Ese wigeze wibaza niba imibiri yacu ihora ikora amaraso mashya? Yego, ni ukuri. Mu buvuzi, ibi ni byo twita hematopoiesis. Muri make, iyi ni inzira itangaje imibiri yacu ikora uturemangingo tw'amaraso, cyangwa uturemangingo tw'amaraso. Kimwe no gukuraho imodoka ishaje ukagura nshya, imibiri yacu ihora ikuramo uturemangingo tw'amaraso dushaje kandi tugashyiraho uturemangingo dushya tw'amaraso mu mwanya watwo. Uku ni ko imibiri yacu ikomeza gutanga amaraso buri gihe. Ntabwo ari ibintu bitangaje? Iyi nzira itangira mbere yuko tuvuka kandi igakomeza mu buzima bwacu bwose.
Hematopoiesis ni iki? Mu magambo make...
Reka turebe icyo iri jambo Hematopoiesis risobanura. Nubwo rishobora kugaragara nk'ijambo ridasanzwe, ibisobanuro byaryo biroroshye cyane. Iri jambo rikomoka ku guhuza amagambo abiri akomoka mu rurimi rw'Ikigiriki.
- 'Haîma' (Haima): Ibi bivuze 'amaraso' cyangwa ' amaraso '.
- Poesis (poesis): Ibi bivuze 'gukora ikintu' cyangwa 'gukora'.
Hanyuma iyo aya magambo yombi ashyizwe hamwe, igitekerezo cyo
'gukora amaraso' cyangwa
'gukora amaraso' kiraza. Biroroshye cyane kubyumva, si byo se? Hari igihe iyi nzira yitwa
hematopoiesis yitwa hemopoiesis, hematogeneis, cyangwa hemogenesis. Aya magambo yose asobanura ikintu kimwe.
Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso tuvumburwa n'amaraso?
Amaraso yacu ntabwo agizwe n'ubwoko bumwe bw'uturemangingo. Nk'uko ifunguro rigizwe n'ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibiryo nk'umuceri, lentile n'amafi, amaraso yacu nayo arimo ubwoko butandukanye bw'uturemangingo. Ubwo bwoko bwose bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso bukorwa binyuze mu nzira yo
gusohora amaraso . Reka turebe ibyo ari byo.
Uturemangingo tw'amaraso dutukura (Erythrocytes)
Izi ni zo selile nyinshi cyane mu maraso yacu. Ese wari uzi ko akazi gakomeye k'iselile zitukura ari
ugutwara ogisijeni yinjira mu bihaha iyo duhumeka tuyijyana mu zindi ngingo zose n'imitsi mu mubiri. Izi selile zikora nk'ikigega cya ogisijeni. Nanone, izi selile zitukura zifasha kugarura dioxyde de carbone idakenewe ikorerwa mu mubiri wacu mu bihaha no kuyisohora iyo duhumeka. Inzira yo gukora selile zitukura z'amaraso yitwa
erythropoiesis .
Uturemangingo tw'amaraso tw'umweru (Leukocytes)
Uturemangingo tw’amaraso bwera ni nk’abarinzi b’umutekano mu mibiri yacu. Nk’ingabo zirinda igihugu, utwo turemangingo
tuturinda indwara zirwanya mikorobe, nka bagiteri na virusi, zinjira mu mibiri yacu. Si ibyo gusa, utwo turemangingo tw’amaraso bwera tunafasha mu gusenya uturemangingo tudasanzwe dukurira mu mibiri yacu, nk’uturemangingo twa kanseri. Uburyo uturemangingo tw’amaraso bwera dukorwamo bwitwa
Leukopoiesis. Ntabwo ari ubwoko bumwe gusa bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera, ahubwo hariho ubwoko bwinshi bw'ingenzi: Muri izi, neutrophils, basophils, na eosinophils zifite imirimo isa cyane, bityo zose hamwe zitwa granulocytes . Platelets (cyangwa Thrombocytes)
Platelets ni nk'abaganga bato mu mibiri yacu. Iyo ufite igikomere gito ugatangira kuva amaraso, izi platelets zifasha guhagarika kuva amaraso. Izi ni uduce duto tw'uturemangingo dufatana. Ziteranira aho igikomere kiri, zigakora agahu, hanyuma zigafunga igikomere. Ni nko gushyira plaster. Niyo mpamvu amaraso adasohoka mu mibiri yacu bitari ngombwa. Inzira yo gukora platelets yitwa thrombopoiesis . Iyi gahunda yo gukora amaraso ibera he?
