Shin kun san cewa idan muka yi rashin lafiya, idan muka kamu da mura, babban yaƙi yana faruwa a cikin jikinmu? Kariyar jikinmu tana yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta, wato, mahara, daga waje ta hanyar da ba a gani ba. Sojoji na musamman da ƙwararru a cikin wannan rundunar tsaro su ne 'maganin rigakafi' da muke magana a kai a yau. Ba tare da waɗannan ba, ko da ƙaramin mura zai iya jefa mu cikin matsala mai yawa.
A taƙaice dai, menene waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi?
Domin fahimtar wannan, bari mu ɗauki ƙaramin misali. Ka yi tunanin jikinka ƙasa ce mai kariya sosai. Barayi da maƙiya za su iya fitowa daga wajen wannan ƙasar. Wannan yana nufin abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, da guba. Muna kiran duk wani abu da ke cutar da jikinmu kuma ya fito daga wajen antigen . A taƙaice dai, antigen mamaya ce da ke shiga jikinmu.
Yanzu, lokacin da wannan mamaya (Antigen) ya shiga jiki, tsarin tsaronmu, tsarin garkuwar jiki, ya gane shi. Nan take yana aika sigina yana cewa, "Ga wanda ba a sani ba ya zo!" A wannan lokacin, tsarin garkuwar jikinmu yana samar da wani nau'in furotin na musamman da ake kira antibody don yaƙar wannan mamaya ya kuma lalata shi. Don haka, antibody kamar ɗan sanda ne ko soja a jikinmu.
Wata kalma da ake amfani da ita wajen maganin rigakafi ita ce Immunoglobulin . Za ka iya ganin wannan sunan a taƙaice kamar (Ig) a wasu rahotannin gwajin jininka.
Ta yaya ake samar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi? Ina suke aiki?
Kwayoyin B, wani nau'in ƙwayoyin jinin fararen jini a jikinmu, suna aiki a matsayin masana'antu da ke samar da waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Lokacin da antigen, ko germ, ya haɗu da ƙwayar B, ƙwayar B tana rabuwa da sauri kuma tana yin dubban kwafi na kanta. Muna kiran waɗannan sabbin ƙwayoyin plasma. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin plasma ne ke samar da miliyoyin ƙwayoyin rigakafi kuma suna sakin su cikin jini da tsarin lymph.
Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna yawo a cikin jiki, suna neman waɗannan mahara, suna kama su, kuma suna lalata su.
Ana samun waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi a wurare da yawa a jikinmu:
- A cikin jini
- Fata
- A cikin huhu
- Cikin hawaye
- A cikin yau
- Musamman a cikin nonon uwa
Eh, madarar da uwa ke fitarwa a cikin 'yan kwanakin farko bayan haihuwa, wacce ake kira colostrum, tana ɗauke da yawan ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Shi ya sa shayarwa ke ƙara wa jariri garkuwar jiki. Jaririn yana karɓar abubuwan kariya daga jikin uwa kai tsaye.
Akwai nau'ikan rigakafi guda 5 - ba dukkansu suke yin abu ɗaya ba!
Kamar yadda akwai rukunonin tsaro daban-daban a cikin jami'an tsaronmu, ana raba garkuwar jiki zuwa manyan nau'ikan 5. Kowanne nau'i yana da takamaiman aiki. Bari mu ga menene su.
| Nau'in maganin rigakafi | Babban aiki da ƙwarewa |
|---|---|
| Immunoglobulin G (IgG) | Wannan ita ce nau'in da ya fi yawa a cikin jininmu. Waɗannan su ne waɗanda ke tuna cututtuka da suka gabata kuma suna shirye su yaƙi su idan wannan ƙwayar cuta ta dawo. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi na IgG suma suna ratsa mahaifa kuma suna kare jaririn da ke cikin mahaifa. |
| Immunoglobulin A (IgA) | Ana samun waɗannan galibi a cikin mucous membranes na hanci, makogwaro, huhu, da kuma hanyar narkewar abinci. Wannan yana nufin su ne hanyoyin da ƙwayoyin cuta ke shiga jiki ta ciki. Haka kuma suna da yawa a cikin madarar mama. |
| Immunoglobulin M (IgM) | Idan wata sabuwar cuta ta bugi gawa, waɗannan sojojin IgM su ne farkon waɗanda za su fara yaƙi. Shi ya sa ake gwada matakan IgM don tantance ko wata cuta ta bulla kwanan nan. |
| Immunoglobulin E (IgE) | Waɗannan su ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin lafiyan jiki. Matakan IgE suna ƙaruwa lokacin da jiki ke amsawa ga abubuwa kamar ƙura, pollen, da wasu abinci. Suna kuma yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta. |
| Immunoglobulin D (IgD) | Ana samun waɗannan a cikin ƙaramin adadin jini. Duk da cewa ana kyautata zaton suna taimakawa ƙwayoyin B su yi aiki, har yanzu ana ci gaba da bincike kan ainihin rawar da suke takawa. |
Kwayoyin rigakafi da aka yi a dakin gwaje-gwaje? Menene waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi na monoclonal?
