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Lub mediastinum yog dab tsi? Cia peb kawm txog qhov chaw tseem ceeb no hauv peb lub hauv siab.

Lub mediastinum yog dab tsi? Cia peb kawm txog qhov chaw tseem ceeb no hauv peb lub hauv siab.

Thaum koj xav txog koj lub hauv siab, koj xav txog dab tsi? Feem ntau, nws yog koj lub plawv thiab lub ntsws, puas yog? Qhov ntawd yog qhov tseeb. Tab sis koj puas paub tias ntawm koj lub ntsws, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm koj lub hauv siab, muaj ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb uas koj lub plawv, nrog rau ntau lwm yam tseem ceeb heev thiab cov hlab ntsha, nyob? Hauv kev kho mob, qhov chaw no hu ua mediastinum. Nws zoo li ib qho kev sib tshuam tseem ceeb heev hauv peb lub cev. Cia peb tham txog nws luv luv hnub no.

Qhov tseeb tiag yog dab tsi?

Hais yooj yim xwb, lub mediastinum tsis yog ib lub cev, nws yog ib qho chaw. Yog hais kom meej, nws yog ib feem ntawm koj lub hauv siab. Xav txog koj lub hauv siab zoo li ib lub tsev uas muaj peb chav. Ib chav muaj lub ntsws sab laug, thiab lwm chav muaj lub ntsws sab xis. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm ob chav no, uas zoo li chav nyob, yog qhov peb hu ua mediastinum.

Qhov chaw no nthuav dav los ntawm sab saum toj ntawm lub hauv siab mus rau hauv qab, uas yog, los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub caj dab mus rau lub diaphragm, thiab los ntawm lub sternum nyob rau pem hauv ntej mus rau tus txha nraub qaum nyob rau tom qab. Yog li qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog qhov chaw khoob xwb, tab sis yog qhov chaw uas tiv thaiv ntau yam uas tseem ceeb rau peb lub neej.

Muaj dab tsi nyob hauv mediastinum no?

Muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no. Cia peb muab lawv faib ua ob peb ntu.

Cov kab ke thiab cov qauv tseem ceeb

Hauv qhov chaw no muaj ntau lub cev tseem ceeb heev hauv peb lub cev.

Lub cev/Cov qauv Yuav ua li cas yooj yim
Lub plawv Peb lub cev tseem ceeb uas thawb cov ntshav mus thoob plaws lub cev. Nws nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub plawv mediastinum. Nws muaj ib daim ntaub tiv thaiv (pericardium) nyob ib puag ncig.
Txoj hlab pas Lub raj uas nqa cov khoom noj uas peb noj thiab haus los ntawm caj pas mus rau lub plab. Qhov no kuj hla dhau lub mediastinum.
Lub raj cuaLub raj cua tseem ceeb uas nqa cua peb ua pa mus rau hauv lub ntsws. Nws nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub caj pas.
Lub qog thymus (Thymus) Ib lub qog uas pab peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum peb tseem hluas. Nws nyob rau sab saud, pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ntsws mediastinum.

Cov Nkoj Loj

Cov hlab ntsha loj tshaj plaws uas txuas rau lub plawv, uas yog, cov uas coj ntshav mus rau thiab nqa ntshav tawm ntawm lub plawv, kuj nyob hauv mediastinum no.

  • Aorta: Cov hlab ntsha loj tshaj plaws hauv lub cev. Nws nqa cov ntshav huv (oxygenated) los ntawm lub plawv mus rau tag nrho lub cev.
  • Superior Vena Cava: Nqa cov ntshav tsis huv los ntawm sab saud ntawm lub cev ( lub taub hau , caj dab, caj npab) mus rau lub plawv.
  • Lub Cev Ntsws: Nqa cov ntshav ntawm lub plawv mus rau lub ntsws kom tau txais cov pa oxygen.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, muaj ntau lwm cov hlab ntsha tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw no.

Ntau yam ntxiv

Ntxiv rau cov yam tseem ceeb no,

  • Cov qog ntshav
  • Cov hlab ntsha
  • Qhov chaw no kuj puv nrog cov khoom xws li cov nqaij rog thiab cov nqaij sib txuas.

Yog li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm ntawm mediastinum yog dab tsi?

