I mit hmuhnaah hmun dum a awm em? Scotoma chungchang zawng zawng hi a awlsam zawngin!

Thil pakhat i en hian i thil hmuh laiah hian dot dum te tak te, a nih loh leh a chang chuan hmun hring te tak te i hmu nghal tih i hre ngai em? I ngaihven vak lo pawh a ni mai thei. Amaherawhchu, heng thilte hi kan mit lama harsatna kan neih chhinchhiahna a ni thei. Chu chu vawiinah hian kan sawi dawn a, chu chu Scotoma tih hming pu condition a ni. Hlauh tur a awm lo, hei hi awlsam takin i hrethiam ang u.

Scotoma chu eng nge ni? A awlsam zawngin i zawng chhuak ang u!

A awlsam zawngin, scotoma chu kan mit hmuhna pangngaia hmun thim tak, emaw, kan mit hmuhna hmun thenkhat, hmuh theih loh kan neihna a ni. Chanchinbu i chhiar laiin lehkha pakhat emaw pahnih emaw a blur ang maiin ngaihtuah la, TV i en laiin spot blur ang maiin han ngaihtuah teh. Chu chu a ni. A tam zawkah chuan hetiang hi mit pakhatah a thleng a, a chang chuan mit pahnihah a thleng thei.

Hei hi Grik tawnga ‘thim’ tihna a ni. Chuvangin, he thila thil thleng chu kan mit peng pakhat `retina` , a nih loh leh chuta tang chuan thluak thlenga thuchah phurtu `optic nerve` an tih nerve te hian hna an thawk tha lo a ni. Tichuan chu lai hmun atanga thluak lama thuchah lo lutte chu a kal lo va, chuvangin chu hmun chu kan hmu lo, hmun dum ang maiin. A chang chuan hei hi hun eng emaw chen atan a ni thei a, a chang chuan a awm reng thei bawk. Hetiang dinhmun hi mit nerve emaw thluak hmun thenkhat emaw tichhe thei natna nen a awm thei a ni.

Engtin nge thil kan hmuh? Tlem han hrethiam ila.

Scotoma hriatthiam nan chuan thil kan hmuh dan hi hriatthiam mai a tha ber. Pangpar mawi tak i en lai kha han mitthla teh.

1. Chu pangpar atang chuan êng chu a rawn lang chhuak a, i mit a thleng a.

2. Mit chhunga êng a luh chuan mit hnunglam screen ang maia retina an tih hmunah a tla a. Retina-ah hian light-sensitive cell maktaduai tam tak a awm a.

3. Heng cell te hian light chu electrical signal ah an chantir a, camera a sensor ang bawkin.

4. Tichuan, heng electrical signal te hi thluak lamah hian nerve bik pakhat , optic nerve an tih hian a phur lut ta a ni.

5. Thluak hi heng signal te hi a zirchiang a, "Aw, hei hi pangpar sen mawi tak a ni," tih hi a hriatthiam tir thin.

Tunah hian i hrethiam em? Chuvangin, retina, optic nerve emaw, thluak hmun hrang hrang, mit hmuhna nena inzawm emaw, chhiatna emaw, chhiatna emaw a awm chuan chu thuchah chu a kal tha lo. Chutah chuan scotoma ang chi mit lama harsatna a awm thin.

Scotoma chi hrang hrang a awm em?

Ni e, scotoma chi hrang hrang a awm. Mi thenkhat chuan ``scotomata`` (pakhat aia tam an awm tihna) an ti bawk. He classification hi a dum awmna hmun atanga thlir a ni a, a then chu i hmuh rawng atanga thlir a ni bawk (e.g. ``xanthic scotoma`` - yellow spot hmuh).

A bik takin, ‘positive’ scotoma leh ‘negative’ scotoma te an niGlaucoma hi chi hnih a awm a. ‘Positive’ ah chuan thil pakhat i hmu tak tak thei a, hmun dum ang chi, rawng ang chi. Mahse ‘negative’ ah chuan chu hmun thim tak chu i nei tih pawh i hre lo. Doctor-in i mit a enfiah hian chauh hmuhchhuah a ni. Mit pakhatah (`unilateral` emaw `monocular`) emaw, mit pahnih (`bilateral` emaw `binocular`) emaw a awm tih hriat a pawimawh bawk.

