Menene ƙwayoyin cuta? Bari mu ƙara koyo game da waɗannan ƙananan halittu!

Shin kun san cewa akwai miliyoyin ƙananan halittu a kewaye da mu, da kuma cikin jikinmu, waɗanda ba za mu iya gani ba? Wannan shine abin da ƙwayoyin cuta suke. Wasu suna da kyau, wasu kuma suna da ɗan rashin kunya, wanda ke nufin suna iya haifar da cututtuka. Bari mu yi magana game da duk waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta dalla-dalla a yau, ko?

A taƙaice dai, ƙwayoyin cuta ƙananan halittu ne masu ƙwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya. Muna kiran ƙwayar cuta ɗaya 'bacterium'. Akwai miliyoyin, har ma da biliyoyin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban a ko'ina cikin duniya, har ma a jikinka. Suna kan fatarka, a hancinka, a bakinka, da kuma a tsarin narkewar abinci, tsarin haihuwa, da kuma hanyar fitsarinka. Ka yi tunani kawai, masana kimiyya sun ce akwai ƙwayoyin cuta sau goma fiye da ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam a jikinmu! Shin hakan ba abin mamaki ba ne?

Menene amfanin ƙwayoyin cuta a gare mu?

Ba dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta ba ne marasa kyau. Wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da matuƙar amfani a gare mu. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu taimako galibi ana samun su a fatarmu da kuma cikin hanjinmu, wanda shine tsarin narkewar abinci. Muna kiransu ƙwayoyin cuta masu zama a cikinmu, ko 'flora mai zama a cikinmu', ko kuma 'microbiome' ɗinmu. Wannan ita ce al'ummar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke rayuwa a cikin jikinka da kuma a jikinka. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu kyau a cikin hanji suna taimaka mana mu sha abubuwan gina jiki , mu narke abinci , da kuma dakatar da girman ƙwayoyin cuta marasa kyau. Suna kama da abokanmu na kud da kud.

Mene ne haɗarin ƙwayoyin cuta?

Duk da cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da lahani, wasu nau'ikan na iya sa ka rashin lafiya. Muna kiran waɗannan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta 'cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta '. Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ne da ke iya haifar da cututtuka. Suna iya haɓɓaka da sauri a jikinka kuma suna samar da guba . A lokacin ne kamuwa da cuta ke faruwa.

Ga wasu misalan ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa:

• Streptococcus : Kwayar cuta ce da ke haifar da cututtukan makogwaro, wato, ciwon makogwaro.
• Staphylococcus : Bakteriya ce da ke haifar da kamuwa da cutar staph a fata.
• Escherichia coli : Kwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da kamuwa da cutar E. coli.

Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna da alhakin gubar jini, wata cuta da ake kira "septicemia." Wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙwayoyin cuta suka shiga jinin jikinka. Kwayoyin cuta da ke cikin jininka na iya yaɗuwa kuma su haifar da wata mummunar cuta da ake kira "sepsis." Sepsis wani mummunan yanayin jikinka ne da ya wuce gona da iri ga wata cuta da ta bazu ko'ina cikin jikinka.

Sauran misalan ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa sune:

• Urinae na Aerococcus: Bakteriya ce da ke haifar da kamuwa da cututtukan mafitsara .
• Chlamydia trachomatis : Kwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar jima'i (STI) da ake kira chlamydia.
• Bordetella pertussis : Kwayar cuta da ke haifar da tari mai tsanani.

Ana iya magance yawancin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da maganin rigakafi . Amma, idan kana shan maganin rigakafi akai-akai, jikinka zai fi jure musu. Haka kuma, idan ba ka sha maganin rigakafi a duk lokacin da ka fara shan maganin ko kuma kamar yadda likitanka ya gaya maka ba, za ka fi fuskantar juriyar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ta yaya ake rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta?

Masana kimiyya suna amfani da hanyoyi da dama don rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ta sunan kimiyya

Hanya ɗaya ita ce ta hanyar sunan kimiyya. Wannan sunan ya haɗa da "halittar" su - sunan da aka ba ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga halayensu - da kuma "nau'in" a cikin wannan nau'in. Misali, sunan kimiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da cutar "botulism" shine "Clostridium botulinum" . Ko da a cikin nau'in iri ɗaya, masana kimiyya na iya samun "nau'ikan" daban-daban.

