Hinkwaswo mayelana na switsongwatsongwana - valala lavatsongo lava hi nga va voniki - hi ku olova!

Hinkwerhu hi twile hi switsongwatsongwana, a swi tano ke? Ngopfu ngopfu sweswinyana hi `(COVID-19)`, rito xitsongwatsongwana ri hundzuke xiphemu xa vutomi bya hina. Kambe kahle-kahle xitsongwatsongwana i yini? Va hi vavisa njhani? U nga vileli, namuntlha hi ta vulavula hi hinkwaswo leswi hi ku olova no va erivaleni, onge hi loko hi vulavula na munghana.

Xana xitsongwatsongwana i yini? (Xana Xitsongwatsongwana i yini?)

Hi ku olova, xitsongwatsongwana i xitsongwatsongwana lexitsongo swinene . I switsongo swinene lerova hi nga swi koti ni ku swi vona hi mahlo, swi fana ni swihlaseri leswitsongo. Switsongwatsongwana leswi a swi nge tluleli vanhu, swiharhi, swimilana ntsena, kambe ni tibakteriya ni fungi. Kambe ku ni nchumu wun’we wo hlawuleka, a hi switsongwatsongwana hinkwaswo leswi khumbaka vanhu hinkwavo. Ti tlulela ntsena hi ku tikumela "kaya" leri faneleke. Hi vitana leswi ku hlawuleka ka muhaxi .

Loko xitsongwatsongwana xi nghena emirini, minkarhi yin’wana xi nga ha va xi nga vavisi nikatsongo. Kambe minkarhi yin’wana swi nga ha va leswikulu swinene. Hi leti tinxaka tin’wana ta mavabyi lawa switsongwatsongwana swi nga ma vangaka:

• Mavabyi lawa ya vangaka swiphiqo swo hefemula (e.g. mukhuhlwana, mukhuhlwana) .
• Ku pfimba ka khwiri, ku hlanta, ku pfimba ka khwiri
• Mavabyi lama tluletiwaka hi rimbewu (STIs) .
• Mavabyi ya nhlonge (e.g., xirhumbana, swirhumbana) .

Ehleketa hi ndlela leyi: xitsongwatsongwana xi fana ni xiphemu lexitsongo xa rungula ra xitekela leri phutseriweke hi "phasela" leritsongo. Phasela leri, kumbe xikhegelo lexi sirhelelaka, xi vuriwa capsid . Switsongwatsongwana a swi endliwi hi tisele. Kutani a va nge swi koti ku endla switsongwatsongwana swo tala hi voxe. Leswi va swi endlaka i ku teka swiletelo swa vona, va nghena endzeni ka sele leyi amukelaka ku fana na ya hina, ivi va tirhisa switirho leswi nga eka sele yoleyo ku tiendlela tikopi.

Swi fana ni loko munhu a nghena hi ku tumbela ekhixini ra wena, a tisa recipe ya yena, ivi a tirhisa swibya swa wena, mapani ni xitofu ku sweka swakudya swa wena. Khombo ra kona, va hetelela va endla mpfilumpfilu wa khixi loko va hetile!

Switsongwatsongwana minkarhi yin'wana swi vuriwa "virions".

Hi swihi swihlawulekisi leswi tolovelekeke swa switsongwatsongwana?

Kwalomu ka switsongwatsongwana hinkwaswo swi ni swihlawulekisi swi nga ri swingani leswi fanaka. Languta:

• Ti endliwe hi swilo swa xitekela (RNA kumbe DNA) na xisirhelelo xa ti protein coat (capsid) lexi rhendzeleke.
• Ti virus tin’wana tina xifunengeto xale handle ehenhla ka capsid leyi. Leswi swi vuriwa mvhilopho . Tivayirasi leti nga riki na xifunengeto xo tano ti vuriwa "naked viruses."
• Switsongwatsongwana swi fana ni switsotswana . Ti lava sele leyi amukelaka hi ku helela leswaku ti tswalana. Tinga hanya ehandle ka host kuringana nkarhi nyana, kambe ntsena kufikela loko capsid yi tshoveka.
• Yi ntsongo kwalomu ka 100 kuya eka 1000 wa minkarhi kutlula ti cells emirini wa hina. Swa tika ku anakanya, a swi tano ke?