A chi hrang hrang thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

1. Central Scotoma-ah a awm

Hetiang dinhmunah hian thil thleng chu, a dark spot, a nih loh leh blurriness chu i en lai lai takah a awm a ni. Mi thenkhat tan chuan hmun dum dinglam ang mai a ni. Midang tan chuan hmalam i en dik chuan hmuh theih ang maiin a lang a, mahse a lai erawh a chiang lo, a fiah lo niin a lang. Mi pakhat hmel i en hian a hnar dinglam chauh i hmu thei ang tih han ngaihtuah teh. Hei hi `Central Scotoma` an ti a.

2. Scotoma hring hring (Scintillating Scotoma) a ni

Hemi hi chu a danglam deuh hlek. A hmel chu a twisted, wavy, shimmering pattern ang mai a ni. A châng chuan êng aṭangin thimah a kal a, chutah chuan êngah a kir leh ṭhin. Hei hi thluaka electrical signal-a hun eng emaw chen a tihbuai vang a ni. Migraines with aura , i neih chuan `scintillating scotoma' tih hi i tawng tawh mai thei. Hengte hi a tlangpuiin rei tak an daih lo va, rei vak lo hnuah an bo leh mai thin. Mi thenkhat chuan migraine lu na an neih hmain heng shimmering pattern te hi an hmu thin.

3. Paracentral Scotoma tih a ni

Chutiang a nih chuan, a dark spot chu i en lai lai takah a awm lo va, a sir lamah tlem a awm zawk a ni . Doctor-te sawi dan chuan i enna hmun atanga degree 10 vela hlaah a awm a ni. A chang chuan hetiang `Paracentral Scotoma` pakhat aia tam a awm thei bawk.

4. Junctional Scotoma a awm thin

Hei hi kan mit nerve (`optic nerve`) leh mit chiasm (`optic chiasm`) inzawmna hmuna chhiatna a awm hian a thleng thin. He `optic chiasm` hi thluak bul hnaiah 'X' ang maia awm a ni a, chutah chuan mit nerve chu thluak chhungah a lut a ni. Hei hi mit optic nerve atanga fiber lo chhuak thenkhat chu a inthlak thin a ni. Chuvangin hetah hian chhiatna a awm chuan mitdelna chi khat bik a awm thin.

Tunah chuan heng chi hrang hrangte hi rough idea i nei tawh em? Hengte hi doctor-te chauhvin dik takin an hmu thei tih hre reng ang che.

He scotoma hi mi zawng zawngah a thleng vek em?

Dik tak chuan, kan mitah hian natural blind spot kan nei vek a ni . Optic nerve chu retina kaltlangin thluaka a kalna hmun a ni. Chu hmunah chuan light-sensitive cells a awm lo. Mahse kan hre lo tlangpui. Eng nge i hriat? Kan thluak hi a fing hle a , chu gap chu a luah khat a, thlalak kimchang tak min pe a ni. Tin, mit dang atanga hmuh theihin a balance bawk.

Mahse, kan sawi tum scotoma hi natural dark spot nen a danglam a, damdawi lam thil engemaw avanga lo awm a ni. Chuvangin mi zawng zawng tan a ni lo va, chhan engemaw vangin a thleng thin.

Scotoma i neih chuan eng symptom nge i neih theih ang?

Scotoma natna lan chhuah dan hi mi hrang hrangah a inang lo thei a, a chi hrang hrangah pawh a danglam thei bawk. Heng a lan chhuah dan tlangpui thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

• I en lai thlalak thenkhat chu block emaw, distorted emaw angin a lang. Hmun dum, hmun dum emaw, hmun ruak emaw angin a lang thei .
• Rangkachak thenkhat thliar hran theih lohna. Entirnan, sen chu a sen (brown) a lang.
• Hmuh tha tur chuan êng êng tak tak mamawh. Hmun thimah chuan chutianga hmuh chu a chhe zawk tih hriat hi.
• A châng chuan i mit hmaah thil te te (`eye floaters`) lo inhnim hrual (`eye floaters`) emaw, êng eng chhuak emaw i hmu thei bawk.

Pawimawh: Heng symptoms pakhat emaw a aia tam emaw i neih chuan ngaihthah suh. Mit doctor pan nghal a, enfiah tir a tha ber a, hengte hi natna khirh zawk chhinchhiahna hmasa ber a nih theih avangin.

Eng thilin nge scotoma hi a thlen?

Scotoma thlentu pakhat chauh a awm lo va, tam tak a awm thung. Chûngte chu i retina, thluak, emaw, mit nerve-a harsatna a ni thei ber. A chhan ber thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

• Cancer : Thluak emaw mit emaw cancer a ni.
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS) : Hei hi nervous system tichhe thei natna a ni.
• Retina tihchhiat : Entirnan, thil pakhatin mit a tlak avanga hliam, emaw, mit kang (retina burns) a awm.
• Glaucoma : Hei hi mit chhunga pressure a san a, mit nerve a tihchhiat hian a ni.
• Stroke : Thluaka thisen kal a tihbuai avanga thluak cell a chhiat.
• Kum upa lam nena inzawm Macular Degeneration (AMD) : Hei hi mit hmuh dan (central vision) a tichhe thin a ni.
• Diabetes Mellitus : Zunthlum hian mit chhunga thisen kalna kawng a tichhe thei a.
• Damdawi thenkhat side effects te .

Tunah chuan scotoma chi hrang hrang sawiho tawhte chhan bikte chu engte nge ni tih i lo en ang u.

Central Scotoma natna thlentu te

He i thil en lai lairil dik tak i hmuh theih lohna dinhmun hi:

• Chu chu a hmaa kan sawi tawh angin macular degeneration .
• Strokes , a bik takin thluak chhunga mit hmuhna thununtu peng hrang hrangte nghawng thei te.
• Thluak natna hrik .
• Mit hliam avanga hliam .
• Thluak hliam natna (TBI) .

Junctional Scotoma awm chhan te

He scotoma hi mit nerve leh mit chiasm inzawmna hmuna lo awm hi:

• Tumors of the pituitary gland : He gland hi optic chiasm hnaih takah a awm a.
• Cancer chi dang, entirnan , craniopharyngioma .
• Aneurysm chu thisen kalna kawng bang a chak lo a, balloon ang maia a bulh chhuah hian a ni.
• Infection thenkhat, entirnan syphilis leh tuberculosis .
• Demyelinating condition, multiple sclerosis ang chi hian nerve chhehvela myelin sheath a tichhe thin.

Paracentral Scotoma awm chhan te

Heng hmun dum, mit hmuhna lairil lam deuh deuha lang te hi:

• Glaucoma : A chang chuan arcuate paracentral scotoma a awm thei.
• Zunthlum kaihhnawih mit natna (retinopathy) .
• Retinal tears leh retinal detachment te a awm bawk .

Scintillating Scotoma awm chhan te

Scotomas, shiny, wavy pattern anga lang hi a lo awm thei a ni:

• Migraine headaches , chu chu lu natna ‘aura’ nei leh nei lo lo thleng tihna a ni.
• Thisen sang (Thisen sang - Hypertension) .
• Hormone level inthlak danglamna .
• Thisen zam (`Coagulation disorders`) chungchanga harsatna thenkhat.
• Retinitis Pigmentosa : Hei hi natna chi khat a ni a, mittui tla zawi zawiin mit a tichhe thei a ni.
• Cancer nena inzawm retinopathy .

Chûng chhan hrang hrangte chu a inang lo hle tih han ngaihtuah teh. Chuvangin i mit hmuh danah inthlak danglamna tlemte pawh i hmuh chuan damdawi lam thurawn lak a pawimawh hle.

