Kodi mankhwala amadziwa bwanji komwe kumapweteka?

Kavindu (wazaka 24) yemwe anabwera kuchipatala tsiku limenelo anadabwa kwambiri komanso anali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zambiri. Anayang'ana khadi la mankhwala lomwe linali m'manja mwake, anagwedeza mutu wake, ndipo anandifunsa funso lachilendo.

"Dokotala, usiku watha ndinamva kupweteka kwambiri kwa dzino. Ndinamwa mankhwala ochepetsa ululu omwe dokotala wa mano anandipatsa. Ndinameza piritsilo ndipo ndinatumiza m'mimba mwanga, koma pasanathe mphindi 20 ululu wanga wa dzino unatha! Ndiye piritsi laling'ono ili limadziwa bwanji kuti ndi dzino langa lomwe limapweteka? Kodi lili ndi mtundu wina wa GPS?" Kavindu anafunsa moona mtima.

Ndinamwetulira ndipo ndinati kwa Kavindu, "Kavindu, mulibe GPS mkati mwa piritsi. Koma momwe limagwirira ntchito mkati mwa thupi lathu ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri. Zili ngati mthenga woyendayenda mumzinda. Kotero lero, tiyeni tikambirane za momwe tingapezere malo enieni omwe piritsi limapweteka likalowa m'mimba ndikulichiritsa."

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mankhwala akalowa m'mimba? (Kuyamwa)

Piritsi lomwe timamwa limapita kaye m'mimba mwathu ndi m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono. Pamenepo, asidi ndi madzi m'mimba zimayamba kuswa piritsi kukhala tinthu tating'ono kwambiri.

Tinthu ta mankhwala osungunuka timeneti timayamwa kudzera m'makoma a matumbo ang'onoang'ono kupita m'magazi mwathu. Mu sayansi ya zamankhwala, njirayi imatchedwa kuyamwa .

Kufalikira kwa magazi m'thupi lonse

Tinthu ta mankhwala tomwe talowa m'magazi timayamba kuyenda m'mitsempha yamagazi m'thupi lonse ndi kugunda kwa mtima.

Apa, mankhwala samangopita molunjika pamalo opweteka. Amayenda ndi magazi kupita ku ziwalo zonse za thupi, kuyambira mutu mpaka zala. Zili ngati kuthirira munda wonse ndi payipi. Ngakhale madzi amalowa m'munda wonse, zomera zokha zomwe zimafunikira ndi zomwe zimayamwa, sichoncho? Umu ndi momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito.

Chitsanzo cha Lock ndi Key

Njira yabwino kwambiri yodziwira momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito komanso komwe amafunikira ndi kudzera mu chiphunzitso cha "Lock and Key Model" .

Matupi athu amapangidwa ndi maselo mabiliyoni ambiri. Selo lililonse lili ndi "maloko" ang'onoang'ono pamwamba pake opangidwa ndi mapuloteni apadera. Mu zamankhwala, timatcha ma receptor awa.

Tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mankhwala m'mapiritsi omwe timamwa tili ngati "makiyi" opangidwa mwapadera. Pamene makiyi awa akuyenda m'magazi m'thupi lonse, amalumikizana ndi selo lomwe lili ndi loko yeniyeni (receptor) yomwe imalowamo.

• Momwe mankhwala ochepetsa ululu amagwirira ntchito: Dzino likapweteka, maselo omwe ali m'dzino amapanga mankhwala omwe amawonetsa ululu. Mankhwala ochepetsa ululu amayenda m'magazi ndikutseka ma receptors omwe ali m'maselo amitsempha omwe amanyamula zizindikirozo ku ubongo. Kenako, uthenga wopweteka supita ku ubongo, kotero sitimva kupweteka kwa dzino.
• Momwe mankhwala a ziwengo amagwirira ntchito:Mwa kuletsa ma receptors omwe amamangirira ku histamine ya mankhwala yomwe imayambitsa ziwengo, zizindikiro monga kuyetsemula ndi kuyabwa zimachotsedwa.

Kuchita ndi Ma Enzymes

Kuwonjezera pa ma receptor, pali gulu la ogwira ntchito m'thupi lathu omwe amafulumizitsa ntchito iliyonse ya mankhwala. Amatchedwa ma enzyme .

Mankhwala ena amagwira ntchito poletsa kwakanthawi ntchito ya ma enzyme amenewa. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala monga Panadol (Paracetamol) amagwira ntchito poletsa ntchito ya ma enzyme m'thupi omwe amayamba kugwira ntchito tikakhala ndi ululu ndi malungo.

N’chifukwa chiyani timapeza zotsatirapo zake?

Popeza mankhwala amayenda m'thupi lonse, nthawi zina amatha kumangirira ku ma receptors m'malo ena osati komwe timawafuna.

Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala ena a zilonda zam'mimba amatha kuyenda m'magazi ndikumangirira ku ma receptors muubongo, zomwe zimatipangitsa kumva tulo. Izi zimatchedwa zotsatira zoyipa .

Mankhwala Amakono Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito ndi Nanotechnology

Ngakhale kuti mankhwala akale ankakhudza thupi lonse, mankhwala amakono apita patsogolo kwambiri moti mankhwala amakono tsopano ali ngati zipolopolo zomwe zimagunda cholinga chawo.

• Nanotechnology: Izi zimathandiza kuti mankhwala azisungidwa mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala tating'onoting'ono kwambiri kuposa tsitsi, kenako n'kutumizidwa mwachindunji ku maselo odwala (monga maselo a khansa).
• Mankhwala Oletsa Kutupa kwa Thupi: Mankhwala oletsa kutupa apangidwa omwe amazindikira ndi kuukira zizindikiro zinazake pamwamba pa maselo a khansa, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa maselo athanzi komanso zotsatirapo zake.

Mankhwala ochokera ku chilengedwe

Mankhwala ambiri akumadzulo omwe timawaona masiku ano amachokera ku zomera zachilengedwe ndi bowa.

• Aspirin: Aspirin, mankhwala odziwika kwambiri padziko lonse ochepetsa ululu komanso ochepetsa magazi, idapezeka koyamba kuchokera ku khungwa la mtengo wa msondodzi.
• Penicillin: Mankhwala oyamba opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda adapezeka kuchokera ku nkhungu yotchedwa Penicillium notatum.

🚨 Malangizo ndi malangizo a dokotala

Ngakhale kuti mankhwala ndi othandiza kwambiri m'thupi, kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwalawo kungawononge moyo.

Nthawi yoti mukaonane ndi dokotala nthawi yomweyo:

• Ngati mukupeza zizindikiro za ziwengo zoopsa (Drug Allergy/Anaphylaxis) monga kupuma movutikira, kutupa kwa milomo ndi nkhope, kapena mawanga ofiira pakhungu patangopita maola ochepa mutamwa mankhwala enaake.
• Ngati mwangozi mwamwa mankhwala ochulukirapo kuposa omwe dokotala wanu wakupatsani (overdose).
• Ngati zizindikiro za zilonda zam'mimba kapena mavuto a impso ziyamba chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa ululu popanda upangiri wa dokotala.

Zoyenera kuchita ndi zosayenera kuchita

Magwero asayansi (Maumboni)

• 📚 Mankhwala kuyambira A mpaka Z - NHS
• 📚 Chidule cha chitsanzo cha mankhwala, njira yomangira ligand ndi momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito muzochita zachipatala - PMC