Mabhakitiriya chii? Ngatidzidzei zvakawanda nezvezvisikwa zvidiki izvi!

Waizviziva here kuti kune mamiriyoni ezvisikwa zvidiki zvakatikomberedza, uye mukati memiviri yedu, zvatisingakwanise kuona? Ndizvo zvakaita mabhakitiriya . Mamwe akanaka, mamwe ane hukasha, zvinoreva kuti anogona kukonzera zvirwere. Ngatitaurei nezvemabhakitiriya aya ese zvakadzama nhasi, zvakanaka here?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, mabhakitiriya imhuka diki diki, dzine sero rimwe chete. Tinodana bhakitiriya rimwe chete kuti 'bhakitiriya'. Kune mamiriyoni, kunyange mabhiriyoni, emarudzi akasiyana emabhakitiriya kwese kwese pasi rose, kunyangwe mumuviri wako. Ari paganda rako, mumhino dzako, mumuromo mako, pamwe nemudumbu mako, mudumbu mako, uye munzira yako yekuzvitakura. Ingofunga, masayendisiti anoti kune masero emabhakitiriya akawanda kagumi kupfuura masero evanhu mumiviri yedu! Hazvishamisi here izvozvo?

Mabhakitiriya anotibatsira sei?

Haasi mabhakitiriya ese akaipa. Mamwe marudzi emabhakitiriya anobatsira zvikuru kwatiri. Mabhakitiriya aya anobatsira anowanzo kuwanikwa paganda redu nemudumbu medu, inova sisitimu yedu yekugaya. Tinoadaidza kuti mabhakitiriya edu anogara, kana kuti 'miti yedu inogara', kana kuti 'microbiome' yako. Iyi inharaunda yemabhakitiriya anogara mumuviri wako. Mabhakitiriya aya akanaka ari mudumbu anotibatsira kunwisa zvinovaka muviri , kugaya chikafu , uye kumisa kukura kwemabhakitiriya akaipa. Akafanana neshamwari dzedu dzepamwoyo.

Ndeipi njodzi dzebhakitiriya?

Kunyangwe mabhakitiriya mazhinji asina njodzi, mamwe marudzi anogona kukukonzera kurwara. Tinoti marudzi aya ebhakitiriya 'zvirwere '. Zvirwere tupukanana tunogona kukonzera chirwere. Zvinogona kuwanda nekukurumidza mumuviri wako uye zvinogadzira chepfu . Ndipo panoitika hutachiona.

Heano mimwe mienzaniso yebhakitiriya inokuvadza:

• Streptococcus : Mabhakitiriya anokonzera hutachiona hwepahuro, kureva, strep throat.
• Staphylococcus : Mabhakitiriya anokonzera hutachiona hweganda.
• Escherichia coli : Mabhakitiriya anokonzera utachiona hweE. coli.

Mabhakitiriya aya ndiwo anonyanya kukonzera chepfu muropa, chirwere chinonzi ``septicemia.' ' Izvi zvinoitika kana mabhakitiriya apinda muropa rako. Mabhakitiriya ari muropa rako anogona kupararira uye okonzera chirwere chakakomba chinonzi ``sepsis.' ' Sepsis idambudziko remuviri wako rinoitika zvakanyanya kana wabatwa nehutachiona hwakapararira mumuviri wako wese.

Mimwe mienzaniso yebhakitiriya rinoparira zvirwere ndeiyi:

• Aerococcus urinae: Bakiteriya inokonzera hutachiona hwemunzira yeweti.
• Chlamydia trachomatis : Mabhakitiriya anokonzera chirwere chepabonde chinonzi chlamydia.
• Bordetella pertussis : Utachiona hunokonzera kukosora kwemheni.

Mabhakitiriya mazhinji anogona kurapwa nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya . Zvisinei, kana ukanwa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kakawanda, muviri wako unogona kuramba mishonga yacho. Uyewo, kana ukasatora mishonga iyi kwenguva yose kana sezvawaudzwa nachiremba wako, une mukana mukuru wekusakwanisa kushandisa mishonga iyi.

Mabhakitiriya anorongwa sei?

Masayendisiti anoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuisa mabhakitiriya mumapoka.

Nezita resainzi

Imwe nzira ndeyezita ravo resainzi. Zita iri rinosanganisira "rudzi" rwavo - zita rinopiwa mabhakitiriya zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo - uye "rudzi" rwuri mukati merudzi irworwo. Semuenzaniso, zita resainzi remabhakitiriya anokonzera chirwere che "botulism" ndi "Clostridium botulinum" . Kunyangwe mukati merudzi rumwe chete, masayendisiti anogona kuwana "marudzi" akasiyana.