Engtin nge doctor hian scotoma a hriat theih?

Scotoma i neih nia i rinhlelh chuan mit lam doctor i pan ngei ngei tur a ni. I natna lan chhuah dan leh i chhungte zingah mit lama harsatna nei tawh leh awm loh a zawt ang che (medical history). Chumi hnuah chuan a hnuaia test te hi tih theih a ni:

• Mit enfiahna kimchang : Hei hi natna nei lo test a ni. Thil chi hrang hrang hmanga i mit hmuh dan leh i mit hriselna enfiah a ni. Hei hian i mitmenga êng êng chhuah leh lehkha chhiar theihna a huam a ni.
• Visual field testing neih a ni: Hei hi test bik deuh a ni. I mit chu hmun khata dah a, i chhehvela i hmuh theihna hlat zawng leh i mit hmuhna hmun hrang hranga i mit a sensitive zia tehna a ni. Light te tak te i hmu thei em tih zawttu machine hmaah i thu a ngai mai thei. Hei hi chutiang hmun dumte chu khawiah nge a awm tih chiang takin i hre thei ang.
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) : Hei hi natna nei lo, mit chhunga thlalak lak dan a ni bawk. Scan nen a inang a ni. Retina leh optic nerve layer hrang hrangte cross-sectional image a la thin. Hei hmang hian chhiatna emaw, hring emaw a awm leh awm loh en theih a ni.

Heng test an neih zawh hian doctor chuan scotoma hi damdawi lam thil dang (e.g. diabetes, glaucoma, brain tumor) avanga lo awm nia a rinhlelh chuan test dang (thisen test, MRI scan ang chi) a rawt thei ang.

Scotoma hi engtin nge enkawl a nih?

Scotoma enkawl hi a thlentu underlying condition enkawlna a ni tak zet a ni . Entirnan, scotoma hi glaucoma avanga lo awm a nih chuan glaucoma enkawl (mit thlak, laser hmanga enkawl emaw, surgery emaw) hmangin a thunun theih a ni. Chutiang bawkin, macular degeneration, stroke, cancer ang chi dinhmunah chuan a hnuaia natna awm enkawl hi a pawimawh ber a ni.

Mahse, scotoma thenkhatah chuan enkawlna bik a ngai lo . Entirnan, kan sawi tawh scintillating scotoma kha migraine nen a lo kal a nih chuan, a chang chuan mut tlem, chawlh hahdam leh tui in hnuah a bo thin.

Hetiang scotomas hi migraines nen hian i neih chuan i doctor chuan i migraines control-na atana pui turin natna tidamtu, triptans ang chi damdawi bik emaw, anti-seizure damdawi emaw a pe thei che a ni.

A pawimawh ber chu mahni inenkawl ai chuan Doctor hmu a, a chhan dik tak zawn chhuah a, a enkawl dan tur dik tak lak hi a ni.

He scotoma hi a lo awm loh nan kawng a awm em?

Dik tak chuan tun dinhmunah chuan scotoma hi a then phei chuan a lo awm lo thei lo . Entirnan, condition thenkhat chu genetic factors avanga lo awm a awm a.

Mahse, a lehlamah chuan, a hnuaia thil awm ṭhenkhat control chuan scotoma vei theihna a ti tlem thei a ni. Entir nan:

• If you have migraines , i doctor-in damdawi a pekte dik taka hman leh migraine vei tam lutuk tihtlem hian associated scotomas lo awm pawh a ti tlem thei bawk.
• If you have diabetes , zunthlum vanga i mit chhiatna tur ven nan i thisen sugar level control a pawimawh hle.
• Thisen sang (hypertension) i neih chuan chu pawh chu i control a ngai a ni.
• Tin mit enfiah fo a pawimawh hle bawk . Hei hian glaucoma ang natna te chu a tir lamah hmuhchhuah leh enkawl theih a ni.
• Nunphung hrisel (ei leh in tha, exercise lak, leh meizuk loh) zawm hi mit hriselna atan a tlangpuiin, taksa pum tan pawh a tha hle.