Ikibazo cy'ingenzi cyane! Iyi nzira itangaje yitwa hematopoiesis ikunze kubaho mu gice cy'amagufwa yacu. Iki gice twita umwobo w'amagufwa. Ese wabonye igice gitukura kiri mu igufwa iyo urya inkoko? Uko ni ko uyu mwobo w'amagufwa umeze. Iremwa ry'amaraso muri ubu buryo mu mwobo w'amagufwa ryitwa hematopoiesis ya medullary . Uturemangingo tw'amaraso twakozwe muri ubu buryo tunyura mu mubiri wacu mu mitsi yacu y'amaraso. Ariko, rimwe na rimwe, cyane cyane mu ndwara zimwe na zimwe, amaraso ashobora gukorwa mu bindi bice by'umubiri wacu uretse umwobo w'amagufwa, urugero, mu ngingo nk'umwijima n'umwobo . Iremwa ry'amaraso hanze y'umumobo w'amagufwa muri ubu buryo ryitwa hematopoiesis ya extramedullary . Hari impinduka ntoya ahantu aya maraso akorerwa, haba mbere na nyuma yo kuvuka. Mbere yo kuvuka
Aya maraso atangira kubaho tukiri mu nda ya ba nyina, ni ukuvuga nk'uruhinja.- Ubwa mbere, mu byumweru bitatu bya mbere byo gutwita, ubwoko bw'uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso butangira kuremwa mu buryo bukikije urusoro rwitwa umuhondo w'umuhondo . Utwo turemangingo tuba tudakuze neza ugereranyije n'uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso dukora iyo tukuze.
- Hanyuma, mu mezi agera kuri 2-3 utwite, uturemangingo dutukura n'udupira duto dutangira kwirema mu mwijima no mu gasabo. Uturemangingo tw'amaraso bwera twirema mu mwijima, mu gasabo, no mu gasabo ka thymus.
- Mu kwezi kwa gatanu utwite, amaraso menshi akorwa mu musemburo w'amagufwa. Ariko, hari ubwoko bumwe bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera tukorerwa mu gasabo ka thymus, urwagashya, n'utundi dutsi duto tw'amaraso.
Nyuma yo kuvuka
Nyuma yo kuvuka, kuva mu bwana kugeza mu bwana, amaraso menshi akorwa mu igufwa. Ariko, ubwoko bwihariye bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso tw'umweru twitwa lymphocytes nabwo butera imbere mu ngirabuzimafatizo yacu ya thymus. Ariko, mu ndwara zimwe na zimwe, urugero, iyo igufwa ritashoboye gukora uturemangingo tw'amaraso neza, umubiri wacu ugerageza kongera gukora amaraso ahantu amaraso yakorewe mbere yo kuvuka, nko mu mwijima, mu gahanga, cyangwa mu duce tw'amaraso. Ibi ni nk'ingamba zikoreshwa mu gihe cy'impanuka. Uburyo bwo gusohora amaraso mu maraso bugenda bute?
Iyi ni inzira igoye cyane, ariko ikora neza cyane. Tekereza ubwoko butandukanye bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso dushobora gukorwa bivuye ku karemangingo kamwe k'amaraso! Ubwo bwoko bwose bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso bufite akaremangingo gasanzwe, gatangira. Tubyita aka karemangingo k'amaraso (HSC) . Ibi bimeze nk'"akaremangingo k'ingenzi." Aka karemangingo ka HSC kaba kabanje guhinduka akaremangingo k'imbere cyangwa "blast" . Aka karemangingo k'imbere ni akaremangingo kari mu nzira yo guhinduka akaremangingo k'amaraso runaka, ariko kakaba katarakura neza. Aka karemangingo k'imbere karagenda gahinduka utundi turemangingo twinshi kandi kagahinduka mbere yuko kaba akaremangingo k'amaraso gakora neza. Hariho ibice bitatu by'ingenzi bya hematopoiesis, bishingiye ku buryo ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'amaraso twavuze mbere bukorwa:- Erythropoiesis: Gukora uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso.
- Leukopoiesis: Gukora uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera.
- Thrombopoiesis: Gukora plaquettes.
Iyo habayeho izi mpinduka zose, iyo selile y’umwimerere (HSC) irushaho kuba yihariye. Ni ukuvuga ko itakaza imiterere y’iseli y’umubiri ikabona imiterere y’iseli y’umutuku, iseli y’umweru, cyangwa platelets. Erythropoiesis (ikorwa ry'uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso)
Uturemangingo dutukura tw’amaraso turemwa mu musokoro wacu w’amagufwa. Uturemangingo tw’ibanze tw’amaraso (HSC) tuba mbere na mbere tugize ingirabuzimafatizo twitwa erythroblast . Hanyuma iyi erythroblast iba ingirabuzimafatizo itukura idakuze yitwa reticulocyte . Amaherezo, iyi reticulocyte iba ingirabuzimafatizo itukura yuzuye kandi ikora neza. Uburyo uturemangingo tw'amaraso twera twibandwaho (Leukopoiesis)
Uturemangingo tw’amaraso tw’umweru twose si ko turemwa kimwe. Uturemangingo twavuze mbere - ni ukuvuga basophils, eosinophils, na neutrophils - turemwa mu buryo butandukanye gato n’utwo turemangingo twa monocytes na lymphocytes. Uburyo granulocytes zikorwa
Ubwoko butatu bwa granulocytes bukorerwa mu musokoro w'amagufwa. Iyo uturemangingo tw'amaraso tw'ibanze (HSC) dukomeje kubikora, dukura mu nzira yitwa umurongo w'uturemangingo twa myeloid . Ijambo "myeloid" risobanura "ibifitanye isano n'umusokoro w'amagufwa." Rero, utu turemangingo twitiriwe kuko dukorerwa mu musokoro w'amagufwa. Kugira ngo hakorwe granulocyte, uturemangingo twa HSC tuba mbere na mbere tugize uturemangingo twitwa myeloblast . Iyi myeloblast ihinduka myelocyte , amaherezo ikahinduka basophil, eosinophil, cyangwa neutrophil. Uburyo uturemangingo tw’ingufuriya imwe (mononuclear cells) twibandwaho
Monocytes zikorerwa mu musokoro w'amagufwa. Lymphocytes - ni ukuvuga selile B, selile T n'uturemangingo twica karemano - zikorerwa mu musokoro w'amagufwa no mu tundi turemangingo twa lymphoid, nka thymus gland. Urugero, lymphocytes zibera mu musokoro w'amagufwa zikiri nto cyane, hanyuma zikimukira mu musokoro w'amagufwa, aho zikura zikaba selile T.- Monocytes zikura binyuze mu murongo wa selile za myeloid: Kubera ko nazo ziba mu musokoro w'amagufwa, zibanza gukura zikaba selile y'ibanze yitwa monoblast , hanyuma ni bwo ziba monocytes zuzuye.
- Lymphocytes zikura ku murongo w’uturemangingo twa lymphoid: kuko ziremwa mu turemangingo twa lymphoid, nk'umusokoro w'amagufwa na gland ya thymus. Kubwibyo, uturemangingo twa HSC tuba lymphocytes dukura tukaba uturemangingo tw’ibanze twitwa lymphoblasts . Izi nizo zihita zitandukana mu turemangingo twa T, uturemangingo twa B, cyangwa uturemangingo tw’umwicanyi karemano.
Imiterere y'udupira tw'amaraso (Trombopoiesis)
Ikorwa rya plaquettes ribera no mu musemburo w'amagufwa. Aha, uturemangingo tw'amaraso tw'ibanze (HSC) twabanje gukura tukaba uturemangingo tw'ibanze twitwa megakaryoblast . Iyi megakaryoblast ihita ikura ikaba uturemangingo tunini twitwa megakaryocyte . Amaherezo, plaquettes zibaho iyo ibice by'iyi megakaryocyte byangiritse. Ntabwo ari igitangaza? Iyi gahunda yo gusohora amaraso bifata igihe kingana iki?
Mu by’ukuri, umuvuduko w’uturemangingo tw’amaraso ukorwa uterwa n’ibyo umubiri wawe ukeneye. Urugero, iyo urwaye, umubiri wawe wongera umusaruro w’uturemangingo tw’amaraso twera kugira ngo turwanye mikorobe. Ubusanzwe, inzira yo gucika kw’amaraso ibaho buri gihe, kuko uturemangingo tw’amaraso na two tugira igihe runaka cyo kubaho. Iyo uturemangingo tumwe tw’amaraso dupfuye, umubiri muzima ukora utwandi two kuwusimbura. Impuzandengo y’igihe uturemangingo tw’amaraso ni iyi ikurikira:- Uturemangingo dutukura: Tubaho iminsi igera kuri 120.
- Uturemangingo tw'amaraso tw'umweru: Tubaho kuva ku masaha make kugeza ku minsi mike.
- Platelets: Zibaho hagati y'iminsi 5 na 9.
Rero, umubiri wacu uhora ukuraho utwo turemangingo bishaje kandi ugakomeza gukora utundi dushya.
Bite ho niba hari ikibazo mu mikorere y'amaraso?