Qhov no muaj ntau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

1. Ua ib lub tsev muaj kev nyab xeeb: Hais yooj yim xwb, qhov no zoo li lub tsev muaj kev nyab xeeb rau lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha loj, thiab cov hlab ntsha. Nws pab ua kom cov kab mob no sib koom ua ke thiab nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

2. Muab kev tiv thaiv: Cov nqaij rog thiab cov nqaij sib txuas hauv qhov chaw no muab kev nplij siab zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv rau cov kabmob sab hauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub pob txha hauv siab (sternum) nyob rau pem hauv ntej tiv thaiv cov kabmob tseem ceeb no los ntawm kev raug cua sab nraud.

3. Ua ib qho chaw thauj neeg: Qhov no yog ib qho chaw sib tshuam loj, zoo li Colombo Fort. Txhua yam uas txav mus los ntawm ib qho chaw hauv peb lub cev mus rau lwm qhov dhau los ntawm qhov chaw no. Piv txwv li, khoom noj thiab dej haus mus los ntawm caj pas mus rau lub plab raws li txoj hlab pas, uas hla dhau mediastinum. Ib yam li ntawd, cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha mus los ntawm caj dab mus rau hauv siab, thiab los ntawm lub hauv siab mus rau lub plab, dhau los ntawm qhov chaw no.

Cov kws kho mob puas faib cov mediastinum no ua tej ntu?

Yog. Yuav kom paub qhov chaw tseeb ntawm qhov teeb meem, cov kws kho mob faib qhov chaw no hu ua mediastinum ua tej ntu me me. Txoj kev niaj hnub siv tam sim no yog kev faib peb ntu raws li kev kuaj peb-seem (3D) xws li CT scans.

Ib feem Qhov chaw thiab cov ntsiab lus
Ib feem ua ntej cov hlab ntsha Qhov nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub plawv, tom qab lub pob txha hauv siab. Cov qog thymus, cov qog ntshav hauv lub cev, thiab cov nqaij rog nyob ntawm no.
Nruab Nrab (Visceral) ib feem Nws muaj cov khoom xws li lub plawv thiab nws cov hlab ntsha loj cuam tshuam, lub trachea, thiab ib feem ntawm lub caj pas.
Qhov chaw tom qab (Paravertebral) Qhov chaw tom qab lub plawv thiab nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm tus txha nqaj qaum. Qhov no yog qhov chaw uas cov hlab ntsha thiab cov nqaij mos nyob.

Thaum tham txog nws ua ntu zus li no, nws yog ib qho kev pab zoo rau cov kws kho mob kom kwv yees qhov twg ntawm lub qog lossis lwm yam teeb meem thiab nws yuav yog hom twg.

Cov mob dab tsi cuam tshuam rau mediastinum?

Muaj ntau yam mob uas cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw tseem ceeb no. Qee yam yuav pib hauv mediastinum nws tus kheej (piv txwv li cov qog nqaij hlav), thaum lwm yam yuav pib lwm qhov thiab kis mus rau ntawm no (piv txwv li mob qog nqaij hlav).

  • Cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub plab mog: Cov qog nqaij hlav uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov nqaij hauv qhov chaw no. Cov no tej zaum yuav yog lossis tsis yog qog nqaij hlav.
  • Mediastinitis: Kev kis kab mob lossis o ntawm thaj chaw no.
  • Lymphoma: Ib hom mob qog nqaij hlav uas tshwm sim hauv cov qog ntshav.
  • Cov kab mob ntawm lub aorta: Cov mob txaus ntshai xws li o ntawm lub aorta (Thoracic aortic aneurysm) lossis ib qho kev rhuav tshem hauv nws phab ntsa (Aortic dissection).
  • Mob qog nqaij hlav ntawm txoj hlab pas
  • Lub plawv tamponade: Cov kua dej sib sau ua ke hauv lub hnab uas nyob ib puag ncig lub plawv, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab rau lub plawv.

'Widened Mediastinum' yog dab tsi?

Koj puas tau pom daim duab X-ray hauv siab uas hais tias "mediastinum dav dua"? Qhov no tsis yog hais txog kab mob. Nws yog ib qho cim qhia tias tus kws kho mob pom ntawm daim duab X-ray.Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias mediastinum zoo li dav dua li qub.

Muaj ntau yam ua rau qhov no. Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm cov hlab ntsha aorta, qog nqaij hlav, kev kis kab mob, lossis txawm tias raug mob hauv siab. Yog tias pom ib yam dab tsi zoo li no, tus kws kho mob yuav xaj kom kuaj ntxiv, xws li CT scan, kom paub qhov ua rau tseeb.

Yuav ua li cas kom cov mediastinum noj qab nyob zoo?