Dangane da siffar ƙwayoyin cuta

Wata hanya kuma ita ce ta siffar ƙwayoyin cuta. Akwai siffofi uku na ƙwayoyin cuta:

• Siffar siffar zobe ko ƙwallo (`cocci ba CTE ria` - ƙwayoyin cuta na cocci)
• Siffar sanda ko kuma mai kama da sanda (`bacilli`)
• Siffar karkace ko ta helical (`spirochetes`)

Dangane da buƙatar iskar oxygen

Masana kimiyya sun rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga ko suna buƙatar iskar oxygen don rayuwa da girma.

• Ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta da ke buƙatar iskar oxygen 'aerobes '.
• Ana kiran ƙwayoyin cuta da ba za su iya rayuwa ko girma a gaban iskar oxygen ba 'anaerobes '.
• Wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa da girma tare da ko ba tare da iskar oxygen ba. Ana kiransu "ƙwayoyin cuta masu facultative" .

Dangane da kayan kwalliyar kwayoyin halitta

Wata hanya kuma ita ce a duba tsarin kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayoyin cuta. Kowace ƙwayar cuta tana da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na musamman. Wannan ana kiransa 'genotype' . Gwaje-gwaje na musamman na iya gano bambance-bambance a cikin waɗannan tsarin kwayoyin halitta.

Ta hanyar Tabo - Tabo na Gram

Wannan wani muhimmin batu ne. Masana kimiyya kuma suna rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta ta launin da suke bayarwa bayan an yi musu fenti da sinadarai na musamman ('tabo'). Wata hanyar yin fenti da aka fi sani ita ce ''Tabon Gram' '. Wannan yana rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin ''gram- positive'' ko ''gram -negative''. Wannan tabon Gram kuma yana taimakawa wajen tantance magani. Domin ƙwayoyin cuta masu gram-positive da gram-negative suna amsawa daban-daban ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta masu maganin rigakafi.

Menene ƙwayoyin cuta masu gram-positive?

Ana rarraba ƙwayoyin cuta a matsayin gram-positive ko gram-negative bisa ga launin da suke samarwa akan tabon Gram. Launuka daban-daban ne saboda bangon ƙwayoyin halittarsu sun bambanta. 'Positive' da 'negative' ba sa nufin 'mai kyau' ko 'mara kyau', kawai suna nufin mai kyau. Kwayoyin cuta masu gram-positive suna bayyana shuɗi-shuɗi a kan tabon Gram.

Wasu misalai:

• Kwayar cutar Corynebacterium ('Corynebacterium')
• Clostridium (Clostridium)
• Listeria ('Listeria')

Menene ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da Gram-negative?

Kwayoyin cuta masu kama da na Gram suna bayyana ja-ja-ja a kan tabon Gram. Suna haifar da cututtuka daban-daban fiye da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da na Gram. Haka kuma suna buƙatar a yi musu magani da nau'ikan maganin rigakafi daban-daban.

Wasu misalai:

• Pseudomonas ('Pseudomonas')
• Proteus ('Proteus')
• Klebsiella

Menene bambanci tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta?

Kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta nau'i biyu ne na ƙwayoyin cuta, ko ƙananan halittu. Dukansu na iya haifar da cututtuka, kuma wani lokacin alamun na iya zama iri ɗaya. Duk da haka, maganin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sun bambanta gaba ɗaya.

Likitoci suna amfani da maganin rigakafi don magance wasu cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. Amma maganin rigakafi ba ya aiki akan ƙwayoyin cuta. Likitoci suna magance wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da maganin rigakafi , amma waɗannan magungunan rigakafi ba sa aiki akan cututtukan da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa. Wannan yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a fahimta!

Mene ne ƙwayoyin cuta masu jure wa maganin rigakafi?

Tsarin garkuwar jikinka zai iya yaƙar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya yi nasara. Amma wani lokacin, kana buƙatar shan maganin rigakafi don magance kamuwa da cuta ta ƙwayoyin cuta. Magungunan rigakafi suna aiki ta hanyar lalata bangon ƙwayoyin cuta ko DNA .

Duk da haka, yawan amfani da maganin rigakafi na iya haifar da matsaloli a tsawon lokaci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda wasu ƙwayoyin cuta suna jure wa maganin rigakafi.(`mai juriya`). Sannan yana da matuƙar wahala a magance cututtukan da sabbin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa. Duk lokacin da aka sha maganin rigakafi, damar da ƙwayoyin cuta za su koyi tsayayya da shi tana ƙaruwa.

