Shin ka taɓa mamakin yadda yake faruwa da sauri lokacin da kake son motsa hannunka? Ko kuma yadda muke ja hannunmu baya bayan taɓa wani abu mai zafi? Duk wannan yana faruwa ne saboda saƙonnin lantarki masu sauri waɗanda ke tafiya daga kwakwalwarmu zuwa wasu sassan jikinmu, da kuma daga sassan jikinmu zuwa kwakwalwarmu. Don haka, ƙwayoyin jijiyoyinmu suna da wani "rufi mai kariya" na musamman a kusa da su wanda ke taimaka wa waɗannan saƙonnin su yi tafiya da sauri ba tare da wata matsala ba. Wannan shine abin da muke kira "Myelin Sheath ". A yau za mu yi magana game da wannan murfin myelin mai ban mamaki.
A taƙaice dai, menene wannan murfin myelin?
Ka yi tunanin wutar lantarkin da ke gidanmu waya ɗaya ce. Wannan wayar tana da murfin filastik a kusa da ita. Me yasa hakan? Ɗaya shine tana ba da kariya ga wayar. Wani kuma shine tana taimaka wa wutar lantarki ta yi tafiya da sauri zuwa inda take buƙatar zuwa, ba tare da zubar ruwa zuwa wasu wurare ba.
Haka lamarin yake game da murfin myelin. Wannan wani shafi ne na musamman da aka yi da lipids da sunadarai . Wannan murfin myelin yana naɗe a kusa da mafi tsayin ɓangaren ƙwayoyin halittarmu, babban 'waya' da ke ɗauke da saƙonni. Wannan ba wai kawai yana kare ƙwayar jijiya ba, har ma yana taimaka wa siginar lantarki su yi tafiya cikin sauri da inganci.
Bari mu fara fahimtar kaɗan game da sassan ƙwayar jijiya.
Domin fahimtar wannan, bari mu kwatanta neuron da ƙaramin itace. Sannan za ku iya tunawa da wannan cikin sauƙi.
1. Jikin ƙwayoyin halitta (Soma): Wannan kamar tushen bishiya ne. Kamar yadda tushen bishiya ke shan sinadarai masu gina jiki daga ƙasa, dendrites , waɗanda su ne sassan jikin tantanin halitta, suna 'sha' saƙonnin sinadarai daga wasu ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi da ke kusa. Sannan ana mayar da waɗannan saƙonnin sinadarai zuwa siginar lantarki. Tsarin tantanin halitta ma yana cikin wannan ɓangaren.
2. Axon: Wannan shine dogon ɓangaren da yake kama da gangar jikin itace. Kamar yadda sinadarai masu gina jiki daga tushen itace ke tafiya zuwa gangar jikin, siginar lantarki da ake samarwa a jikin ƙwayar halitta tana tafiya tare da wannan gangar jikin.
3. Tashar Axon: Wannan kamar ƙuraje ne a ƙarshen rassan bishiya. Kamar ganye da furanni da ke fitowa daga waɗannan ƙuraje, tashar axon tana 'saki' wannan siginar lantarki zuwa ƙwayar jijiya ta gaba.
Haka saƙonni ke tashi daga wannan ƙwayar jijiya zuwa wani. Kamar tseren relay ne. Haka saƙonni ke tafiya daga kwakwalwarmu da kuma kashin baya a cikin jikinmu. Tsokoki a cikin hannayenku suna matsewa, kuna numfashi, zuciyarku tana bugawa, duk wannan ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar wannan tsari mai ban mamaki na sadarwa.
Menene manyan ayyukan murfin myelin?
Kamar yadda muka tattauna a baya, murfin myelin yana da manyan ayyuka guda uku.
- Samar da tsaro: kamar wutar lantarkiKamar naɗewar filastik da ke kewaye da waya, wannan rufin kitse da furotin yana ba da kariya mai kyau ga axon na ƙwayar jijiya.
- Gudu: Wannan shine mafi mahimmanci. Murfin myelin yana bawa siginar lantarki damar tafiya cikin sauri da inganci daga ƙwayar jijiya ɗaya zuwa wani.
- Kula da ƙarfin sigina: Yayin da siginar lantarki ke tafiya tare da axon, yana iya raunana. Duk da haka, murfin myelin yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ƙarfin siginar ba tare da rage shi ba.
A taƙaice dai, ba tare da murfin myelin ba, sadarwa a cikin jikinmu zai yi jinkiri sosai kuma ba shi da tasiri. Zai zama kamar ƙoƙarin tafiya daga Colombo zuwa Matara ta hanyoyin ƙauye ba tare da babbar hanya ba.
Me zai faru idan murfin myelin ya lalace?
Akwai kimanin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi biliyan 100 a jikinmu waɗanda ke ci gaba da harbi. Duk ayyukanmu suna ƙarƙashin wannan musayar saƙonni. Don haka ka yi tunanin abin da zai faru idan murfin myelin da ke kewaye da waɗannan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ya lalace. To, waɗannan siginar lantarki masu sauri za su fara tafiya a hankali, ko kuma su tsaya gaba ɗaya .
Babban dalilin wannan lalacewar shine tsarin garkuwar jikinmu yayi kuskuren tunanin cewa murfin myelin wani abu ne mai cutarwa ga jiki daga waje. Sannan, ƙwayoyin garkuwar jikinmu suna fara kai hari kan murfin myelin. Wannan harin yana lalata murfin myelin. Muna kiran wannan tsari demyelination . Bayan lokaci, har ma ƙwayoyin da ke yin myelin suna lalacewa. Ta wannan hanyar, muna samun alamomi daban-daban dangane da inda murfin myelin ya lalace.
