ADN, gene na chromosomes ni iki? Reka tuganire mu buryo bworoshye!

Ese wigeze wibaza icyakugize uko uri? Ibara ry'umusatsi wawe, ibara ry'amaso, uburebure, imiterere y'umubiri wawe, ibi byose bigenwa gute? Igisubizo kiri muri ibi bintu tugiye kuvugaho uyu munsi, ADN , genes, na chromosomes . Nubwo bishobora kumvikana nk'amagambo ya siyansi, ibi ni ibintu byoroshye cyane gusobanukirwa. Reka turebe.

ADN (aside deoxyribonucleique) ni iki? Mu magambo make…

Tekereza umubiri wawe wose nk'igitabo kinini cy'amabwiriza. Icyo gitabo kikubwira uko buri gice cy'umubiri wawe kigomba gukora, uko ukwiye kugaragara, n'uko ukwiye kugaragara. Ayo mabwiriza yitwa `DNA (aside Deoxyribonucleic).` Iri muri buri selile mu mubiri wawe. Mu magambo make, ADN ni ishusho y'uwo uri we.

ADN ikorwa n'iki?

ADN ifite ururimi rwayo rwo kwandika iki gitabo cy'amabwiriza. Urwo rurimi rufite inyuguti enye. Ni izi:

• Adenine (A)
• Cytosine (Cytosine – C)
• Thiamine (Thymine – T)
• Guanine (Guanine – G)

Izi ngingo enye z’ibinyabutabire ni zo zigize "amagambo" mu gitabo cyawe cy’amabwiriza, atondetse mu buryo runaka. Nk’uko inyuguti zacu za Sinhala zishyirwa hamwe kugira ngo zikore amagambo. Tekereza, hari hafi miliyari 3 z’izi ngingo mu mubiri w’umuntu! 99% byazo ni bimwe kuri buri muntu. Iyo 1% isigaye ni yo ituma utandukana n’abandi, umuntu wawe wihariye. Ntabwo ari igitangaza?

ADN ihora ikora kopi zayo ubwayo. Ni ukuvuga ko ikora kopi z'igitabo cy'amabwiriza y'umubiri wawe, nk'amakopi yanditswe n'intoki. Ikoresha amagambo agizwe no guhuza izo shingiro.

None se, imiterere y'uturemangingo (genes) ni iki?

Mu by’ukuri, imiterere y’uturemangingo ni nk’inkingi z’umubiri wawe . Hari imiterere y’uturemangingo itanga amabwiriza yo gukora poroteyine. Akamaro ka poroteyine ni ukubwira umubiri wawe imiterere y’umubiri wifuza kugira. Urugero, ibintu nk’ibara ry’umusatsi wawe n’ibara ry’amaso yawe. Hari imiterere y’uturemangingo yitwa `RNA (aside Ribonucleic),` ikora indi mirimo.

Ni gute tubona ingirabuzimafatizo (genes)?

Ntushobora kugura izi gene mu iduka ry’uturemangingo. Uzikura kuri nyoko na so. Mu by’ukuri, ubona kopi imwe y’uturemangingo twawe mu igi rya nyoko n’ikopi imwe mu ntanga ngabo za so. Iyo umaze kugira uturemangingo tubiri, utwo turemangingo turatandukana, tugakora kopi zatwo, kandi tugakora kugeza twujuje igitabo cyawe cyose cy’amabwiriza. Tekereza, hari uturemangingo turi hagati ya 20.000 na 25.000 mu mubiri wawe!

Noneho reka turebe chromosomes icyo ari cyo.

Chromosomu ni imiterere isa n'imigozi. Iherereye hagati mu turemangingo, mu gice cy'umubiri. Chromosomu zirimo ADN na poroteyine. Ziza mu bunini butandukanye. Zigizwe na poroteyine zidasanzwe zitwa 'Histones' zituma ziba nto kandi zigashyirwa imbere mu gice cy'umubiri. Tekereza gato, iyo hatabaho izo histones, chromosomes zacu zaba ndende nkatwe! Chromosomu ni amabwiriza nyayo uturemangingo twawe tubona atuma uba umwihariko kandi wihariye.

Abantu bafite chromosome zingahe?

Ubusanzwe, umuntu muzima agomba kugira chromosomes 23 (zose hamwe 46). Izi chromosomes zigabanyijemo chromosomes 22 zifite imibare (zitwa `autosomes`) n'chromosomes ebyiri zifite igitsina (chromosomes `X` na `Y`). Ubona chromosomes imwe kuri nyoko n'indi kuri so.

Ariko, ni gake cyane, amakosa ashobora kubaho iyo uturemangingo twigabanyijemo ibice tugakora kopi. Iyo ibi bibaye, bamwe mu bantu bashobora kugira chromosome y'inyongera muri pair (indwara yitwa `Trisomy`) cyangwa chromosome imwe muri pair ikaba ibura (indwara yitwa `Monosomy`).

Ni iyihe sano iri hagati ya ADN, gene, na chromosomes? Bikora bite?

Ibi bintu bitatu - ADN, gene, na chromosomes - bihurira hamwe bigakorana kugira ngo bireme umuntu uri we.

• Chromosomes ni zo zitwara ADN mu turemangingo.
• ADN ifite inshingano zo kubaka no kubungabunga imiterere y'umuntu wawe.
• Ingirabuzimafatizo ni ibice bya ADN yawe biguha imiterere yihariye y'umubiri wawe kandi bigatuma utandukana n'abandi.

Mu magambo make, iyo ibi byose bihuye, umubiri wawe uhabwa amabwiriza yuzuye agena uko uturemangingo twawe tugomba kwitwara.