Muhimmi: Yana da mahimmanci a sha maganin rigakafi da likita ya rubuta, a daidai adadin da kuma tsawon lokacin da aka ɗauka. Dakatar da su a rabin lokaci ko kuma shan su a ƙaramin adadin ba zai kashe ƙwayoyin cuta gaba ɗaya ba, kuma sauran za su yi juriya ga maganin.

Kyakkyawan misali na ƙwayar cuta da ke jure wa maganin rigakafi shine MRSA (Staphylococcus aureus mai jure wa methicillin). Wannan yana da ɗan haɗari.

Ta yaya ake yaɗa ƙwayoyin cuta?

Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta suna hayayyafa ta hanyar wani tsari da ake kira "binary fission." A taƙaice dai, ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya tana kwafi DNA ɗinta sannan ta rabu biyu. Kowace sabuwar ƙwayar cuta tana samun kwafin DNA ɗin. Kamar ɗaya ya zama biyu, biyu ya zama huɗu, da sauransu.

Shin ƙwayoyin cuta ne prokaryotic ko eukaryotic?

Bakteriya ba ta da "nucleus" . Saboda haka, an rarraba su a matsayin "prokaryotes" . Bakteriya ne masu tsarin tantanin halitta mai sauƙi. Bakteriya suna da "bangayen tantanin halitta". A cikin bangon tantanin halitta, idan ka duba tsarin tantanin halitta guda ɗaya, akwai "cytoplasm" , "ribosomes" da DNA . A wajen bangon tantanin halitta, akwai iya samun "flagella" ɗaya ko fiye. Waɗannan flagella sune abin da ke taimaka wa ƙwayoyin cuta su zagaya.

Akwai nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta da ke cin robobi?

Eh, kada ku yi mamaki! A shekarar 2016, wata ƙungiyar masana kimiyya a Osaka, Japan ta gano wani sabon nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta. Sun sanya masa suna "Ideonella sakaiensis" . An gano wannan ƙwayar cuta tana cin kwalaben filastik kusa da wurin sake amfani da su!

Kwayoyin cuta yawanci suna cin matattun abubuwa na halitta. Amma wannan ƙwayar cuta ta ci wani nau'in filastik da ake kira polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Abubuwa kamar kwalaben ruwan sha galibi ana yin su ne daga wannan filastik na PET. Lokacin da masana kimiyya suka ƙara nazarin wannan ƙwayar cuta, sun gano cewa tana samar da enzymes guda biyu na musamman na narkewar abinci waɗanda ke taimaka mata ta narke filastik.

Wannan enzyme yana narkar da filastik ɗin PET ne kawai. Amma masana kimiyya suna fatan cewa wata rana, ƙwayoyin cuta masu cin filastik kamar wannan za su iya taimakawa wajen magance matsalar gurɓatar filastik a duniya. Ka yi tunanin yadda hakan zai kasance mai kyau!

To, menene muhimman abubuwan da ya kamata mu tuna daga wannan labarin?

To, mun yi magana sosai game da ƙwayoyin cuta yanzu. A taƙaice dai, ga abin da ya kamata ku tuna:

• Kwayoyin cuta ƙananan halittu ne da ke ko'ina kuma idanunmu ba za su iya gani ba.
• Yawancin nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta ba su da illa a gare mu. Wasu suna da matuƙar amfani ga jikinmu, musamman a cikin hanjinmu. Muna kiran waɗannan 'microbiome' ɗinmu.
• Duk da haka, wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta (ƙwayoyin cuta) na iya haifar da cututtuka, waɗanda ke buƙatar magani.
• Likitoci suna rubuta maganin rigakafi ga yawancin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.
• Abu mafi mahimmanci: Lokacin amfani da maganin rigakafi , bi umarnin likitanka daidai. A sha su daidai lokacin da ya dace kuma a cikin adadin da ya dace. Idan ba a sha ba, ƙwayoyin cuta za su fara samun juriya ga maganin rigakafi. Wannan babbar matsala ce.

Don haka, ƙwayoyin cuta wani ɓangare ne na rayuwarmu. Fahimtar su da kyau zai iya taimaka mana sosai wajen kasancewa cikin koshin lafiya.

` Bakteriya, kamuwa da cuta, maganin rigakafi, ƙwayoyin cuta, lafiya, tabo na Gram, juriya ga maganin rigakafi