Shin kwayoyin halittarka iri ɗaya ne? Bari mu yi magana game da yanayin "homozygous"!

A yau za mu yi magana game da wani abu mai mahimmanci game da kwayoyin halittarmu. Wataƙila kun ji kalmar 'homozygous'. A taƙaice, wannan yana nufin cewa kuna da kwafin kwayar halitta iri ɗaya daga mahaifiyarku da mahaifinku. Wannan na iya yin kama da ɗan kimiyya, amma a zahiri abu ne mai sauƙi. Bari mu ƙara bayani game da wannan.

To, menene allele?

Ka yi tunani a kai, muna samun kwafi biyu na kowace kwayar halitta, ɗaya daga mahaifiyarmu da ɗaya daga mahaifinmu. Yawancin kwayoyin halittar da ke jikinmu iri ɗaya ne ga kowa. Amma ƙaramin adadi (ƙasa da 1%) na kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙananan bambance-bambance. Kwayoyin halitta nau'i ne daban-daban na kwayar halitta ɗaya tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance. Waɗannan ƙananan bambance-bambancen a cikin jerin DNA sune abin da ke ba ku halaye na musamman. Yana kama da dandano daban-daban na girke-girke iri ɗaya, ko ba haka ba?

Mene ne bambanci tsakanin homozygous da heterozygous?

Yanzu kana da ɗan fahimta game da kwayoyin halitta. Homozygous yana nufin cewa ka gaji kwayoyin halitta guda biyu iri ɗaya na kwayar halitta ɗaya daga iyayenka biyu. Wannan yana nufin cewa kwafin kwayar halittar daga mahaifiyarka da kwafin kwayar halittar daga mahaifinka duka iri ɗaya ne.

A gefe guda kuma, kasancewa heterozygous yana nufin cewa ka gaji kwayoyin halitta guda biyu daban-daban na kwayar halitta ɗaya daga iyayenka. Wannan yana nufin cewa jerin DNA na kwafin kwayar halittar da ka samu daga mahaifiyarka ya ɗan bambanta da wanda ka samu daga mahaifinka. 'Hetero' yana nufin 'daban', 'Homo' yana nufin 'iri ɗaya'. Mai sauƙi, ko ba haka ba?

To, menene nau'in halittar homozygous?

Genotype yana kama da kimiyya kaɗan, ko ba haka ba? Kada ku damu, zan sauƙaƙa muku. Genotype yana nufin nau'in ko nau'in jerin DNA da kuke gado. Don haka, genotype homozygous yana nufin cewa kun gaji alleles guda biyu iri ɗaya. Wannan yana nufin, jerin DNA na wani takamaiman kwayar halitta da iyayenku suka ba ku iri ɗaya ne, babu bambanci.

Ta yaya halayen rinjaye da koma-baya suke da alaƙa da kwayoyin halittar homozygous?

Wasu kwayoyin halitta suna da 'mafi rinjaye' , ma'ana suna da ƙarfi sosai. Wasu kuma suna da 'recessive' , ma'ana an ɗan danne su kaɗan. Yanzu ka yi tunanin kana da kwayar halitta mai heterozygous, ma'ana kwayar halitta mai rinjaye ɗaya da kwayar halitta mai raguwa ɗaya. Me zai faru to? kwayar halitta mai rinjaye tana danne kwayar halitta mai raguwa, kuma halayyar da ta fi rinjaye ta fito. Kamar dai yaron da ba shi da hankali a aji yana danne sauran.

Duk da haka, a cikin nau'in halittar homozygous, ba haka lamarin yake ba. Kuna iya samun alleles guda biyu masu mahimmanci don wata siffa (homozygous dominant). Ko kuma, kuna iya samun alleles guda biyu masu raguwa (homozygous recessive).Ko ta yaya, ana nuna halayen alleles guda biyu masu daidaitawa. A cikin ilimin halittar jini, ana nuna halayen homozygous mafi rinjaye ta hanyar manyan haruffa guda biyu (misali, BB). Ana nuna halayen homozygous mai komawa baya ta ƙananan haruffa guda biyu (misali, bb).

Mene ne misalan halayen homozygous?

Idan ka gaji irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halittar daga iyayenka, suna iya haifar da halayen homozygous. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da kamanninka, tsarin ƙashi, da kuma ko kana kamuwa da wasu cututtuka ko a'a. Bari mu dubi wasu misalai.

Halaye masu alaƙa da bayyanar

• Launin ido: Kwayar halittar homozygous na iya shafar launin idanunku. Ruwan kasa shine babban siffa ga launin ido. Wannan ana nuna shi da BB. Duk sauran launukan ido shuɗi ne. Waɗannan ana nuna su da bb. Don haka, mutumin da ke da idanu masu launin ruwan kasa wanda ke da kwayar halittar homozygous yana da kwayar halittar BB. Mutumin da ke da idanu masu launin shuɗi wanda ke da kwayar halittar homozygous yana da kwayar halittar bb. Ka yi tunanin, idan iyayen mutum biyu masu ido masu launin shuɗi suna da kwafin kwayar halittar (bb) da ke ba da gudummawa ga idanu masu launin shuɗi, to mai ido mai launin shuɗi yana da yiwuwar samun idanu masu launin shuɗi.
• Mafarki: Mafarki suma wata siffa ce ta autosomal. Mutumin da ke da mafarki yana da ƙarin melanin a jikinsa. Wannan FF ta nuna. Mutumin da ba shi da mafarki yana da mafarki ta autosomal, wanda ff ke nuna.
• Dimples: Dimples suma siffa ce ta autosomal mai rinjaye. Wannan yana nuna ta hanyar DD. Mutanen da ke da sifar autosomal mai rinjaye (dd) ba su da dimples.
• Gashi Mai Lanƙwasa: Gashi mai Lanƙwasa shi ma wani siffa ce ta autosomal. HH ne ke nuna shi. Siffar autosomal mai rinjaye ita ce gashi madaidaiciya. Ana nuna shi da hh.