Zvichienderana nechimiro chebhakitiriya

Imwe nzira ndeyekutarisa chimiro chebhakitiriya. Kune maumbirwo matatu ebhakitiriya:

• Yakatenderera kana kuti yakaita sebhora (`cocci ba CTE ria` - cocci bacteria)
• Chimiro chetsvimbo kana kuti chakaita sechimuti (`bacilli`)
• Chimiro chedenderedzwa kana chedenderedzwa (`spirochetes`)

Zvichienderana nezvinodiwa neokisijeni

Masayendisiti anoronga mabhakitiriya zvichienderana nekuti anoda okisijeni here kuti ararame uye akure.

• Mabhakitiriya anoda okisijeni anonzi 'aerobes '.
• Mabhakitiriya asingakwanise kurarama kana kukura kana paine okisijeni anonzi 'anaerobics '.
• Mamwe mabhakitiriya anogona kurarama nekukura neokisijeni kana kuti asina. Anonzi "mabhakitiriya ekugadzira" (facultative bacteria ).

Zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwemajini

Imwe nzira ndeyekutarisa majini ebhakitiriya. Bhakitiriya rega rega rine majini akasiyana. Izvi zvinonzi 'genotype' yavo. Kuongororwa kwakakosha kunogona kuona mutsauko muzvimiro zvemajini izvi.

Nekusvibisa - Gram Staining

Iyi inyaya inokosha. Masayendisiti anoisawo mabhakitiriya muzvikamu neruvara rwaanoburitsa mushure mekunge asvibiswa nemakemikari akakosha (`stains`). Imwe nzira inozivikanwa yekuisa mabhakitiriya muzvikamu ndeye ``Gram staining`` . Izvi zvinoisa mabhakitiriya muzvikamu se``gram- positive`` kana ``gram -negative``. Kuisa mabhakitiriya muzvikamu izvi kunobatsirawo kuona marapirwo. Nekuti mabhakitiriya e gram-positive ne gram-negative anopindura zvakasiyana kune mamwe ma antibiotic.

Chii chinonzi Gram-positive bacteria?

Mabhakitiriya anoiswa muzvikamu zve gram-positive kana gram-negative zvichienderana neruvara rwaanogadzira paGram stain. Mavara acho akasiyana nekuti madziro emasero avo akasiyana. 'Positive' uye 'negative' hazvirevi 'zvakanaka' kana 'zvakaipa', zvinongoreva zvakanaka. Mabhakitiriya ane Gram-positive anoita sebhuruu-pepuru paGram stain.

Mimwe mienzaniso:

• Corynebacterium (`Corynebacterium`)
• Clostridium (`Clostridium`)
• Listeria (`Listeria`)

Chii chinonzi Gram-negative bacteria?

Mabhakitiriya eGram-negative anoita seakatsvuka-tsvuku paGram stain. Anokonzera hutachiona hwakasiyana nehutachiona hweGram-positive. Anofanirawo kurapwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

Mimwe mienzaniso:

• Pseudomonas (`Pseudomonas`)
• Mapuroteni (`Mapuroteni`)
• Klebsiella

Musiyano uripo pakati pebhakitiriya nemavhairasi ndeupi?

Mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi marudzi maviri ehutachiona, kana kuti tupukanana. Ose anogona kukonzera hutachiona, uye dzimwe nguva zviratidzo zvinogona kufanana. Zvisinei, marapirwo ehutachiona hwehutachiona nehutachiona akasiyana zvachose.

Vanachiremba vanoshandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kurapa mamwe hutachiona hwemabhakitiriya. Asi mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya haishande pamavhairasi. Vanachiremba vanorapa mamwe mavhairasi nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya , asi mishonga iyoyo haishande pahutachiona hunokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya. Izvi zvakakosha kunzwisisa!

Chii chinonzi mabhakitiriya asingaurayiwi nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya?

Masoja emuviri wako anogona kurwisa mamwe mabhakitiriya okunda. Asi dzimwe nguva, unofanira kutora mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya kuti urape hutachiona hwebhakitiriya. Mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya inoshanda nekuparadza madziro esero rebhakitiriya kana DNA .