Hi tihi Tinxaka ta Switsongwatsongwana?

Madokodela na vativi va sayense va hlawula switsongwatsongwana hi ku languteka ka swona (vukulu, xivumbeko) na muxaka wa swilo swa xitekela leswi swi nga na swona. Va avanyisiwe hi mindyangu, ku fana ni tinyimba. Hi leti tinxaka tin’wana ta switsongwatsongwana leswi u nga ha vaka u swi twe:

Tinxaka tin’wana ta switsongwatsongwana leswi hi talaka ku twa hi swona

• Switsongwatsongwana swa influenza: Leswi hi swona swi vangaka mukhuhlwana lowu tolovelekeke (flu). Switsongwatsongwana leswi swa influenza switlhela swiva na vutihlamuleri eka swilo swofana na bird flu na swine flu (H1N1).
• Human herpesviruses: Leyi i ndyangu lowukulu wa switsongwatsongwana. Hi swona swi vangaka mavabyi yo hlayanyana, ku katsa na herpes ya nomu na ya swirho swa rimbewu, chickenpox, herpes zoster (shingles), xitsongwatsongwana xa Epstein-Barr na cytomegalovirus (CMV).
• Coronavirus: Vanhu hinkwavo va ri tiva vito leri sweswi, a swi tano ke? Xitsongwatsongwana lexi vangaka COVID-19 hi xona xirho lexi dumeke swinene xa ndyangu lowu. Kambe switsongwatsongwana swin’wana endyangwini lowu wun’we na swona swi vanga mavabyi lamatsongo yo fana ni mukhuhlwana lowu tolovelekeke.
• Human Papillomaviruses (HPV): Leswi hi swona swi vangaka swirhumbana. Tinxaka tin’wana ta HPV na tona ti nga vanga khensa.
• Ti- enterovirus: Ti- virus leti ti vanga mavabyi eka marhumbu ya hina. Hi swona swi vangaka swilo swo fana na polio na mavabyi ya mavoko, milenge na nomu.
• Flaviviruses: Ntlawa lowu wa ti virus wu hangalasiwa ngopfu hi switsotswana. Swi vanga mavabyi yo fana na Dengue fever, Zika na West Nile.
• Orthopoxviruses: Switsongwatsongwana leswi swi vanga swirhumbana swa nhlonge leswi nga ni swirhumbana. Mpox na smallpox i swikombiso swa muxaka lowu wa xitsongwatsongwana.
• Switsongwatsongwana swa vuvabyi bya xivindzi: Hambileswi switsongwatsongwana leswi swi nga riki swa ndyangu wun’we, hinkwaswo swi khumba xivindzi xa hina. Hepatitis A, B na C hi swona leswi tolovelekeke ngopfu.

Tinxaka to hlawuleka ta switsongwatsongwana

Nakambe ku ni tinxaka tin’wana to hlawuleka ta switsongwatsongwana:

• Ti- retrovirus: Leswi i switsongwatsongwana swa RNA. Ti tirhisa tiphrotheyini to hlawuleka leswaku ti hundzula RNA ya tona yi va DNA. Kutani va nghenisa DNA yoleyo eka DNA ya tisele ta hina. Kutani tisele ta hina ti sungula ku hlaya DNA ya xitsongwatsongwana onge hi loko ku ri swiletelo swa tona. HIV ( xitsongwatsongwana lexi vangaka AIDS) na HTLV-1 i swikombiso swa ti- retrovirus to tano.
• Oncoviruses: Leswi i switsongwatsongwana leswi nga vangaka khensa. Switsongwatsongwana swo fana na HPV, xitsongwatsongwana xa Epstein-Barr, HIV, hepatitis B na C, HTLV-1, na human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) swi hlanganisiwile na tinxaka tin’wana ta khensa.
• Switsongwatsongwana swa sathelayiti: Switsongwatsongwana leswi a swi nge swi koti ku tswalana hi swoxe. Va lava xitsongwatsongwana xa "mupfuni". Leswi switala ku kumeka eka swimilani.
• Tibakteriyaphage: .Leswi switlhela swivuriwa "phages" hiku komisa. Switsongwatsongwana leswi swi tlulela tibakteriya hi ku kongoma. Sweswi vativi va sayense va endla ndzavisiso hi vutshunguri bya bacteriophage tanihi vutshunguri bya mavabyi ya tibakteriya lama nga ni swidlaya-switsongwatsongwana.

Xana switsongwatsongwana swi nghena njhani emirini wa hina?

Hi ntolovelo switsongwatsongwana swi nghena emirini wa hina hi ku tirhisa ti- mucous membrane ta hina. Sweswo swi vula tindhawu to fana na mahlo, nhlonge, nomu, swirho swa rimbewu, xirho xa rimbewu na xirho xa le ndzeni. Switsongwatsongwana swin’wana swinga tlhela swi nghena emirini hiku tshoveka ka nhlonge, kumbe kusuka eka xitsotswana kumbe xitsotswana.

Xana Switsongwatsongwana Swi Tirha Njhani?

Xitsongwatsongwana xi tlulela sele naswona xi landzela magoza yo hlayanyana leswaku xi tiendlela tikopi.

1. Ku namarhela: Xitsongwatsongwana lexi xi sungula ku namarhela eka sele leyi amukelaka.

2. Ku Nghena: Kutani ku nghenisiwa sele.

3. Ku tlheriseriwa: Sele yi endla tikopi ta swilo swa yona swa xitekela ni tiphrotheyini leti nga endzeni ka yona.

4. Ku hlangana: Swiphemu leswintshwa leswi vumbiweke swi hlangana swi vumba xitsongwatsongwana lexi heleleke.

5. Ku humesiwa: Xitsongwatsongwana lexintshwa xi huma eka sele ivi xi ya emahlweni xi tlulela tisele tin’wana.

Ku nghena eka sele

Tivayirasi ti tirhisa tindlela ta kwalomu ka tinharhu ku nghena eka tisele:

• Ku bohiwa ka ti receptor: Ti cells ta hina tina ti receptors ehandle leti tirhaka kufana na "tinyangwa." Switsongwatsongwana swin’wana swi kanganyisa tisele leti leswaku ti ehleketa leswaku ti na mpfumelelo wo nghena, naswona ti nghena hi tinyangwa leti.
• Ku hlangana loku kongomeke: Switsongwatsongwana swin’wana swi namarhela hi ku kongoma ni ku nghena eka sele leyi amukelaka.
• Ti bacteriophages i switsongwatsongwana leswi chelaka ntsena swilo swa swona swa xitekela eka sele ya tibakteriya. Xitsongwatsongwana hinkwaxo a xi lavi ku nghena.

Ku humelela yini endzhaku ko nghena? (Ku endla tikopi) .

Loko xitsongwatsongwana kumbe xitekela xa xona xi nghena eka sele, xi tirhisa tindlela timbirhi leswaku xi tiendlela tikopi. Minkarhi yin’wana switsongwatsongwana swi tirhisa tindlela leti hatimbirhi.

