Koj puas tau pom tias ib lub qhov ntawm koj daim tawv nqaij loj zuj zus thiab hloov xim? Los yog koj puas tau pom ib qho chaw tsaus tshiab uas tsis tau muaj dua li? Feem ntau, cov no tsuas yog cov chaw ib txwm muaj xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum, cov kev hloov me me no tuaj yeem yog thawj qhov cim ntawm tus kab mob txaus ntshai uas peb yuav tsum tsis txhob tsis quav ntsej. Yog vim li ntawd hnub no peb yuav tham txog ib qho tseem ceeb heev. Ntawd yog melanoma, ib hom mob qog nqaij hlav ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Tsis txhob ntshai thaum koj hnov lub npe no. Yog tias peb tau txais kev qhia txog qhov no kom zoo, peb tuaj yeem tiv thaiv peb tus kheej ntawm nws thiab paub nws thaum ntxov thiab kho nws.
Hauv lwm lo lus, melanoma yog dab tsi?
Melanoma yog suav tias yog hom mob qog nqaij hlav tawv nqaij uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws thiab hnyav tshaj plaws . Nws txhais tau tias "qog dub." Mob qog nqaij hlav no tshwm sim los ntawm cov hlwb hu ua melanocytes, uas yog cov hlwb uas muab xim rau peb cov tawv nqaij. Cov hlwb no tsim cov xim hu ua melanin. Nws yog cov xim melanin no uas txiav txim siab xim ntawm peb cov tawv nqaij, plaub hau, thiab qhov muag.
Melanoma feem ntau tshwm sim dub lossis xim av, tab sis qee zaum tuaj yeem tshwm sim xim liab, liab, ntshav, lossis txawm tias xim tawv nqaij.
Xav txog seb, kwv yees li 30% ntawm cov melanomas tshwm sim los ntawm lub cim yug uas peb twb muaj ntawm peb lub cev lawm. Qhov ntawd txhais tau tias lub cim yug hloov mus ua mob qog noj ntshav. Tab sis qhov txaus ntshai dua yog tias 70% ntawm cov melanomas tshwm sim los ntawm lub mole tshiab ntawm daim tawv nqaij ib txwm uas tsis tau muaj lub cim yug ua ntej. Yog vim li ntawd peb thiaj li yuav tsum ceev faj heev txog cov moles tshiab ntawm peb lub cev.
Tus mob qog noj ntshav no tuaj yeem loj hlob sai heev thiab kis mus rau lwm qhov ntawm lub cev (metastasis). Yog li ntawd, kev kuaj pom thaum ntxov tuaj yeem yog qhov sib txawv ntawm txoj sia thiab kev tuag. Tab sis qhov xov xwm zoo yog tias yog kuaj pom thaum ntxov, nws tuaj yeem kho tau hauv 99% ntawm cov neeg mob .
Melanoma feem ntau tshwm sim li cas? Leej twg muaj feem yuav mob tshaj?
Txawm hais tias melanoma tsuas yog suav txog 1% ntawm tag nrho cov mob qog nqaij hlav ntawm daim tawv nqaij uas tau tshaj tawm thoob ntiaj teb, nws yog lub luag haujlwm rau tus lej ntau tshaj plaws ntawm kev tuag los ntawm mob qog nqaij hlav ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws yog qhov tshwm sim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hnub nyoog qis dua 30 xyoo, thiab nws yog qhov tshwm sim ntau dua ntawm cov poj niam hluas .
Cov neeg mob melanoma tau nce ntxiv thoob plaws ntiaj teb hauv 30 xyoo dhau los. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau qhov no tau txheeb xyuas tias yog kev raug tshav ntuj ultraviolet (UV) ntau ntxiv los ntawm lub hnub. Nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas muaj tshav ntuj ntau zoo li peb li, peb yuav tsum xav ob zaug txog qhov no.
