Kodi mayeso a PCR ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule!

Tikamva mawu akuti PCR, timaganiza za mliri wa Covid, sichoncho? Nthawi yomwe tinkafunika kuyika swab m'mphuno mwathu ndikudikirira kuti lipotilo libwere... zimenezo sizidzaiwalika. Koma kodi mumadziwa kuti PCR siigwiritsidwa ntchito pongozindikira Covid? Iyi ndi mayeso ofunikira kwambiri omwe apanga chitukuko chachikulu mu sayansi ya zamankhwala. Lero, tiyeni tikambirane za mayeso a PCR awa, zinthu zina zomwe angazindikire, komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito m'njira yosavuta yomwe mungamvetse.

Kodi PCR ndi chiyani?

Chabwino, tiyeni tinene motere. Tangoganizirani kuti muyenera kupeza liwu limodzi patsamba limodzi la buku limodzi, mwa mabuku masauzande ambiri mu laibulale yayikulu. Kodi zimenezo zingakhale zovuta bwanji? Zili ngati kupeza chidutswa chaching'ono cha DNA kapena RNA , zinthu za majini zomwe zili mkati mwa maselo m'thupi lathu.

Ukadaulo wa PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) umapangitsa ntchito yovutayi kukhala yosavuta. Izi zimachita kukopera chidutswa chaching'ono kwambiri cha DNA kapena RNA chomwe tikufuna mazana ambiri, ngakhale mamiliyoni ambiri (kukulitsa). Zili ngati kupeza tsamba lomwe lili ndi mawuwo m'buku la laibulale, kuliyika mu makina ojambulira, ndikupanga makope pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi. Kenako, popeza mawu ovuta kuwapeza tsopano ali paliponse, titha kuwazindikira mosavuta.

Mwachidule, PCR ndi mayeso omwe amatenga selo laling'ono kwambiri m'thupi lathu, dontho la magazi, kapena swab ya m'mphuno, ndikutulutsa DNA kapena RNA inayake m'ma labotale kuti atsimikizire ngati ilipo mu chitsanzo chathu kapena ayi. Iyi ndi mayeso ovuta kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti imatha kuzindikira ngakhale kachilombo kakang'ono kwambiri. Njirayi ndi ya gulu la mayeso otchedwa Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT).

Ndi matenda ati omwe angadziwike poyesa PCR?

Ngakhale kuti PCR yatchuka chifukwa cha mliri wa COVID, yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko lachipatala kwa zaka zambiri. Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingapezeke ndi mayesowa. Tiyeni tiwone zina mwazofunikira.

Kodi mumatenga bwanji chitsanzo kuti muyesedwe ndi PCR?

Mmene mungatengere chitsanzo cha PCR zimadalira mtundu wa matenda omwe mukufuna. Njira yotengera chitsanzo ndi yosiyana pa vuto lililonse.

Nthawi zambiri, simuyenera kuchita chilichonse chapadera pokonzekera mayeso a PCR. Komabe, nthawi zina, monga pochita chinthu monga biopsy, dokotala wanu adzakupatsani malangizo ofunikira pasadakhale.

Kodi ukadaulo wa PCR umagwira ntchito bwanji?

Chabwino, tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe ukadaulo wodabwitsawu umagwirira ntchito. Izi ndi zasayansi pang'ono, koma ndifotokoza mwachidule.

1. Kukonzekera chitsanzo: Choyamba, DNA kapena RNA imachotsedwa mu chitsanzo (magazi, madzi otuluka m'thupi, ndi zina zotero) zomwe zatengedwa kuchokera kwa inu.

2. Kupanga chisakanizo: Kenako, DNA/RNA yosiyana iyi imasakanizidwa ndi mankhwala enaake apadera. Chinthu chachikulu mu chisakanizochi ndi enzyme yotchedwa DNA Polymerase . Iyi ndiyo yaikulu yomwe imachita ntchito yojambula zithunzi.

3. Kutenthetsa ndi Kuziziritsa Nthawi: Tsopano chubu chaching'ono chokhala ndi chisakanizochi chayikidwa mu makina apadera. Makinawa amakweza ndi kuchepetsa kutentha mwachangu kwambiri.

