He aha ka "Legally Blind"? E kamaʻilio maʻalahi kākou e pili ana i kēia!

Ua lohe paha ʻoe i ka huaʻōlelo "Legally Blind." Akā ke noʻonoʻo nei paha ʻoe, "ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iki? A i ʻole he manaʻo ʻē aʻe?" He mea kēia e pono ai kekahi wehewehe. No ka mea, ʻaʻole ia he huaʻōlelo lapaʻau a nā kauka e hoʻohana pinepine ai. No laila, e kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i ia mea me nā kikoʻī hou aku, ʻeā?

He aha ke ʻano o ka "Legally Blind"?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo "Legally Blind" kahi huaʻōlelo kānāwai a hoʻokele no ka hemahema ʻike maka koʻikoʻi. ʻAʻole ia he huaʻōlelo lapaʻau i hoʻohana ʻia e wehewehe i kahi maʻi. Akā, hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻoihana e like me nā keʻena aupuni e hoʻoholo i ka mea kūpono no nā kulekele like ʻole a me nā pono e pili ana i ka nalowale o ka ʻike maka. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā like a haʻahaʻa paha ka ʻike maka o ke kanaka ma mua o kēia mau pae, ua manaʻo ʻia ua "makapō kānāwai" kēlā kanaka.

E noʻonoʻo i kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi poʻe ke ʻike maopopo me nā aniani maka. I ia mau hihia, hiki i ke aupuni ke ana i ka maikaʻi ʻole o ko lākou ʻike a hāʻawi i kahi hōʻoluʻolu. ʻO kēia mea "makapō kānāwai" e like me ia.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka makapō piha a me ka "makapō kānāwai"?

Ke ʻōlelo mākou he "makapō," manaʻo ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i kahi kūlana kahi hiki ʻole iā lākou ke ʻike i kekahi mea, ua pōʻeleʻele loa nā mea āpau. Kāhea nā kauka i kēia "ʻAʻohe ʻIke Mālamalama" (NLP) . ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻike iki i ka mālamalama. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​mea āpau i makapō e hāʻule i loko o kēia māhele. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he 15% wale nō o ka poʻe me ka maʻi maka i makapō loa. ʻO ke koena 85% he pae ʻike. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke heluhelu i nā paʻi nui, ʻike i nā mea nui, a hoʻokaʻawale paha i ka mālamalama mai ka pouli.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka "makapō kānāwai" he ʻike maka ko ke kanaka, akā, ʻaʻole lawa ia e loaʻa ai ke kōkua mai ke kānāwai.

Pehea e hoʻoholo ʻia ai ka "makapō kānāwai"? (kahi laʻana ʻAmelika)

ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēia "makapō kānāwai" hiki ke ʻokoʻa iki mai kēlā ʻāina a kēia ʻāina. E nānā kākou i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻia ʻana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, no ka laʻana. Ma laila, ʻo ka Social Security Administration (SSA) ke keʻena aupuni e hoʻonohonoho ana i nā lula. Hoʻohana lākou i kahi wehewehe i hoʻolauna ʻia e ka American Medical Association i ka makahiki 1934.

Wahi a kēlā wehewehe ʻana, no kekahi e "makapō kānāwai," pono e ʻoiaʻiʻo kekahi o kēia mau mea:

• ʻOiai inā ʻoe e kau ana i nā aniani maka a i ʻole nā ​​aniani hoʻopili maka, pono kou ʻike ma kou maka maikaʻi he 20/200 a ʻoi aku paha ka maikaʻi. Pili kēia i ka ʻike ma waenakonu o kou kahua ʻike. Inā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kekahi o kou mau maka ma mua o kekahi, lawe ʻia ke ana ma ka maka maikaʻi.
• ʻAʻole pono e ʻoi aku ka laulā o kou ʻike ma mua o 20 degere.ʻO ia hoʻi, pono e haiki loa ka laulā āu e ʻike ai. Eia hou, inā ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka ʻike o kekahi maka ma mua o kekahi, ua lawe ʻia ke ana mai kēlā maka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

He mea nui: He wehewehe kēia mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Aia paha he mau wehewehe a ʻano hana like ʻole ma Sri Lanka a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Akā ua like loa ka manaʻo nui - ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi kiʻekiʻe koʻikoʻi o ka hemahema o ka ʻike.

He aha ka hihiʻo 20/200? E hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi kākou

Ke nānā ʻia ko mākou mau maka, hāʻawi mai nā kauka iā mākou i ʻelua helu, no ka laʻana 20/20, 20/40, 20/200. He aha ke ʻano o kēia?

Ma keʻano laulā, ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻike 20/20 he ʻike olakino a maʻamau.

