Wani sanannen bincike da wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ta yi a duniya: Labarin ɓoye na maganin rigakafi

Duk mun yi amfani da maganin rigakafi a wani lokaci a rayuwarmu, ko ba haka ba? Idan muka kamu da cutar bakteriya, ƙaramin maganin da likita ya ba mu abin mamaki ne kwarai da gaske. Amma mutane nawa ne daga cikinmu suka san labaran da ke bayan waɗannan magungunan ceton rai? Duk da cewa an rubuta wasu labarai da haruffan zinare a tarihi, labaran wasu jarumai da jarumai an rufe su a cikin yashi na lokaci. A yau za mu yi magana game da wani hali mai ɓoye, amma mai matuƙar muhimmanci. Sunanta Mattiedna Johnson.

Wacece wannan Matilda Johnson?

Matilda Johnson ba ƙwararriyar masaniyar ƙwayoyin cuta ba ce ta sana'a, ma'aikaciyar jinya ce. Amma hakan bai hana ta taimakawa a fafutukar neman maganin rigakafi da zai ceci miliyoyin rayuka ba. An haife ta a shekarar 1918 ga wani iyali matalauta da ke noma a Mississippi, Matilda ta ƙware sosai a karatu. Ta kammala karatunta na biyu a makaranta, daga baya ta kammala karatun aikin jinya kuma ta shiga aikin jinya mai rijista. A wancan lokacin, wato, a shekarun 1930 da farkon shekarun 40, wata cuta da ake kira 'zazzabin scarlet' tana yaɗuwa sosai a Amurka. Ya fi shafar yara ƙanana. A wancan lokacin, ba tare da maganin rigakafi ba, kusan kashi 20% na yaran da suka kamu da wannan cuta sun mutu. Ka yi tunanin yadda hakan ya kasance mai ban tsoro. Wata rana, a sashen da aka keɓe don masu fama da zazzaɓin red fever a asibitin da Matilda ke aiki, wani ƙaramin jariri ya mutu a hannunta. Ba za ta taɓa mantawa da abin da ya faru ba.

Rashin lafiya mai ƙarewa da kuma hasken bege

A shekarar 1944, yayin da yakin duniya na biyu ke gabatowa, kamfanonin magunguna suna fafutukar samar da maganin rigakafi kamar penicillin. Ma'aikatar Yaƙin Amurka ta ayyana samar da penicillin a matsayin babban fifiko. A wannan lokacin ne ta ga wani talla a jaridar Matidna kuma ta nemi shiga wannan aikin bincike. CM Christensen, farfesa a Jami'ar Minnesota, ta ɗauke ta aiki. Tun tana girma a gona, ƙwarewarta wajen yin jelly, man shanu, da sabulu ya taimaka sosai ga tsarin kimiyya na ware molds. Ta yi aiki da nau'ikan molds daban-daban. Amma sha'awarta ta musamman ta mayar da hankali ne kan mold da ta samu a cikin miyar tumatir. Ta gabatar da wannan mold ga ƙwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da zazzaɓin ja. Sakamakon ya yi nasara sosai.Ta ba wa manyanta waɗannan samfuran, amma ba ta sami amsa ba. A shekarar 1946, ta bar wannan aikin don ta ci gaba da aikin mishan a Laberiya. A ƙarshen shekaru goma, mummunan cutar zazzaɓin ja ta zama mai sauƙin magani godiya ga maganin rigakafi.

Rashin girmamawa? "Matilda Effect"

Sai bayan wani lokaci ne Matidna ta fahimci cewa Pfizer ta shigar da takardar izinin mallaka a shekarar 1949 don maganin oxytetracycline a ƙarƙashin sunan ciniki Terramycin. Duk da cewa ba shine mafi kyawun maganin zazzaɓin ja ba, har yanzu magani ne mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da shi a yau. Tambayar ita ce: shin wannan maganin an yi shi ne daga mold ɗin Matidna da aka samo a cikin miyar tumatir? Matidna ta yi imani da haka. Wasu ƙwararru a yau sun ce ba a ba ta yabo ba saboda gano ta. Ta kuma yi imanin cewa an sanya wa maganin suna Terramycin saboda bayaninta na "beraye masu ban tsoro." Amma Pfizer kawai ta yarda cewa Matidna wani ɓangare ne na aikin penicillin. An ba da takardar izinin mallakar su ga maza uku. Wannan ba Matilda kawai ba ne. A cikin tarihi, akwai lokutta da yawa inda aka yi watsi da mata waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga kimiyya. Marubuciyar tarihi Margaret Rossiter ma ta ba shi suna a shekarar 1993 - "Tasirin Matilda." Yana da dabi'ar yin watsi da gudummawar mata ga kimiyya ko kuma ba su yabo ga maza.

Rayuwa da aka sadaukar don hidima

Labarin Matidna bai ƙare da bincikenta ba. Rayuwarta gaba ɗaya ta sadaukar da kanta ga hidima. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai wa'azi a Laberiya, ta koma Amurka ta zauna a Cleveland, inda ta koyar da ma'aikatan jinya ta hanyar koyar da azuzuwan coci a ginshiƙan coci. Ta kuma yi wani aikin tarihi. A lokacin, cocin ta tana gudanar da jana'iza kusan sau uku a mako. "Muna son sanin dalilin da yasa waɗannan mutanen ke mutuwa," ta rubuta a cikin littafinta. Ka yi tunanin, Matidna ta ɗauki wani mataki na farko wajen yin wannan 'duba matsin lamba' wanda za mu iya yi a ko'ina a yau cikin sauƙi. Bugu da ƙari, ta tsaya tsayin daka kan shingen wariyar launin fata da ke akwai ga ma'aikatan jinya baƙaƙe a wancan lokacin. Ta yi takaicin rashin wakilcin baƙaƙe a cikin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Amurka, ta haɗu da wasu ma'aikatan jinya 14 don kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya Baƙaƙe ta Ƙasa a 1971. A yau, wannan ƙungiyar tana da mambobi sama da 300,000. Matidna Johnson ta mutu a 2003 tana da shekaru 85. Amma labarinta, sadaukarwarta, da hidimarta ga kimiyya da ɗan adam har yanzu suna koya mana babban darasi a yau. Duk da cewa ma'aikaciyar jinya ce, nawa tasiri ta yi a fannin kamar ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta? Yana nuna cewa babu iyaka ga iliminmu, baiwa, da sha'awarmu. Matilda Johnson, maganin rigakafi, ma'aikaciyar jinya, kimiyya, gudummawar mata, tasirin Matilda, penicillin, zazzaɓin ja