Halaye da suka shafi tsarin kwarangwal

• Kunnen kunne marasa haɗe: Idan kana da kunnen kunne marasa haɗe, kana da kwayar halittar UU mai rinjaye. Idan kunnen kunnenka suna haɗe da jiki, kana da kwayar halittar recessive uu.

Ta yaya wasu matsalolin lafiya ke da alaƙa da kwayoyin halittar homozygous?

• Ji da magana: Siffa mafi rinjaye ita ce ikon ji da magana yadda ya kamata. Wannan yana wakiltar kwayar halittar da ke da rinjayen kwayoyin halitta (SS). Idan kana da kwayoyin halittar recessive guda biyu, ƙila ba za ka iya magana ko ji yadda ya kamata ba. Wannan yana nufin za ka iya zama kurma kuma bebe.
• Juriya ga Guba Ivy: Juriya ga guba ivy wata siffa ce mai rinjaye. Wannan siffa mai rinjaye ana wakilta ta da alamar PP. Idan kuna da dukkan kwayoyin halittar PP, ba za ku iya jurewa ga guba ivy ba.

Waɗanne yanayi na kwayoyin halitta ne kwayoyin halittar homozygous za su iya haifarwa?

Yanzu bari mu yi magana game da wani abu mai tsanani. Kana da kwayar halittar da ta canza daga iyayenka biyu., wato, idan kana da kwayoyin halitta guda biyu iri ɗaya waɗanda ba sa aiki yadda ya kamata, to kana da homozygous saboda wannan maye gurbi na kwayoyin halitta. Wannan yana nufin cewa za ka fi samun yanayin kwayoyin halitta da wannan kwayar halitta ke haifarwa. Ga wasu daga cikin yanayin kwayoyin halitta da za a iya gado:

• Cystic Fibrosis: Sinadarin furotin da ke motsa ruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin jikinmu ana yin sa ne ta hanyar kwayar halitta mai suna 'CFTR'. Idan ka gaji kwafi biyu na wannan kwayar halittar 'CFTR' da aka canza, za ka kamu da wata cuta da ake kira 'Cystic Fibrosis'. Wannan yana haifar da tarin majina mai kauri a wurare kamar huhu da tsarin narkewar abinci.
• Ciwon Sikila: Kwayar halittar HBB, wacce take cikin sinadarin hemoglobin a cikin jinin ja, tana taimakawa wajen ɗaukar iskar oxygen a cikin jiki. Idan ka gaji kwafi biyu na kwayar halittar HBB da aka canza, za ka kamu da cutar sikila. A cikin wannan yanayin, ƙwayoyin jinin ja suna canza siffar su kuma suna ɗaukar siffar sikila, don haka sunan. Wannan na iya tsoma baki ga kwararar jini.
• Phenylketonuria: Kwayar halittar PAH tana gaya wa ƙwayoyin halitta su yi wani enzyme wanda ke rushe amino acid phenylalanine. Idan ka gaji kwafi biyu na kwayar halittar PAH da aka canza, za ka kamu da wata cuta da ake kira phenylketonuria. A cikin wannan yanayin, phenylalanine yana taruwa a jiki kuma yana iya lalata kwakwalwa.

Abu mafi mahimmanci shine idan kana da "homozygous" ga wani takamaiman kwayar halitta, yana nufin cewa ka gaji kwafi ɗaya (alleles) na wannan kwayar halitta daga iyayenka biyu. Saboda waɗannan kwayoyin halittar homozygous, zaka iya samun halaye na musamman naka.

To, menene muhimman abubuwan da ya kamata mu tuna daga wannan labarin?

To, mun yi magana sosai game da wannan labarin 'Homozygous'. Ga wasu abubuwa da za a tuna a takaice:

• Homozygous yana nufin cewa kana da kwayoyin halitta guda biyu iri ɗaya ga wani takamaiman kwayar halitta, daga mahaifiyarka da mahaifinka.
• Duk waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu na iya zama masu rinjaye ko masu raguwa, wanda ke ƙayyade halayenku.
• Wani lokaci, idan aka gada kwayoyin halitta guda biyu masu canzawa iri ɗaya ta wannan hanyar, wasu yanayi na kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa. Misali, cystic fibrosis ko sickle cell anemia.
• Duk da haka, kwayoyin halittar homozygous ba koyaushe suke haifar da cututtuka ba. Halaye da yawa da aka saba gani, kamar launin idanunku, yanayin gashinku, da kuma ko kuna da dimples a kuncinku ko a'a, waɗannan kwayoyin halittar homozygous ne ke haifar da su.

To, wannan labari ne mai sauƙi game da kwayoyin halittar homozygous. Sanin abubuwa kamar wannan yana taimaka mana sosai wajen fahimtar jikinmu, ko ba haka ba? Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi game da wannan, kada ku yi jinkirin tambayar likita ko mai ba da shawara kan kwayoyin halitta.

Homozygous , Kwayoyin Halitta, Alleles, Halayen Mamaya, Halayen Matsewa, Cututtukan Halitta