I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou i ke ʻano o 20/200:

• ʻO ka helu mua (20) ka mamao o kou nānā ʻana i kahi mea (ma nā kapuaʻi).
• ʻO ka lua o ka helu (200) pehea ka mamao e hiki ai i ke kanaka me ka ʻike maka maʻamau ke ʻike maopopo i ka mea like.

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, pono ke kanaka me ka ʻike maka 20/200 e neʻe kokoke aku ma kahi o 20 kapuaʻi e ʻike i kahi mea e hiki ai i kahi kanaka me ka ʻike maka maʻamau 20/20 ke ʻike maopopo mai 200 kapuaʻi ka mamao. A i ʻole, pono ka mea e ʻumi manawa ka nui e ʻike maopopo ʻia ma ia mamao.

E noʻonoʻo, inā ʻoe e hele ana ma ke alanui a hiki i kahi kanaka maʻamau ke heluhelu i kahi helu kaʻa mai 200 kapuaʻi ka mamao, ʻo ʻoe, ka mea nona ka ʻike 20/200, pono ʻoe e kali a hiki i kou mamao ma kahi o 20 kapuaʻi mai ke kaʻa mai e heluhelu ai. Maopopo iā ʻoe?

• Inā liʻiliʻi ka helu ʻelua (e.g. 20/15), ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kou ʻike ma mua o ka awelika.
• Inā nui ka helu ʻelua (e.g. 20/200), ʻo ia hoʻi, ua nāwaliwali kou ʻike ma mua o ka awelika.

Pehea lā ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ka honua i kēia kūlana?

ʻOiai ʻo ka paepae no ka "makapō kānāwai" ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 20/200, hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻāina i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe a wehewehe paha i nā pae koʻikoʻi o ka hemahema o ka hihiʻo.

Eia kekahi laʻana, hoʻohana ke Aupuni Mōʻī Hui Pū ʻIa (UK) i ka ʻōnaehana metric. Ma laila, ʻo ka hihiʻo o 6/60 (ʻo ia hoʻi ka like me 20/200) ua manaʻo ʻia he "ʻike maka ʻole (ʻike hapa ʻia)" . Loaʻa iā lākou kahi paepae o 6/150 (ʻo ia hoʻi ka like me 20/500 i nā kapuaʻi) a kapa ʻia ia he "ʻike maka ʻole nui (makapō) .

Eia kekahi, nui nā ʻāina a puni ka honua e hilinaʻi nei i ka International Classification of Diseases (ICD) a ka World Health Organization (WHO) no kā lākou wehewehe kānāwai. ʻO ka paʻi 11 hou loa o ka ICD e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā hemahema o ka ʻike maka, nona ʻekolu mau māhele no ka "makapō."

Hoʻokaʻawale ka ICD i ka hemahema o ka ʻike maka a me ka makapō e like me nā pae hoʻohālikelike:

• ʻO ka hemahema ʻike maka iki: ʻO ka ʻike ma ka maka maikaʻi loa, me nā aniani, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 6/12 akā ua like a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 6/18.
• Ka hemahema o ka ʻike maka:I ka maka maikaʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻike me nā maka aniani ma mua o 6/18 akā ua like a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 6/60.
• ʻO ka hemahema nui o ka ʻike maka: ʻO ka ʻike maka maikaʻi loa, me nā aniani, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 6/60 akā ua like a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 3/60 (a ʻaʻohe ʻike maka mālamalama). (ʻO kēia ka mea like me ka "makapō kānāwai").
• Makapō: ʻO ka ʻike ma ka maka maikaʻi loa, me nā aniani, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 3/60, a i ʻole ke kahua o ka ʻike ʻana ma lalo o 10 degere. (Aia kekahi mau mahele liʻiliʻi i loko o kēia pū kekahi).

Pehea ka maʻamau o ka "makapō kānāwai"?

ʻAʻole maʻamau ka "makapō kānāwai". Akā, manaʻo nā loea e piʻi koke ka nui o ka poʻe me ke ʻano i nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana. Ua manaʻo ʻia kahi noiʻi o 2016 ua hoʻokō wale aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau kānaka ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka pae ʻike 20/200. Ua manaʻo pū kēlā noiʻi hoʻokahi e pāpālua kēia helu ma ka makahiki 2050.

Hiki paha kēia ma muli o nā maʻi maka e kū mai ana me ka ʻelemakule (e like me ke cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration) a me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā maka ma muli o nā maʻi e like me ka maʻi diabetes.

Pehea e loaʻa ai iaʻu kahi palapala hōʻoia no kēia "makapō kānāwai"? (Kaʻina hana maʻamau)

Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kaʻina hana no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi palapala hōʻoia no kēia ʻano kūlana mai kēlā ʻāina a kēia ʻāina. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ka Social Security Administration (SSA) ke keʻena nui e hoʻonohonoho i nā kūpono no kēia.