Melanoma tuaj yeem tshwm sim txhua qhov chaw ntawm koj lub cev. Nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv qhov muag lossis txawm tias ntawm cov kabmob sab hauv. Cov txiv neej feem ntau yuav tshwm sim ntawm lub hauv siab, plab, thiab nraub qaum sab saud (lub cev), thaum cov poj niam feem ntau yuav tshwm sim ntawm lawv ob txhais ceg.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub txog melanoma? Nco ntsoov txoj cai "ABCDE"!
Raws li tau hais ua ntej lawm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum paub txog qhov no thaum ntxov. Muaj ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim heev los pab peb nrog qhov ntawd. Nws hu ua txoj cai "ABCDE" . Ib txwm xyuas seb puas muaj cov moles lossis cov cim yug ntawm koj daim tawv nqaij qhia txog cov yam ntxwv no.
| Tsab Ntawv | Lub ntsiab lus | Yam koj yuav tsum ceev faj txog |
|---|---|---|
| A - Kev tsis sib xws | Kev tsis sib xws | Yog koj faib qhov chaw ua ob sab, ib sab yuav tsis zoo ib yam li lwm sab. Cov duab txawv. |
| B - Ciam Teb | Ntug | Ntug ntawm tus kab no tsis pom tseeb. Nws ntxhib, pob, lossis zoo li tau mus rau hauv qee qhov chaw. |
| C - Xim | Xim | Qhov chaw ntawd tsis yog tib xim thoob plaws. Nws zoo li muaj ntau xim sib xyaw xws li xim av, dub, grey, liab, thiab dawb. |
| D - Txoj kab uas hla | Txoj kab uas hla | Qhov dav ntawm qhov chaw yog ntau tshaj 6 millimeters (kwv yees li qhov loj ntawm lub roj hmab nyob rau sab tod ntawm tus cwj mem). |
| E - Kev Hloov Pauv | Hloov pauv | Cov qhov (mole) hloov pauv qhov loj, cov duab, lossis cov xim raws sijhawm. Qhov no kuj siv rau cov qhov (mole) tshiab uas tshwm sim. |
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, qee cov melanomas tsis haum rau txoj cai "ABCDE" no. Yog li, qhia rau koj tus kws kho mob tam sim ntawd yog tias koj pom qhov mob uas tsis zoo, ib lub qog txawv txawv, lossis muaj kev hloov pauv rau koj daim tawv nqaij lossis lub cim yug me nyuam.
Ib qho ntxiv yog "Lub Cim Qhia Txog Tus Me Nyuam Qav Dub." Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj muaj ib qho chaw ntawm koj lub cev uas zoo li txawv ntawm lwm qhov chaw ntawm koj lub cev, zoo li txiav tawm, thiab ua rau koj xav tias, "Qhov no txawv ntawm lwm qhov," nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum qhia qhov ntawd rau kws kho mob.
Vim li cas melanoma thiaj tshwm sim? Cov yam uas ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo yog dab tsi?
Cov kws tshaj lij feem ntau pom zoo tias qhov ua rau muaj mob melanoma yog raug tshav ntuj ntau dhau , tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tseem yog menyuam yaus, kom txog thaum kub hnyiab thiab ua pob liab. Raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm, 86% ntawm melanomas yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub hnub lub teeb UV.
Hais yooj yim xwb, cov teeb UV tuaj yeem ua rau cov DNA hauv peb cov tawv nqaij puas tsuaj. Mob qog noj ntshav tshwm sim thaum cov cell uas muaj cov DNA puas tsuaj no pib faib. Lub Koom Haum Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb kuj tau faib cov teeb UV los ntawm cov txaj tanning ua cov kab mob carcinogen.
Txawm hais tias leej twg los xij tuaj yeem mob melanoma, cov neeg hauv qab no muaj feem yuav mob ntau dua:
- Rau cov neeg uas tau muaj mob melanoma ua ntej lawm.
- Yog tias muaj ib tug neeg hauv tsev neeg (niam, txiv, kwv tij neej tsa) tau muaj mob melanoma.
- Rau cov neeg uas muaj daim tawv nqaij dawb heev, cov quav hnav, cov plaub hau daj lossis liab, thiab qhov muag xiav .
- Rau cov neeg uas raug tshav ntuj ntau dhau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg uas raug tshav ntuj kub.