ADN iherereye he? Igaragara ite?

ADN iri muri buri selile mu mubiri wawe. Inyinshi muri zo ziri mu gice cy’ingirabuzimafatizo (hagati) ya buri selile. Hariho kandi ADN imwe muri mitochondria (uturemangingo duto turi mu selile duha ingufu).

Ku bijyanye n'ishusho ya ADN, igizwe n'ibice bine bya shimi byavuzwe mbere: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), na guanine (G). Ibi bice by'ibanze bihurira hamwe; A ihora ihurira na T, na C ihora ihurira na G. Ibi bice by'ibanze, hamwe na molekile y'isukari na molekile ya fosifate (yitwa `nucleotide`), bikora ishusho isa n'ingazi (yitwa kandi `double helix`). Ibi bice by'ibanze bimeze nk'imirongo y'ingazi, naho isukari na fosifate bimeze nk'imigozi.

Imikorobozo isa ite?

Chromosomu zifite imiterere isa n'umugozi. Poroteyine za kromosomu (`histones` zavuzwe haruguru) zizunguruka kuri ADN, nk'umugozi uzunguruka umugozi, ugakanda ADN mo uduce duto kugira ngo ihure imbere mu turemangingo. Tekereza, iyo chromosomes zitazunguruka kuri ADN gutyo, ADN yawe yari kuba ifite uburebure bwa metero 1.5 kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera!

Indwara za Genetic ni izihe?

Indwara ya genetiki ni indwara iterwa na gene idasanzwe. Ihinduka rya genetiki ni gene idakoperwa neza mu gihe cy'igabanyuka ry'uturemangingo. Ni ukuvuga ko imiterere yayo itandukanye n'izindi gene mu mubiri. Niba ufite ihinduka rya genetiki, umubiri wawe ushobora kudashobora gukura no gukora neza.

Hari igihe ushobora kuragwa iyi gene mutation uturutse ku babyeyi bawe. Hari igihe ushobora no kugira gene mutation mu mubiri wawe ku bw'impanuka, nta muntu wo mu muryango wawe wigeze agira iyo gene mutation cyangwa gene condition mbere. Hariho ibihumbi by'indwara nk'izi.

Impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo (genetic mutations) zibaho gute?

Impinduka mu miterere y’uturemangingo (genetic mutations) ziba iyo uturemangingo twawe twigabanyijemo ibice tugakora uturemangingo dushya. Iyo uturemangingo twigabanyijemo ibice, biba bimeze nko kwandika n'intoki verisiyo y'umwimerere y'amabwiriza y'umubiri wawe. Hari ahantu henshi ho gukora amakosa muri iki gikorwa. Ni nko gusimbuka ipaji cyangwa igice iyo urimo gusoma igitabo. Iyo ukoze ikosa (mutation y'uturemangingo), igitabo cyawe cy'amabwiriza gishobora guha umubiri wawe amabwiriza atari yo. Hari igihe impinduka idahindura uburyo umubiri wawe ukora. Ariko hari igihe impinduka ishobora kukubuza gukora neza. Byose biterwa n'ubwoko bw'ikintu iyo gene irimo gukora.

Ese hari ibizamini bishobora kugenzura uko ubuzima bw'uturemangingo twanjye buhagaze?

Yego, hari ibizamini byinshi bya genetiki. Ibi bikoresha icyitegererezo cy'amaraso yawe, uruhu, umusatsi, cyangwa, niba utwite, amazi ya amniotic. Ibi bizamini bishobora kugaragaza impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe, chromosomes, cyangwa poroteyine. Ibi bizamini bishobora kugaragaza imiterere yihariye ya genetiki n'ingirabuzimafatizo zahindutse. Nanone, niba wifuza kubyara umwana, ibi bizamini bishobora kugufasha kumenya ibyago byawe byo kubyara umwana ufite imiterere ya genetiki.

Ni gute nakongera ubuzima bwa ADN yanjye?

Kugira ngo urusheho kugira ubuzima bwiza bwa ADN yawe, ugomba kwita ku mubiri wawe neza. Kubera ko ADN yawe ari yo ishinzwe uburyo ukura n'imikorere yawe. Ushobora kunoza ubuzima bwawe muri rusange ukoresheje:

• Kurya indyo yuzuye .
• Imyitozo ngororamubiri.
• Komeza kugira ibiro bizima.
• Irinde kunywa itabi no gukoresha ibikomoka ku itabi .

Chromosome ya Homologous ni iki?

Chromosomu ifite ishusho imwe ni chromosome ebyiri, imwe iva kuri nyina n'indi iva kuri se. Zombi zigomba kuba zifite amakuru amwe ya genetiki, ahantu hamwe. Chromosomu zishobora kandi kuba zitari imiterere imwe. Ibi bivuze ko amakuru ya genetiki arimo atandukanye, cyangwa ari ahantu hatandukanye.

Amaherezo, icyo ugomba kwibuka (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

ADN yawe, gene, na chromosomes ni bimwe mu bice by'ingenzi bikugira uwo uri we. Nubwo ari bito cyane ku buryo bitabonwa n'amaso, uruhare rwabyo ni rutangaje kandi ni runini cyane. Rero, ni wowe ugomba gukurikiza ubuzima bwiza no gukomeza ADN yawe, gene, na chromosomes bikora neza. Niba wikunda, tekereza kuri izi nshuti nto ziri mu mubiri wawe. Niba gusa zimeze neza ni bwo ushobora kugira ubuzima bwiza.