kankyee ahorow yi atom sɛ ne fã.

Sɛ wowɔ nsɛmmisa foforo bi fa eyi ho a, ntwentwɛn wo nan ase sɛ wo ne w’abusua oduruyɛfo anaa mmofra oduruyɛfo bɛkasa.

` Stereotypic Movement Disorder, kankyee a wɔtaa yɛ, motor stereotypies, autism, ASD, suban mu haw, mmofra adwenemyare, wɔn ho a wɔpira