- Rau cov neeg nyob ze ntawm lub equator lossis ntawm qhov chaw siab (raug rau UV rays ntau).
- Rau cov neeg uas muaj ntau lub cim yug me nyuam ntawm lawv lub cev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj cov duab txawv txawv (atypical).
- Rau cov neeg uas lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis muaj zog (piv txwv li, cov neeg uas tau hloov cev nqaij daim tawv).
Tseem Ceeb: Melanoma feem ntau tshwm sim rau cov neeg uas muaj daim tawv dawb, tab sis nws kuj tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau cov neeg uas muaj daim tawv tsaus dua. Melanoma feem ntau tshwm sim rau cov neeg uas muaj daim tawv tsaus dua ntawm xib teg, taw, thiab rau tes. Yog li ntawd, ceev faj rau cov chaw no thiab.
Tus kws kho mob kuaj mob melanoma li cas?
Yog tias koj muaj ib qho mole uas txawv txawv, koj tus kws kho mob yuav xub kuaj xyuas nws kom zoo zoo. Tom qab ntawd, yog tias lawv xav paub meej ntxiv txog qhov txawv txawv, lawv yuav tshem tawm ib feem lossis tag nrho ntawm cov mole los ntawm kev phais me me thiab xa mus rau chav kuaj mob kom kuaj. Qhov no hu ua biopsy . Qhov no yog li cas lawv saib nws hauv qab lub tshuab microscope kom pom tias nws puas muaj cov hlwb qog noj ntshav.
Yog tias qhov kev kuaj mob biopsy lees paub tias nws yog melanoma, kauj ruam tom ntej yog nrhiav seb tus mob qog noj ntshav tau kis mus deb npaum li cas thiab nws tau mus tob npaum li cas. Qhov no hu ua staging . Qhov no tseem ceeb heev rau kev npaj kho mob. Qhov tuab ntawm tus mob qog noj ntshav yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev kwv yees qhov tshwm sim.
Cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm melanoma raug faib ua raws li nram no:
| Theem Mob Cancer | Piav qhia yooj yim |
|---|---|
| Theem 0 | Tus mob qog nqaij hlav tsuas yog nyob rau sab saud ntawm daim tawv nqaij (epidermis). Nws tsis tau kis mus rau lwm qhov. |
| Theem I | Kab mob qog noj ntshav uas muaj kev pheej hmoo tsawg. Tsis muaj pov thawj qhia tias kis tau. Kho tau tag nrho los ntawm kev phais. |
| Theem II | Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev rov tshwm sim yog siab me ntsis, tab sis tseem tsis tau muaj pov thawj ntawm kev sib kis. |
| Theem III | Tus mob qog noj ntshav tau kis mus rau cov qog ntshav ze lossis daim tawv nqaij ib puag ncig. |
| Theem IV | Tus mob qog nqaij hlav tau kis mus rau cov qog ntshav uas nyob deb, daim tawv nqaij, lossis cov kabmob sab hauv (lub ntsws, lub siab, lub hlwb). |
Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub qhov muaj feem yuav tshwm sim?
Cov kws kho mob yuav pom zoo kom kuaj ntxiv ntau zaus kom paub tseeb tias tus mob qog noj ntshav puas tau kis mus rau lwm tus.
- Kev Kuaj Mob Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: Ib qho kev kuaj tshwj xeeb los saib seb tus mob qog noj ntshav puas tau kis mus rau cov qog ntshav.
- Kev Ntsuas CT (Computed Tomography - CT scan):Tshawb xyuas seb puas muaj mob qog noj ntshav hauv cov kab mob sab hauv ntawm lub cev.
- Kev Ntsuas MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI scan): Txhawm rau kuaj xyuas seb puas muaj qog nqaij hlav hauv lub hlwb lossis tus txha caj qaum.
- Kev kuaj PET (Positron Emission Tomography - PET scan): Txhawm rau saib seb tus mob qog noj ntshav puas tau kis mus rau qhov chaw deb ntawm lub cev.