A wasu lokutan, ƙwayoyin rigakafi da jikinmu ke samarwa shi kaɗai ba zai iya yaƙi da wata cuta ba. A irin waɗannan yanayi, masana kimiyya suna ƙirƙirar wani nau'in ƙwayoyin rigakafi na musamman a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Waɗannan ana kiransu Monoclonal Antibodies .
Waɗannan kamar aika makami mai linzami ne zuwa ga abin da ake son kaiwa hari. An tsara waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi don kai hari da kuma kai hari ga wani takamaiman ƙwayar halitta kawai (misali, ƙwayar cutar kansa) ko furotin wanda ke haifar da wata cuta ta musamman. Wannan hanyar magani kuma ana kiranta immunotherapy .
Ana amfani da wannan hanyar magani yanzu don cututtuka da dama.
| Wasu yanayi da ake amfani da maganin monoclonal antibody don |
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Bari mu yi magana game da wasu lokatai na musamman.
Idan ana maganar antibodies, akwai wasu takamaiman lokuta da muke yawan jin labarinsu.
COVID-19 da kuma magungunan rigakafi
Da annobar COVID-19, duk mun fara jin labarin kwayoyin cuta.
- Idan ka warke daga COVID-19, jikinka yana da ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda za su iya yaƙi da kwayar cutar.
- Idan ka sami allurar rigakafin COVID-19, zai kuma ƙarfafa samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga jikinka.
- Abu mafi mahimmanci: Idan wanda ya warke daga COVID-19 ya sami allurar rigakafin, martanin rigakafin wannan mutumin zai yi ƙarfi sosai. Kariyar da yake bayarwa ma ta fi girma.
Za ka iya yin gwajin rigakafi don ganin ko kana da ƙwayoyin rigakafi na COVID a jikinka. Duk da haka, ana ci gaba da bincike kan tsawon lokacin da waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi za su daɗe a jiki.
Kwayoyin rigakafi na Thyroglobulin (Antibodies da ke kai hari ga glandar thyroid)
Wani lokaci, garkuwar jikinmu tana fara kai hari ga sassan jikinmu masu lafiya. Mutane da yawa da ke fama da matsalar thyroid suna da ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke kai hari ga glandar thyroid. Waɗannan ana kiransu ƙwayoyin rigakafi na Thyroglobulin .Waɗannan na iya haifar da glandar thyroid ta yi aiki fiye da kima (hyperthyroidism) ko kuma rashin aiki sosai (hypothyroidism).
Idan likitanka yana zargin akwai matsalar thyroid, zai iya yin odar gwajin jini don duba matakan waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi.
Kwayoyin rigakafi na Autoantibodies
Wannan shine babban ɓangaren ra'ayin "kai hari kai" da muka yi magana a kai a baya. Kwayoyin halittarmu suna kuskuren amfani da sunadaran da ke jikin ƙwayoyin halittarmu masu lafiya don "masu mamaye" kuma suna fara kai musu hari. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar ana kiransu da autoantibodies .
Muna kiran cututtukan da wannan yanayi ke haifarwa cututtuka masu kashe garkuwar jiki .
- Lupus
- Ciwon Rheumatoid
- Cutar Hashimoto
- Ciwon Suga Nau'i Na 1
Misalan irin waɗannan cututtuka sun haɗa da: Gwajin ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) shine babban gwajin da ake yi idan ana zargin irin wannan cuta.
Kawai saboda gwajin ANA ya nuna cewa kana da cutar garkuwar jiki ba yana nufin kana da cutar garkuwar jiki ba. Yana nufin cewa likitanka yana buƙatar ƙarin bincike a kai. Don haka kada ka firgita da irin wannan rahoto. Yi magana da likitanka game da shi.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Kwayoyin rigakafi sunadarai ne da tsarin garkuwar jikinmu ke samarwa waɗanda ke kare mu daga ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtuka, da gubobi.
- Wani abu mai cutarwa ga jikinmu daga waje ana kiransa antigen, kuma wani abu da ke ƙoƙarin yaƙar sa ana kiransa antibody.
- Madarar nono, musamman ma colostrum, tana ba da kariya mai mahimmanci ga jarirai saboda tana da wadataccen garkuwar jiki.
- Wani lokaci magungunan rigakafi namu na iya kai hari ga sassan jikinmu masu lafiya. Wannan yanayin ana kiransa cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da garkuwar jiki.
- Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi ko damuwa game da ƙwayoyin rigakafi, garkuwar jiki, ko duk wani yanayi da aka ambata a cikin wannan labarin, don Allah ku tattauna su da likitan ku.
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