Zvisinei, kushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya zvakanyanya kunogona kukonzera matambudziko nekufamba kwenguva. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti mamwe mabhakitiriya anova asingachadi mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.('resistant'). Zvadaro zvinova zvakaoma kurapa hutachiona hunokonzerwa nemarudzi matsva. Nguva imwe neimwe yaunotora mushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya, mukana wekuti mabhakitiriya adzidze kudzivirira mushonga uyu unowedzera.

Zvakakosha: Zvakakosha kutora mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yakanyorerwa nachiremba, muchiyero chaicho uye kwenguva yakazara. Kuimisa pakati kana kuitora nechiyero chidiki hazvizourayi mabhakitiriya zvachose, uye mamwe asara acharamba akasimba pamushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya.

Muenzaniso wakanaka webhakitiriya risingarapike nemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya iMRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Izvi zvine njodzi zvishoma.

Mabhakitiriya anotapuriranwa sei?

Mabhakitiriya mazhinji anoberekana nemaitiro anonzi "binary fission." Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, sero rimwe chete rebhakitiriya rinodzokorora DNA yaro robva rapatsanuka kuita maviri. Sero rega rega idzva rinowana kopi yeDNA. Zvakaita sekuti rimwe rinova maviri, maviri anova mana, zvichingodaro.

Mabhakitiriya ane prokaryotic here kana kuti eukaryotic?

Mabhakitiriya haana "nucleus" . Saka, anoiswa muchikamu che "prokaryotes" . Itunhu tudiki tune chimiro chemasero chiri nyore. Mabhakitiriya ane "madziro emasero". Mukati memadziro emasero, kana ukatarisa chimiro chesero rimwe chete, mune "cytoplasm" , "ribosomes" uye DNA . Kunze kwemadziro emasero, panogona kunge paine "flagella" imwe kana kupfuura. Itunhu tudiki tunobatsira mabhakitiriya kufamba-famba.

Pane mhando yebhakitiriya inodya purasitiki here?

Ehe, musashamisika! Muna 2016, timu yemasayendisiti muOsaka, Japan yakawana mhando itsva yemabhakitiriya. Vakaitumidza kuti ``Ideonella sakaiensis`` . Mabhakitiriya aya akawanikwa achidya mabhodhoro epurasitiki pedyo nenzvimbo yekudzokorodza!

Mabhakitiriya anowanzo dya zvinhu zvakafa. Asi bhakitiriya iri raidya rudzi rwepurasitiki inonzi polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Zvinhu zvakaita semabhodhoro edu emvura yekunwa zvinowanzogadzirwa kubva mupurasitiki iyi yePET. Masayendisiti paakadzidza zvakawanda nezvebhakitiriya iri, vakaona kuti rinogadzira ma enzyme maviri akakosha ekugaya anobatsira kugaya purasitiki.

Iyi enzyme inongogaya PET plastic chete. Asi masayendisiti anotarisira kuti rimwe zuva, mabhakitiriya anodya purasitiki akadai anogona kubatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko guru rekusvibiswa kwepurasitiki pasi rose. Fungidzira kuti izvozvo zvingave zvakanaka sei!

Saka, ndezvipi zvinhu zvakakosha zvatinofanira kurangarira kubva munyaya iyi?

Zvakanaka, tataura zvakawanda nezvemabhakitiriya ikozvino. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, hezvino zvaunofanira kuyeuka:

• Mabhakitiriya tupukanana tudiki tunowanikwa kwese kwese uye tusingaonekwe nemaziso edu.
• Mabhakitiriya mazhinji haakuvadzi kwatiri. Mamwe anobatsira zvikuru miviri yedu, kunyanya mudumbu medu. Tinoadaidza kuti 'microbiome' yedu.
• Zvisinei, mamwe marudzi emabhakitiriya (mabhakitiriya) anogona kukonzera hutachiona, hunoda kurapwa.
• Vanachiremba vanopa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pazvirwere zvakawanda zvemabhakitiriya.
• Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha: Paunenge uchishandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya , tevera mirairo yachiremba wako nemazvo. Inwa kwenguva yakakodzera uye nechiyero chakakodzera. Kana ukasadaro, mabhakitiriya achatanga kusakwanisa kushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Idambudziko guru iroro.

Saka, mabhakitiriya chikamu chehupenyu hwedu. Kunzwisisa kwawo kwakakodzera kunogona kutibatsira zvikuru kuti tirambe tiine hutano hwakanaka.

Mabhakitiriya , hutachiona, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, tupukanana, hutano, Gram stain, kuramba mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya