'Baƙar fata' ta kwakwalwa (Substantia Nigra) - Bari mu koyi game da ƙaramin jarumin da ke sarrafa motsinmu

Abubuwa nawa muke yi a rana? Muna tafiya, muna gudu, muna ɗaukar wani abu da hannunmu, muna ɗaukar kofi, muna rubutu, muna duba kewaye... Muna yin duk wannan ba tare da wata wahala ba, ba tare da ma tunani ba. Amma kun taɓa tunanin yadda ya kamata a sarrafa duk waɗannan motsi cikin sauƙi da daidai? Bayan duk wannan akwai kwakwalwarmu. Wani ƙaramin ɓangare na kwakwalwa, amma mai ƙarfi sosai yana taimaka mana mu yi duk waɗannan motsi cikin sauƙi da a sarari. A yau za mu yi magana game da wannan ƙaramin jarumi. Wannan shine Substantia Nigra.

To me ke faruwa da Substantia Nigra a zahiri?

A taƙaice dai, Substantia Nigra (SN) muhimmin ɓangare ne na kwakwalwarmu wanda ke taimakawa wajen sarrafa motsinmu. Yana cikin wani tsari da ake kira "basal ganglia", wanda ya ƙunshi wasu sassan kwakwalwa. Yana kama da wani muhimmin sashe a cikin babban kamfani. Wannan ɓangaren yana da mahimmanci saboda tasirinsa ga motsinmu da kuma gudummawarsa ga hanyoyin sinadarai a cikin kwakwalwa.

Ka yi tunanin kana tuƙi mota. Kana buƙatar amfani da accelerator don ƙara gudu, birki don rage gudu ko tsayawa, da kuma sitiyarin juyawa. Sai lokacin da aka daidaita duk waɗannan za ka iya sarrafa motar yadda ya kamata. Hakazalika, kwakwalwa ma tana da irin wannan tsarin don sarrafa motsin jikinmu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan substantia nigra shine samar da wani sinadari da ake kira dopamine . Wannan dopamine wani manzo ne mai matuƙar muhimmanci wanda ke sarrafa motsinmu da aikin tsoka.

Akwai manyan sassa guda biyu a cikin substantia nigra. Ayyukan duka biyun sun ɗan bambanta.

1. SN pars reticulata: Wannan ɓangaren yana da hannu a cikin motsin ido, ikon koyo da ikon tunani. Kwayoyin da ke cikin wannan ɓangaren suna ɗauke da sinadarai da ake kira gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . Wannan sinadari yana sarrafa ayyukan ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa har zuwa wani mataki, kamar birki . Idan kwakwalwa ta yanke shawarar cewa wani sigina bai dace ba don zuwa tsoka, ana iya amfani da wannan 'GABA' don dakatar da wannan siginar da ba a so ko kuma a mayar da ita baya. Shi ya sa motsinmu yake da santsi, ba tare da ya zama dole ba.

2. SN pars compacta: Wannan ɓangaren yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Domin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi (neurons) a nan suna samar da sinadarin dopamine da muka yi magana a kai a baya. Dopamine ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da motsi ba, har ma da abubuwa da yawa kamar motsin zuciyarmu, iyawar koyo, lada, ɗaukar haɗari, da kuma kwarin gwiwa. Idan muka yi wani abu mai daɗi, muna jin daɗi kuma muna son sake yin sa saboda wannan dopamine.

Ina ainihin wannan yake a cikin kwakwalwa?

Substantia nigra yana tsakiyar kwakwalwarmu, wato tsakiyar kwakwalwa. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, yana tsakiyar kwakwalwa. Yana ɗan sama da tushen kwakwalwa, inda kashin baya namu ya haɗu da kwanyar da ke ƙasan wuya.

Ko da yake muna magana ne game da "substantia nigra," akwai sassa biyu na kwakwalwarmu kamar haka. Ɗaya a gefen dama na tsakiyar kwakwalwa, ɗayan kuma a hagu. Duk waɗannan suna aiki iri ɗaya.

Menene kamanninsa, launinsa, da girmansa?

Sunan ya fito ne daga Latin. "Substantia nigra" yana nufin "baƙi abu." Dalilin haka shi ne, yayin da yawancin sassan kwakwalwarmu launin ruwan hoda ne mai haske, wannan ɓangaren yana bayyana a matsayin wani abu mai duhu da baƙi fiye da sauran kyallen.

Dalilin haka shi ne ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi da ke cikin wannan ɓangaren suna ɗauke da wani launi da ake kira melanin . Melanin wani sinadari ne da ake samu a cikin ƙwayoyin fatarmu. Idan muka fita rana, fatarmu tana yin launin ruwan kasa da launin toka saboda wannan melanin. Wannan launin shine abin da ke ba wa wannan ɓangaren kwakwalwa launinsa na musamman na baƙi.

Dangane da girma, wannan ƙaramin ɓangare ne. Ana cewa ana iya sanya kusan sassa 25 na wannan babban nigra a cikin ƙwallon golf ta yau da kullun. Yanzu za ku iya fahimtar girman aikin, duk da cewa ƙarami ne.

Da me aka yi wannan ƙaramin ɓangaren?

Kamar sauran sassan kwakwalwa, substantia nigra ya ƙunshi manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu.

1. Kwayoyin jijiyoyi (Neurons):

Waɗannan su ne manyan abubuwan da ke taka rawa a cikin kwakwalwarmu da tsarin jijiyoyi. Kamar tsarin wayar tarho ne wanda ke jigilar bayanai a ƙasarmu. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna aika bayanai ta hanyar siginar lantarki da sinadarai. Akwai manyan sassa da yawa zuwa ga ƙwayar jijiya:

• Jikin ƙwayoyin halitta: Wannan shine babban ɓangaren ƙwayar halitta, kamar cibiyar sarrafawa.
• Axon: Dogon sashi mai kama da hannu wanda ya fito daga jikin tantanin halitta. Kamar waya ce mai tsawo. Ana ɗaukar sigina tare da wannan.
• Sinadaran: Tsarin da ke kama da yatsa a ƙarshen axon. Nan ne ake mayar da siginar lantarki zuwa siginar sinadarai sannan a wuce zuwa ga jijiyoyi na gaba.
• Dendrites: Ƙananan sifofi masu kama da rassan halitta a jikin tantanin halitta waɗanda ke aiki azaman eriya don karɓar siginar sinadarai daga wasu ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi.
• Myelin:Murfin kariya a kusa da wayoyi da yawa. Wannan yana taimakawa sigina su yi tafiya da sauri ba tare da zubewa ba.

2. Kwayoyin Glial:

Waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin tallafi waɗanda ke taimaka wa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi. Kamar siminti ne mai tallafi wanda ke shirya matakin manyan masu aiki kuma yana taimaka musu. Duk da cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin ba sa aika sigina, suna ba ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi abubuwan gina jiki da suke buƙata, suna kare su, suna taimakawa wajen kare tsarin jijiyoyi daga cututtuka, kuma waɗannan ƙwayoyin glial ne ke yin sheath ɗin myelin. Akwai ƙwayoyin glial kusan sau goma fiye da ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi a cikin tsarin jijiyoyinmu.

Waɗanne yanayi ne ke shafar Substantia Nigra?

Idan wannan ƙaramin ɓangare ya lalace ko kuma aikinsa ya lalace, matsaloli masu tsanani na iya tasowa. Ga wasu daga cikin manyan matsalolin lafiya da ke shafar wannan:

• Cutar Parkinson - Wannan ita ce babbar cuta kuma mafi shahara.
• Cutar Alzheimer
• Ciwon kwakwalwa
• Raunin kai, musamman raunin kwakwalwa da sauran manyan raunukan kwakwalwa
• Abubuwa masu guba, misali sinadarai kamar trichlorethylene (TCE).
• Cututtuka (musamman cututtukan da ke shafar kwakwalwa, kamar encephalitis)
• Cututtukan da matsalolin garkuwar jiki ke haifarwa, misali lupus
• Cututtukan da aka gada, kamar cutar Huntington.
• Lewy body dementia
• bugun jini

Mene ne alamomin wannan yanayin da aka saba gani?

Alamomin wata cuta da ke shafar substantia nigra na iya bambanta dangane da cutar. Duk da haka, teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa wasu alamomin da aka saba gani.

Wadanne gwaje-gwaje ake yi don gano irin waɗannan matsalolin?

Likitanka zai duba alamominka a hankali, kuma idan ya cancanta, zai iya yin odar gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don duba aikin kwakwalwa.

• Gwaje-gwajen jini: Waɗannan na iya gano abubuwa da yawa, kamar matsalolin tsarin garkuwar jiki da gubobi a jiki (musamman ƙarfe kamar jan ƙarfe da mercury).
• CT scan (Na'urar daukar hoton kwakwalwa): Ana iya ɗaukar hotunan kwakwalwa na sassan jiki don ganin ko akwai matsala.
• Hoton MRI (hoton maganadisu): Wannan zai iya samar da hotuna masu haske da cikakkun bayanai na kyallen kwakwalwa.
• Scan na PET (scan na Positron emission tomography): Wannan gwajin yana taimakawa wajen ganin yadda ayyukan sinadarai ke faruwa a kwakwalwa.
• Gwajin Halittar Halitta: Ana iya yin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen idan akwai shakku cewa cutar gado ce.

Menene maganin waɗannan yanayi?

Zaɓuɓɓukan magani sun dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan yanayin da kake ciki. Ana iya sarrafa wasu yanayi da magani. Misali, a cikin cutar Parkinson, ana ba da magunguna waɗanda ke ƙara matakan dopamine. A wasu lokuta, tiyata na iya zama dole.

Duk da cewa ana iya warkar da wasu cututtuka, yawancinsu cututtuka ne na yau da kullun. A irin waɗannan yanayi, babban burin magani shine a shawo kan alamun cutar da kuma taimaka wa majiyyaci ya rayu kamar yadda ya kamata. Idan kai ko wani da ka sani yana fuskantar waɗannan alamun, mafi kyawun abin da za a yi shi ne a ga likita mai ƙwarewa nan da nan don neman shawara.

Abubuwan da za mu iya yi don kiyaye lafiyar kwakwalwarmu

Ba za mu iya hana wasu cututtuka ba, kamar cutar Parkinson, waɗanda ke shafar substantia nigra. Suna iya faruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Duk da haka, akwai abubuwa da yawa da za mu iya yi don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ke shafar kwakwalwa, musamman abubuwa kamar bugun jini. Waɗannan abubuwa suna da matuƙar muhimmanci don kare lafiyar kwakwalwarmu.

• Cin abinci mai kyau: Abincin da muke ci yana shafar tsarin jijiyoyinmu da nauyin jikinmu kai tsaye. Duk waɗannan suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga lafiyar kwakwalwa.
• Ka kasance mai motsa jiki: Motsa jiki kowace rana da kuma kiyaye lafiyayyen nauyi ga jikinka na iya taimakawa sosai wajen kare kwakwalwarka daga cututtuka kamar hawan jini da bugun jini.
• Sanya kayan kariya: Yana da mahimmanci a sanya kayan kariya kamar kwalkwali lokacin aiki a wuraren da ake samun raunuka a kai, musamman lokacin hawa keke ko yin aikin gini. Raunin kai na iya haifar da lalacewar kwakwalwa ta dindindin.
• Kula da cututtukan da ke damun ku: Idan kuna da cututtuka masu tsanani kamar su ciwon suga, hawan jini, ko cholesterol, ku kula da su kamar yadda likitanku ya umarta. Idan ba a shawo kan waɗannan ba, akwai yiwuwar lalacewar kwakwalwa.

Substantia nigra ƙaramin ɓangare ne na kwakwalwarmu, amma yanzu za ku iya fahimtar girman rawar da yake takawa. Wannan ƙaramin ɓangare yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa motsinmu, hangen nesa, da motsin zuciyarmu. Tare da ci gaban kimiyyar likitanci, muna ƙara koyo game da shi. Wannan ilimin zai taimaka mana mu sami ingantattun magunguna don cututtukan da suka shafi hakan a nan gaba.