Vim tias mediastinum yog ib qho chaw, kev ua kom nws noj qab haus huv txhais tau tias kev ua kom cov kab mob hauv nws noj qab haus huv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum saib xyuas koj lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha.

  • Tsis txhob haus luam yeeb kiag li. Kev haus luam yeeb ua rau lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha, thiab lub ntsws puas tsuaj heev.
  • Noj zaub mov kom zoo rau lub plawv. Noj zaub mov kom tsis txhob muaj roj, ntsev, thiab qab zib ntau, thiab noj txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub ntau.
  • Ua si nawv tsis tu ncua. Tham nrog koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej pib ua ib qho kev tawm dag zog twg.
  • Txwv kev haus cawv.
  • Siv cov tshuaj uas lawv tau muab rau koj raws nraim li tau muab rau koj (piv txwv li, rau cov ntshav siab, ntshav qab zib, roj cholesterol).
  • Mus kuaj mob tsawg kawg ib xyoos ib zaug.

Ua cov no tuaj yeem txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ntau yam mob uas cuam tshuam rau mediastinum.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Cov mediastinum tsis yog ib lub cev, tab sis yog ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv koj lub hauv siab ntawm koj lub ntsws.
  • Muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb rau lub neej, xws li koj lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha loj, trachea, thiab esophagus, tau raug tiv thaiv hauv qhov chaw no.
  • Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm mediastinum yog los muab ib lub tsev nyab xeeb rau cov kabmob no thiab ib txoj kev hla mus rau cov khoom tseem ceeb mus ncig.
  • 'Qhov mediastinum dav' yog ib qho cim uas pom ntawm daim duab X-ray, tsis yog kab mob. Yuav tsum tau kuaj ntxiv kom paub qhov ua rau.
  • Txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom thaj chaw no noj qab haus huv yog ua lub neej noj qab haus huv rau lub plawv. Yog tias koj muaj lus nug txog qhov no, nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham.

Mediastinum, hauv siab, lub plawv, cov qauv ntawm lub cev, anatomy, trachea, aorta, mediastinal tumors, mediastinum dav
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 2 + 4 =
Lub mediastinum yog dab tsi? Cia peb kawm txog qhov chaw tseem ceeb no hauv peb lub hauv siab.

Lub mediastinum yog dab tsi? Cia peb kawm txog qhov chaw tseem ceeb no hauv peb lub hauv siab.

Thaum koj xav txog koj lub hauv siab, koj xav txog dab tsi? Feem ntau, nws yog koj lub plawv thiab lub ntsws, puas yog? Qhov ntawd yog qhov tseeb. Tab sis koj puas paub tias ntawm koj lub ntsws, nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm koj lub hauv siab, muaj ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb uas koj lub plawv, nrog rau ntau lwm yam tseem ceeb heev thiab cov hlab ntsha, nyob? Hauv kev kho mob, qhov chaw no hu ua mediastinum. Nws zoo li ib qho kev sib tshuam tseem ceeb heev hauv peb lub cev. Cia peb tham txog nws luv luv hnub no.

Qhov tseeb tiag yog dab tsi?

Hais yooj yim xwb, lub mediastinum tsis yog ib lub cev, nws yog ib qho chaw. Yog hais kom meej, nws yog ib feem ntawm koj lub hauv siab. Xav txog koj lub hauv siab zoo li ib lub tsev uas muaj peb chav. Ib chav muaj lub ntsws sab laug, thiab lwm chav muaj lub ntsws sab xis. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm ob chav no, uas zoo li chav nyob, yog qhov peb hu ua mediastinum.

Qhov chaw no nthuav dav los ntawm sab saum toj ntawm lub hauv siab mus rau hauv qab, uas yog, los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub caj dab mus rau lub diaphragm, thiab los ntawm lub sternum nyob rau pem hauv ntej mus rau tus txha nraub qaum nyob rau tom qab. Yog li qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog qhov chaw khoob xwb, tab sis yog qhov chaw uas tiv thaiv ntau yam uas tseem ceeb rau peb lub neej.

Muaj dab tsi nyob hauv mediastinum no?

Muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw no. Cia peb muab lawv faib ua ob peb ntu.

Cov kab ke thiab cov qauv tseem ceeb

Hauv qhov chaw no muaj ntau lub cev tseem ceeb heev hauv peb lub cev.