- Kev kuaj ntshav: Kev ntsuas qee yam hauv cov ntshav (piv txwv li LDH - Lactate Dehydrogenase) tuaj yeem muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov xwm txheej ntawm tus mob qog noj ntshav.
Cov kev kho mob rau melanoma yog dab tsi?
Kev kho mob uas koj tau txais yuav nyob ntawm theem ntawm koj tus mob qog noj ntshav thiab koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho.
Kev kho mob tseem ceeb thaum ntxov yog phais tshem tawm qhov mob qog noj ntshav tag. Qhov no suav nrog kev txiav tawm qhov chaw mob qog noj ntshav thiab ib thaj chaw me me ntawm daim tawv nqaij noj qab nyob ib puag ncig nws. Feem ntau, qhov no yog ib qho txheej txheem yooj yim uas tuaj yeem ua tiav hauv chaw ua haujlwm ntawm kws kho mob tawv nqaij hauv qab tshuaj loog.
Hauv cov mob hnyav uas mob qog noj ntshav tau kis mus rau lwm qhov, tej zaum yuav xav tau lwm yam kev kho mob ntxiv rau kev phais.
- Lymphadenectomy: Yog tias tus mob qog nqaij hlav tau kis mus rau cov qog ntshav, cov qog ntshav ntawd raug phais tshem tawm.
- Kev kho mob qog noj ntshav uas tsom rau cov qog noj ntshav: Kev siv cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb uas tsuas yog tawm tsam cov qog noj ntshav xwb. Cov no tsis ua rau cov qog noj ntshav puas tsuaj.
- Kev Kho Mob Hluav Taws Xob: Tua cov hlwb qog noj ntshav siv cov hluav taws xob muaj zog heev.
- Kev Kho Mob Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob: Txhawb kom peb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom tawm tsam mob qog noj ntshav.
Yuav ua li cas tiv thaiv koj tus kheej ntawm melanoma?
Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Muaj ntau yam uas peb ua tau los tiv thaiv peb tus kheej ntawm tus kab mob qog noj ntshav txaus ntshai no.
- Tsis txhob raug tshav ntuj kub heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum 10 teev sawv ntxov txog 4 teev tsaus ntuj, thiab nyob hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntau li ntau tau.
- Siv tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub. Siv tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub uas muaj zog tiv thaiv tau ntau yam (tiv thaiv tau ob qho tib si UVA thiab UVB) uas muaj SPF 30 lossis siab dua thaum twg koj tawm mus sab nraud, txawm tias hnub uas muaj huab cua tsaus ntuj los xij. Siv dua txhua 1.5 teev. Siv dua ntau zaus dua yog tias koj tawm hws lossis ua luam dej.
- Hnav khaub ncaws tiv thaiv. Hnav cov kaus mom dav dav, tsom iav dub, khaub ncaws tes ntev, thiab ris ntev.
- Tsis txhob siv cov txaj pw tanning kiag li.
- Siv cov tshuaj pleev di ncauj uas muaj tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub rau koj daim di ncauj thiab.
- Siv tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog tshaj 6 lub hlis.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev
- Melanoma yog hom mob qog nqaij hlav tawv nqaij uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws, tab sis yog tias kuaj pom thaum ntxov, nws yuav kho tau 99%.
- Tshawb xyuas koj daim tawv nqaij tsis tu ncua. Nco ntsoov txog tej kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov loj me, cov duab, lossis xim ntawm ib lub qhov lossis lub qhov tshiab. Nco ntsoov txoj cai "ABCDE".
- Txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws los tiv thaiv kab mob melanoma yog tiv thaiv koj tus kheej ntawm lub hnub ci ntsa iab. Siv tshuaj pleev thaiv hnub txhua hnub.
- Yog koj pom muaj kev hloov pauv txawv txawv ntawm koj daim tawv nqaij, tsis txhob tsis quav ntsej. Tsis txhob ntshai. Mus ntsib koj tus kws kho mob sai li sai tau thiab mus kuaj mob. Kev kuaj pom thaum ntxov yog qhov kev tiv thaiv zoo tshaj plaws.
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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.
Ntxiv koj cov lus