• Kuchepa kwa kutentha: Choyamba, kutentha kumawonjezeka kufika pa madigiri Celsius 95. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zingwe ziwiri za DNA zilekanitsidwe.
• Kuthira: Kenako, kutentha kumatsitsidwa kufika madigiri pafupifupi 55. Kenako, zidutswa zazing'ono za DNA (zoyambira) zomwe zimagwirizana ndi chidutswa cha DNA chomwe tikuchifuna zimalumikizidwa ku zingwe za DNA zolekanitsidwa.
• Kutenthetsanso (Kuwonjezera): Kenako kutentha kumakwezedwa kufika pa madigiri 72. Kenako enzyme ya DNA polymerase imabwera ndikupanga chingwe chatsopano cha DNA kuchokera ku primer yomwe ikugwirizana ndi chingwe choyambirira cha DNA.

4. Kukopera: Tsopano makope awiri a chingwe chimodzi cha DNA apangidwa. Kuzungulira kutentha kumeneku kumabwerezabwereza nthawi pafupifupi 30-40. Mu kuzungulira kamodzi, kuchuluka kwa DNA kumawirikiza kawiri. Awiri amakhala anayi, anayi amakhala asanu ndi atatu, asanu ndi atatu amakhala khumi ndi asanu ndi limodzi... Pambuyo pa kuzungulira pafupifupi 30, makope oposa biliyoni apangidwa kuchokera ku chidutswa chimodzi choyambirira cha DNA.

Tsopano, chidutswa cha DNA/RNA, chomwe kale chinali chaching'ono kwambiri kuti chizindikirike, chakhala chachikulu mokwanira kuti chizindikirike mosavuta.

Kodi pali mitundu ya mayeso a PCR?

Inde, pali mitundu iwiri makamaka yomwe tiyenera kuidziwa.

• Reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR): Mavairasi ena, monga Covid, fuluwenza, ndi HIV, ali ndi chidziwitso chawo cha majini mu RNA osati mu DNA. PCR yachibadwa imatha kukopera DNA yokha. Chifukwa chake, chomwe mumachita mu RT-PCR choyamba ndikugwiritsa ntchito enzyme yapadera (`Reverse Transcriptase`) kuti 'musinthe' RNA kukhala DNA. DNA yomwe imachokera imatchedwa complementary DNA (cDNA). Kenako njira yachibadwa ya PCR imachitika.

• PCR Yanthawi Yeniyeni / Quantitative PCR (Q-PCR): Iyi ndi njira yapamwamba pang'ono. Chomwe chimachitika apa ndichakuti pamene DNA ikukopedwa, chizindikiro cha fluorescent chimalumikizidwa nacho. Pamene kuchuluka kwa DNA komwe kwakopedwa kukuwonjezeka, fluorescence iyi imakulanso. Makinawa amatha kuyeza fluorescence iyi. Chifukwa chake, pamene tikudikira, ndiko kuti, munthawi yeniyeni , titha kuwona ngati DNA yoyenera ilipo mu chitsanzo kapena ayi. Sikuti zokhazo, zingaperekenso lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa kachilombo komwe kanali mu chitsanzo choyambirira (viral load). Mayeso a Real-time RT-PCR omwe amaphatikiza njira zonsezi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira Covid.

Kodi lipoti la PCR limatanthauza chiyani?

Ndikofunikira kwambiri kumvetsetsa lipoti la PCR mukalandira.

• Zapezeka / Zabwino: Ngati lipoti lanu likunena kuti "Zapezeka" kapena "Zabwino," zikutanthauza kuti chitsanzo chanu chinali ndi ziwalo za kachilombo kapena majini omwe ankafuna. Mwachidule, mwina muli ndi kachilomboka.

• Sizipezeka / Zoipa: Izi zikutanthauza kuti zidutswa za DNA/RNA zofunikira sizinapezeke mu chitsanzo choyesedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mwina mulibe kachilomboka.

Nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti mupeze zotsatira imasiyana malinga ndi mayeso omwe akuchitika. Kupopera m'mphuno (monga COVID, fuluwenza) nthawi zambiri kumapeza zotsatira mkati mwa maola 24. Komabe, kuyezetsa magazi ndi biopsy kuti mupeze matenda a majini kungatenge sabata imodzi kapena kuposerapo.

Ngati muli ndi mafunso kapena nkhawa zokhudzana ndi mayeso a PCR kapena zotsatira zake, onetsetsani kuti mwalankhula ndi dokotala wanu za izi.