Lub cev/Cov qauv Yuav ua li cas yooj yim
Lub plawv Peb lub cev tseem ceeb uas thawb cov ntshav mus thoob plaws lub cev. Nws nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub plawv mediastinum. Nws muaj ib daim ntaub tiv thaiv (pericardium) nyob ib puag ncig.
Txoj hlab pas Lub raj uas nqa cov khoom noj uas peb noj thiab haus los ntawm caj pas mus rau lub plab. Qhov no kuj hla dhau lub mediastinum.
Lub raj cuaLub raj cua tseem ceeb uas nqa cua peb ua pa mus rau hauv lub ntsws. Nws nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub caj pas.
Lub qog thymus (Thymus) Ib lub qog uas pab peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum peb tseem hluas. Nws nyob rau sab saud, pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ntsws mediastinum.

Cov Nkoj Loj

Cov hlab ntsha loj tshaj plaws uas txuas rau lub plawv, uas yog, cov uas coj ntshav mus rau thiab nqa ntshav tawm ntawm lub plawv, kuj nyob hauv mediastinum no.

  • Aorta: Cov hlab ntsha loj tshaj plaws hauv lub cev. Nws nqa cov ntshav huv (oxygenated) los ntawm lub plawv mus rau tag nrho lub cev.
  • Superior Vena Cava: Nqa cov ntshav tsis huv los ntawm sab saud ntawm lub cev ( lub taub hau , caj dab, caj npab) mus rau lub plawv.
  • Lub Cev Ntsws: Nqa cov ntshav ntawm lub plawv mus rau lub ntsws kom tau txais cov pa oxygen.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, muaj ntau lwm cov hlab ntsha tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw no.

Ntau yam ntxiv

Ntxiv rau cov yam tseem ceeb no,

  • Cov qog ntshav
  • Cov hlab ntsha
  • Qhov chaw no kuj puv nrog cov khoom xws li cov nqaij rog thiab cov nqaij sib txuas.

Yog li ntawd, lub luag haujlwm ntawm mediastinum yog dab tsi?

Qhov no muaj ntau lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

1. Ua ib lub tsev muaj kev nyab xeeb: Hais yooj yim xwb, qhov no zoo li lub tsev muaj kev nyab xeeb rau lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha loj, thiab cov hlab ntsha. Nws pab ua kom cov kab mob no sib koom ua ke thiab nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

2. Muab kev tiv thaiv: Cov nqaij rog thiab cov nqaij sib txuas hauv qhov chaw no muab kev nplij siab zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv rau cov kabmob sab hauv. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub pob txha hauv siab (sternum) nyob rau pem hauv ntej tiv thaiv cov kabmob tseem ceeb no los ntawm kev raug cua sab nraud.

3. Ua ib qho chaw thauj neeg: Qhov no yog ib qho chaw sib tshuam loj, zoo li Colombo Fort. Txhua yam uas txav mus los ntawm ib qho chaw hauv peb lub cev mus rau lwm qhov dhau los ntawm qhov chaw no. Piv txwv li, khoom noj thiab dej haus mus los ntawm caj pas mus rau lub plab raws li txoj hlab pas, uas hla dhau mediastinum. Ib yam li ntawd, cov hlab ntsha thiab cov hlab ntsha mus los ntawm caj dab mus rau hauv siab, thiab los ntawm lub hauv siab mus rau lub plab, dhau los ntawm qhov chaw no.

Cov kws kho mob puas faib cov mediastinum no ua tej ntu?

Yog. Yuav kom paub qhov chaw tseeb ntawm qhov teeb meem, cov kws kho mob faib qhov chaw no hu ua mediastinum ua tej ntu me me. Txoj kev niaj hnub siv tam sim no yog kev faib peb ntu raws li kev kuaj peb-seem (3D) xws li CT scans.

Ib feem Qhov chaw thiab cov ntsiab lus
Ib feem ua ntej cov hlab ntsha Qhov nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub plawv, tom qab lub pob txha hauv siab. Cov qog thymus, cov qog ntshav hauv lub cev, thiab cov nqaij rog nyob ntawm no.
Nruab Nrab (Visceral) ib feem Nws muaj cov khoom xws li lub plawv thiab nws cov hlab ntsha loj cuam tshuam, lub trachea, thiab ib feem ntawm lub caj pas.
Qhov chaw tom qab (Paravertebral) Qhov chaw tom qab lub plawv thiab nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm tus txha nqaj qaum. Qhov no yog qhov chaw uas cov hlab ntsha thiab cov nqaij mos nyob.