Ma keʻano laulā, eia kekahi mau mea āu e ʻike ai he mea nui e ʻike i ka wā e loaʻa ai kahi palapala hōʻoia e like me kēia:

• Hiki i nā keʻena ke noi i kāu mau moʻolelo lapaʻau: ʻOiai pono paha ʻoe e hāʻawi i nā hōʻike e hōʻoia i kou "makapō kānāwai," hiki i nā keʻena ke kōkua iā ʻoe e hōʻiliʻili i kēlā hōʻike inā pono. Hiki iā lākou ke noi i nā moʻolelo mai kāu kauka maka a i ʻole nā ​​mea lawelawe olakino ʻē aʻe. Akā pono lākou i kāu ʻae e hana pēlā.
• ʻO kāu kauka ke kumu nui o ka ʻike: akā inā ʻaʻohe āu, a inā ʻaʻole hiki i kāu kauka ke hoʻokō i nā koi nānā no kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka ʻoihana ke hoʻonohonoho i kahi hoʻokolokolo kūkākūkā e hoʻoholo ai inā ua hoʻokō ʻoe i nā pae no ka "makapō kānāwai."
• Hiki paha iā ʻoe ke kūpono no ka palapala hōʻoia ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole mau loa kou nalowale ʻike: ʻOiai inā he manawa pōkole a hoʻihoʻi ʻia paha kou hemahema ʻike, ʻaʻole paha ia he mea keakea i ka loaʻa ʻana o ia mau pono. Aia ia i nā kānāwai a me nā kulekele o ka ʻāina e nīnau ʻia nei.

Ma Sri Lanka, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kōkua a me nā lawelawe no ia mau kūlana mai nā ʻoihana e like me ke Keʻena o nā lawelawe kaiāulu . Eia kekahi, e hiki i kāu kauka maka ke hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi ma kēia.

He aha nā pono e loaʻa ana inā "makapō kānāwai" ʻoe?

Ke hōʻoia ʻia ʻoe he "makapō kānāwai," hiki iā ʻoe ke kūpono no nā pono a me nā lawelawe like ʻole ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. E nānā kākou i kekahi mau pono pekelala i loaʻa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ke ʻano he laʻana:

• Nā uku o ka ʻInikua Palekana Kaiapili (SSDI) o kēlā me kēia mahina.
• Nā uku o ka Income Security Supplemental (SSI) o kēlā me kēia mahina (hiki ke ʻokoʻa kēia mau mea mai kēlā moku'āina a kēia moku'āina).
• Ka uhi ʻinikua ma o Medicare (ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ma luna o 65).

He mau laʻana wale nō kēia mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Aia paha nā ʻano kōkua like ʻole i loaʻa ma Sri Lanka a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻāina ʻē aʻe. Hiki i kēia ke komo pū me ke kōkua kālā, ke kōkua hoʻonaʻauao, nā hale kūikawā no nā manawa hana, ke kōkua huakaʻi, a me nā mea kōkua (e.g., nā koʻokoʻo keʻokeʻo, nā polokalamu kūikawā).

Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike hou aku e pili ana i kēia, hiki iā ʻoe ke nīnau i kāu kauka maka, nā mea lawelawe mālama ola, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​keʻena aupuni pili (e laʻa me ke Keʻena o nā Hana Kaiāulu).

ʻO ka mea nui loa: ʻO ka leka e hoʻomanaʻo pono ai

ʻO ka mea hope loa, eia ka mea. ʻAʻole ʻo "Legally blind" kahi lepili e wehewehe ana iā ʻoe. He kūlana kūhelu wale nō ia e kōkua iā ʻoe e loaʻa nā pono a me nā lawelawe e pili ana i ka makapō. Hoʻohana nā keʻena aupuni i kēia huaʻōlelo e wehewehe i nā kūlana kikoʻī āu e pono ai e hoʻokō e kūpono ai no kekahi mau pono a me nā lawelawe.

Inā ʻoe a i ʻole kekahi āu i ʻike ai he pilikia maka, mai hopohopo. E ʻike i kahi loea maka no ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo. Hiki iā lākou ke haʻi pololei iā ʻoe i kou kūlana, nā lāʻau lapaʻau i loaʻa, a pehea e noi ai no ia mau pono inā pono. E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻaʻole loa e lohi ke noi ʻana i ke kōkua.

Makapō kānāwai , hemahema o ka ʻike maka, hemahema o ka ʻike maka, olakino o ka maka, ʻike maka 20/200, nā pono palekana pilikanaka, kahua o ka ʻike maka