Waɗanne cututtuka ne ke lalata murfin myelin?
Akwai cututtuka da yawa da ke lalata murfin myelin. Wataƙila kun ji labarin wasu daga cikinsu. Bari mu raba waɗannan cututtukan zuwa rukuni biyu: waɗanda ke shafar tsarin jijiyoyinmu na tsakiya (CNS), wanda shine kwakwalwa da kashin baya, da kuma waɗanda ke shafar tsarin jijiyoyin gefe (PNS), wanda shine sauran jijiyoyin jiki.
| Cututtukan da ke lalata myelin a cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya (CNS) | |
|---|---|
| Sunan Cutar | Bayani mai sauƙi |
| Ciwon Sclerosis Mai Yawa (MS) | Wannan ita ce cuta mafi shahara kuma sananne a cikin cututtukan da ke lalata myelin. Yana kai hari ga myelin a cikin kwakwalwa da kashin baya. |
| Ciwon encephalomyelitis mai saurin yaɗuwa | Wannan wani yanayi ne mai tsanani da ke faruwa kwatsam, wanda ke faruwa a cikin tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. Wannan yanayi ne da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba. |
| Transverse myelitis | Wannan cuta ce ta garkuwar jiki wadda ke haifar da kumburi a cikin kashin baya. |
| Neuromyelitis optica | A nan, ƙwayoyin rigakafi suna kai hari ga jijiyar gani da kuma kashin baya. |
| Cututtukan da ke lalata myelin a cikin tsarin juyayi na gefe (PNS) | |
|---|---|
| Sunan Cutar | Bayani mai sauƙi |
| Ciwon Guillain-Barre | Wani yanayi da yawanci yakan faru bayan kamuwa da cuta. Ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, kuma yana iya faruwa bayan allurar rigakafi. |
| Ciwon kumburi mai tsanani (CIDP) | Wannan cuta ce da ke tasowa a hankali a hankali wadda ke shafar myelin. |
| Cutar Hakori ta Charcot Marie | Wannan cuta ce ta gado, ma'ana wata cuta ta jijiyoyi da ta fito daga kwayoyin halitta. |
| Rashin jan ƙarfe | Rashin isasshen ma'adinan tagulla na jiki na iya lalata da kuma raunana aikin kariya na myelin. |
Shin myelin zai iya lalacewa saboda wasu dalilai?
Eh. Baya ga cututtukan da aka ambata a sama, murfin myelin na iya lalacewa saboda wasu dalilai da dama.
- Shanyewar jiki: Yana faruwa ne sakamakon raguwar kwararar jini zuwa kwakwalwa.
- Cututtuka da matsalolin metabolism: Saboda wasu cututtuka da matsalolin hanyoyin sinadarai a jiki.
- Guba: Shan wasu guba.
- Rashin Vitamin B12: Wannan bitamin yana da mahimmanci don samar da myelin.
- Wasu nau'ikan magunguna: Misali, magunguna kamar ethambutol.
- Shan barasa fiye da kima: Shan barasa na dogon lokaci yana da illa ga myelin.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin yanayi na gado da ba kasafai ake samu ba kamar cutar Tay-Sachs, murfin myelin ɗin ba zai iya samuwa yadda ya kamata ba.
Za a iya mayar da lalacewar myelin?
Wannan ita ce tambaya mafi muhimmanci ga kowa. Labari mai daɗi shine, eh, yana yiwuwa a gyara myelin da ya lalace . Wannan gyara zai iya faruwa a cikin tsarin jijiyoyinmu na tsakiya da na gefe.
Abu mafi mahimmanci ga wannan shine a sarrafa abubuwan da ke haifar da lalata myelin. Misali, yana da matukar muhimmanci a ba da magunguna kamar steroids don magance kumburi da ayyukan garkuwar jiki ke haifarwa, da kuma amfani da wasu magunguna da ke sarrafa tsarin garkuwar jiki (maganin rage garkuwar jiki/maganin daidaitawa).
Masana kimiyya a halin yanzu suna gudanar da bincike mai yawa kan yadda ake gyara myelin da ya lalace. Duk da cewa har yanzu babu wani magani da aka amince da shi don gyara myelin, sakamakon bincike yana nuna babban alkawari ga nan gaba.
- Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa maganin rashin lafiyar "clemastine" yana da ikon gyara myelin.
- Ana kuma gudanar da bincike kan ko za a iya sake samar da myelin ta amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta.
- Ana kuma gudanar da bincike kan magungunan da ke kare tsarin jijiyoyi daga ƙarin lalacewa.
Don haka, wannan bincike ya nuna cewa akwai babban yuwuwar samun ingantattun jiyya ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da lalacewar myelin a nan gaba.
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- Murfin myelin wani abu ne mai kariya da ke kewaye da ƙwayoyin jijiyoyinmu wanda ke aiki kamar murfin filastik da ke kan wayar lantarki.
- Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa saƙonnin lantarki a jikinmu ke tafiya da sauri da inganci.
- Za a iya lalata murfin myelin ta hanyar kuskure a cikin tsarin garkuwar jikinmu ko kuma saboda wasu dalilai. Muna kiran wannan da demyelination.
- Cututtuka masu tsanani kamar Multiple Sclerosis (MS) da Guillain-Barre syndrome suna faruwa ne sakamakon lalacewar murfin myelin.
- Idan kana da alamun da ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyi kamar su suma, rauni, ko wahalar tafiya, yana da mahimmanci ka ga likitanka nan da nan don neman shawara.
- Jiki yana da ikon gyara myelin da ya lalace, kuma masana kimiyya suna ci gaba da bincike kan sabbin magunguna da za su iya taimakawa wajen magance wannan.
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