Thaum tham txog nws ua ntu zus li no, nws yog ib qho kev pab zoo rau cov kws kho mob kom kwv yees qhov twg ntawm lub qog lossis lwm yam teeb meem thiab nws yuav yog hom twg.

Cov mob dab tsi cuam tshuam rau mediastinum?

Muaj ntau yam mob uas cuam tshuam rau qhov chaw tseem ceeb no. Qee yam yuav pib hauv mediastinum nws tus kheej (piv txwv li cov qog nqaij hlav), thaum lwm yam yuav pib lwm qhov thiab kis mus rau ntawm no (piv txwv li mob qog nqaij hlav).

  • Cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub plab mog: Cov qog nqaij hlav uas tshwm sim los ntawm cov nqaij hauv qhov chaw no. Cov no tej zaum yuav yog lossis tsis yog qog nqaij hlav.
  • Mediastinitis: Kev kis kab mob lossis o ntawm thaj chaw no.
  • Lymphoma: Ib hom mob qog nqaij hlav uas tshwm sim hauv cov qog ntshav.
  • Cov kab mob ntawm lub aorta: Cov mob txaus ntshai xws li o ntawm lub aorta (Thoracic aortic aneurysm) lossis ib qho kev rhuav tshem hauv nws phab ntsa (Aortic dissection).
  • Mob qog nqaij hlav ntawm txoj hlab pas
  • Lub plawv tamponade: Cov kua dej sib sau ua ke hauv lub hnab uas nyob ib puag ncig lub plawv, ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab rau lub plawv.

'Widened Mediastinum' yog dab tsi?

Koj puas tau pom daim duab X-ray hauv siab uas hais tias "mediastinum dav dua"? Qhov no tsis yog hais txog kab mob. Nws yog ib qho cim qhia tias tus kws kho mob pom ntawm daim duab X-ray.Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias mediastinum zoo li dav dua li qub.

Muaj ntau yam ua rau qhov no. Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm cov hlab ntsha aorta, qog nqaij hlav, kev kis kab mob, lossis txawm tias raug mob hauv siab. Yog tias pom ib yam dab tsi zoo li no, tus kws kho mob yuav xaj kom kuaj ntxiv, xws li CT scan, kom paub qhov ua rau tseeb.

Yuav ua li cas kom cov mediastinum noj qab nyob zoo?

Vim tias mediastinum yog ib qho chaw, kev ua kom nws noj qab haus huv txhais tau tias kev ua kom cov kab mob hauv nws noj qab haus huv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum saib xyuas koj lub plawv thiab cov hlab ntsha.

  • Tsis txhob haus luam yeeb kiag li. Kev haus luam yeeb ua rau lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha, thiab lub ntsws puas tsuaj heev.
  • Noj zaub mov kom zoo rau lub plawv. Noj zaub mov kom tsis txhob muaj roj, ntsev, thiab qab zib ntau, thiab noj txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub ntau.
  • Ua si nawv tsis tu ncua. Tham nrog koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej pib ua ib qho kev tawm dag zog twg.
  • Txwv kev haus cawv.
  • Siv cov tshuaj uas lawv tau muab rau koj raws nraim li tau muab rau koj (piv txwv li, rau cov ntshav siab, ntshav qab zib, roj cholesterol).
  • Mus kuaj mob tsawg kawg ib xyoos ib zaug.

Ua cov no tuaj yeem txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ntau yam mob uas cuam tshuam rau mediastinum.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Cov mediastinum tsis yog ib lub cev, tab sis yog ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv koj lub hauv siab ntawm koj lub ntsws.
  • Muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb rau lub neej, xws li koj lub plawv, cov hlab ntsha loj, trachea, thiab esophagus, tau raug tiv thaiv hauv qhov chaw no.
  • Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm mediastinum yog los muab ib lub tsev nyab xeeb rau cov kabmob no thiab ib txoj kev hla mus rau cov khoom tseem ceeb mus ncig.
  • 'Qhov mediastinum dav' yog ib qho cim uas pom ntawm daim duab X-ray, tsis yog kab mob. Yuav tsum tau kuaj ntxiv kom paub qhov ua rau.
  • Txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom thaj chaw no noj qab haus huv yog ua lub neej noj qab haus huv rau lub plawv. Yog tias koj muaj lus nug txog qhov no, nrog koj tus kws kho mob tham.

Mediastinum, hauv siab, lub plawv, cov qauv ntawm lub cev, anatomy, trachea, aorta, mediastinal tumors, mediastinum dav
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 2 + 4 =