Imibiri yacu ni nziza cyane mu kugenzura ikorwa ry’utu turemangingo tw’amaraso, bivuze ko dufite ingano ikwiye y’uturemangingo tw’amaraso. Ariko, hari indwara zimwe na zimwe zishobora kubangamira iyi gahunda yo gusohora amaraso. Ibi bishobora gutuma hakorwa uturemangingo duke cyane tw’amaraso cyangwa tukaba twinshi cyane. Iyo umubare w’uturemangingo tw’amaraso uhindutse mu buryo budasanzwe muri ubwo buryo, ibimenyetso bitandukanye n’indwara bishobora kubaho.- Ibibazo ku turemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso:
- Iyo umubare w'uturemangingo dutukura mu maraso ugabanutse, byitwa anemia . Ushobora kumva unaniwe kandi ufite intege nke kubera ko ingingo z'umubiri wawe zitabona ogisijeni ihagije.
- Ubwiyongere bw'umubare w'uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso bwitwa erythrocyte . Mu bihe byoroheje, ibi bishobora gutera ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe bitameze neza. Ariko, mu bihe bikomeye, kwiyongera kw'uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso bishobora gutuma amaraso abyimba, bigatuma ibyago byo kurwara indwara z'umutima cyangwa indwara zo mu bwonko birushaho kwiyongera.
- Ibibazo bifitanye isano n'uturemangingo tw'amaraso tw'umweru:
- Iyo umubare w'uturemangingo tw'amaraso yawe ugabanutse, byitwa leukopenia . Ibi byongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara.
- Ubwiyongere bw'umubare w'uturemangingo tw'amaraso tw'umweru bwitwa leukocytosis . Ibi akenshi biba ikimenyetso cy'ubwandu. Ariko, rimwe na rimwe umubare munini w'uturemangingo tw'amaraso tw'umweru ushobora kuba ikimenyetso cy'indwara y'amaraso cyangwa kanseri.
- Ibibazo bifitanye isano n'imitsi yo mu maraso:
- Umubare muto w'imitsi yo mu maraso witwa thrombocytopenia . Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma uva amaraso byoroshye kandi ugakomereka byoroshye.
- Iyo umubare w’udupira tw’amaraso wiyongera, byitwa thrombocytosis . Ibi byongera ibyago byo kurwara amaraso menshi.
Ni ibihe bintu bibangamira inzira yo gusohora amaraso mu maraso?
Hari ibintu byinshi bishobora kubangamira inzira y’amaraso mu mubiri. Bimwe muri ibyo bishobora kugira ingaruka nke, mu gihe ibindi bishobora kuba bikomeye. Urugero, uko tugenda dusaza, ibinure bishobora kwiyongera mu musemburo w’amagufwa yacu, bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukora amaraso. Indwara ziterwa n’amaraso na kanseri y’amaraso , nka kanseri y’amaraso, lymphoma, na myeloma, na byo bishobora kubangamira ikorwa ry’uturemangingo tw’amaraso. Izi ndwara zitera kwiyongera cyane kw’uturemangingo tw’amaraso tudasanzwe kandi turwaye. Ikindi kintu ni uko imiti imwe n’imwe ishobora kubangamira inzira y’amaraso mu mubiri, bigatuma umubare w’uturemangingo tw’amaraso ugabanuka. Urugero, imiti ya chimiotherapie, ikoreshwa mu gusenya uturemangingo twa kanseri, ishobora gutuma umubare w’uturemangingo tw’umweru ugabanuka. Ibi byitwa neutropenia . Rero, imiti imwe n’imwe ishobora no gutuma uturemangingo tw’amaraso tugabanuka nk’ingaruka mbi. Ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane twifuza kujyana mu nkuru (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)
Noneho rero, ubu urasobanukiwe ko iyi hematopoiesis, inzira yo gukora amaraso twavuganye uyu munsi, ari ikintu kibaho buri gihe, ikintu cy'ingenzi kugira ngo tubeho neza kandi tubeho. Uku gutanga amaraso mu buryo buhoraho ni ingenzi cyane mu gutanga ogisijeni mu ngingo z'umubiri wacu no kuturinda indwara. Wibuke ko iyi gahunda ikunze kuba mu igufwa ryacu. Ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka ku buzima bwacu nabyo bishobora kugira ingaruka kuri ubu bushobozi bwo gukora amaraso.
Kubwibyo, kubungabunga ubuzima bwacu muri rusange dukoresha indyo yuzuye, gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri no gukurikiza inama za muganga bizadufasha gukomeza iyi gahunda itangaje yo gusohora amaraso mu maraso. Niba ufite ibindi bibazo kuri ibi, ntugatinye kuvugana na muganga.
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