A awlsam zawngin kan mit enkawl hi kan tih theih tha ber a ni.

Scotoma ka neih chuan eng nge thleng ang? Nakin hun atana hmalam hun eng nge awm?

Scotoma chan tur chu, a dam leh ang em, a awm ang reng ang, a na zual ang tih chu a chhanah a innghat a ni .

• Dark spot thenkhat chu hun eng emaw chen atan a ni. Entirnan, migraine a tawp chuan, emaw, thisen sang a normal leh chuan, a kaihhnawih scotoma chu a bo ta a ni.
• Mahse, scotoma hi damdawi lam thil dang avanga lo awm a nih chuan a bo lo thei a, hun kal zelah a lian thei bawk. Entirnan, glaucoma enkawl loh emaw, macular degeneration emaw avanga lo awm scotomas te chu zawi zawiin a lian chho thei a ni.

Scotoma neih hian, a bik takin kan sawi tawh central scotoma hian i lehkha chhiar thiamna leh lirthei khalh thiamna a nghawng thei a ni . A chhan chu thil pakhat lairil i hmuh theih loh lai hian chutiang thil chu tih a harsat avangin.

Chutiang a nih chuan, i doctor nen low vision aids chungchang i sawi thei ang . Chung zingah chuan:

• Lighting dik tak a awm
• Chhiar tur magnifiers te
• I chhiar theihna tur hmanrua

Hetiang thil hian nitin hna thawk turin a pui thei che a ni.

Scotoma ka neih chuan engtikah nge doctor ka hmuh ang? Eng emergency nge ni?

I mit hmuhnaah danglamna emaw, i symptoms a zual emaw i hmuh chuan doctor pan nghal rawh. Tikhawtlai suh.

Mahse, heng symptoms te hi scotoma nen a lo lang nghal a nih chuan emergency a ni thei. 911 ah call nghal la, a nih loh leh damdawi in emergency room hnai ber ah kal rawh:

• Lu natna nasa tak, a lo intan nghal mai thin.
• Harsatna thusawi.
• I taksa peng emaw i hmai emaw a natna (numbness) a awm.
• Luhai.
• Mit hmaah êng eng leh floaters te, chubakah dark shadow emaw black spot emaw a awm bawk. Hengte hi retinal detachment chhinchhiahna a ni.A lan chhuah dan chu: Retinal tear emaw detachment emaw hi a na lo tlangpui a, mahse emergency a ni a, enkawl vat ngai a ni!

Heng natna lan chhuahna na tak takte hi ngaihthah hian mit a tichhe reng thei emaw, hriselna lama harsatna lian tham dang emaw a thlen thei tih hre reng la, chuvangin hmalak vat a pawimawh hle.

A tawp berah chuan thil hriat reng tur (Take-Home Message) .

‘Scotoma’ tih thumal hi ‘blind spot’ tih thumal angin i hriat chian lo mai thei, mahse an pahnih hian awmzia inang an nei. Scotoma hi i hmuh loh laia i hmuh theih loh a ni thei a, thil hmuh duh huna mitdelna a ni thei bawk. Scotomas vei thenkhat chuan an nei tih pawh an hre lo.

Damdawi lam thil dang ang bawkin, i mit hmuhnaah danglamna i hmuh chuan i doctor nen inbiakna neih a pawimawh . A chang chuan hei hi thil tenawm tak a ni thei a, mahse a chang chuan thil pawi zawk chhinchhiahna hmasa ber a ni thei bawk.

Mit lama harsatna lian tak thlen thei dinhmun i neih chuan i doctor hnenah i tanpui thei tur thil (e.g., support group, low vision aids) chungchang sawipui rawh. I mit hi thil hlu tak a nih avangin enkawl hi i mawhphurhna a ni. Hrethiam e? Ngaihtuah buai suh, eng thil pawh doctor nen sawiho theih a ni a, a chinfel dan tur a zawng thei bawk.

` Scotoma, dark spot, mit hmuhna, mit natna, retina, optic nerve, glaucoma, migraine, mit enfiah