• Lytic cycle: Eka xirhendzevutani lexi, xitsongwatsongwana xi tirhisa switirhisiwa swa sele leyi amukelaka (kufana na switirhisiwa swa le khixini) ku endla tikopi to tala ta xona. Swiphemuphemu swa xitsongwatsongwana swa hlangana, naswona swilo swa xitekela swi nghena endzeni ka capsid. Loko tikopi to tala ta xitsongwatsongwana ti endliwa hi ndlela leyi endzeni ka sele, sele yi hetelela yi pfurha. Kutani ku huma switsongwatsongwana leswintshwa ivi swi tlulela tisele to tala.
• Lysogenic cycle: Ti virus tin'wana tina nkarhi wo "quiet" kumbe "hidden". Va nghena eswitokisini va tshama kona nkarhinyana, va nga endli nchumu. Swi fana ni ku nghena hi ku tumbela ekhixini ra wena ivi u tsala ti recipe ta vona ebukwini ya wena ya ti recipe ematshan’weni yo sweka. Sele a yi swi xiyi leswaku xitsongwatsongwana xi le ndzeni, hikwalaho sele ya avana yi tlhela yi andza hi ndlela leyi tolovelekeke. Sele yin’wana ni yin’wana leyintshwa leyi vumbekaka yi ni kopi ya xitsongwatsongwana xexo. Kutani, ntshikilelo, hikwalaho ka nchumu wo fana ni tikhemikhali to karhi kumbe ku cinca ka mahiselo, xitsongwatsongwana lexi fihliweke xi sungula ku tirha, xi pfurha xi va tisele naswona swiphemu-phemu swa xitsongwatsongwana swi hangalaka emirini hinkwawo.

Swivumbeko swo hambana-hambana swa switsongwatsongwana

Tivayirasi tinga hlamuseriwa hi swihlawulekisi swohambana hambana:

• Ndlela leyi ti langutekaka ha yona (xivumbeko na vukulu).
• Swihlawulekisi swa tona swa genome.
• Ku nga khathariseki leswaku ku ni tiphrotheyini ta xivumbeko ni mvhilopho kumbe e-e.

Swivumbeko swa switsongwatsongwana

Switsongwatsongwana swi nga languteka swi hambanile swinene na swin’wana. Van’wasayense va ti hlawula hi ku ya hi xivumbeko xa tona:

• Icosahedral kumbe polyhedral: Lexi i xivumbeko xa geometric lexinga na matlhelo yotala, kufana na bolo ya milenge. Switsongwatsongwana swo tala leswi tlulelaka vanhu swi ni xivumbeko lexi.
• Helical: Xitsongwatsongwana lexi xi vumbiwe ku fana na silindara. Rungula ra yona ra xitekela ri rhendzeleka endzeni ku fana ni xihlovo.
• Xirhendzevutani: Switsongwatsongwana swa xirhendzevutani i switsongwatsongwana leswi nga na mvhilopho leyi swi rhendzeleke, ku nga va swi rhendzeleka kumbe leswi nga na swiphemu swo tala. Ti vumbiwe ngopfu ku fana ni bolo.
• Complex: Ti virus leti rharhanganeke tina swivumbeko swo tlula xin’we loko swi hlanganisiwa. Tivayirasi leti tlulelaka tibakteriya tina "nhloko" ya swiphemu swotala na "miri" wa spiral.

Vukulu bya xitsongwatsongwana lexi

Ti virus hinkwato i titsongo swinene – tintsongo swinene kuva ti voniwa handle ka microscope ya matimba. Loko swi pimiwa, swotala swile xikarhi ka 20 nanometers (nm) na 400nm. Ehleketa hi swona, sweswo swi ntsongo kwalomu ka 2000 wa minkarhi ku tlula ndzoho ya sava ! Ti ntsongo kwalomu ka 100 kuya eka 1000 wa minkarhi kutlula ti cells letinga emirini wa hina.

Kambe vukulu bya tona byi nga ha hambana swinene. Xikombiso, xitsongwatsongwana xa nhlokonho xi tlula xitsongwatsongwana xa Zika hilaha ku phindhiweke ka ntlhanu.

Rungula ra xitekela ra switsongwatsongwana

Rungula leri hlayisiweke eka xitsongwatsongwana – swilo swa xona swa xitekela – i `(DNA)` kumbe `(RNA)`. `(DNA)` yi fana na buku ya swiletelo leyi byelaka xitsongwatsongwana leswaku xi nga xi endla njhani. `(RNA)` swi fana na swiletelo leswi michini ya tisele yi swi hlayaka no hundzuluxela eka ririmi leri nga endlaka tiphrotheyini. Xitsongwatsongwana xi nga va `(DNA)` kumbe `(RNA)` hi ndlela leyi:

• Linear kumbe xirhendzevutani .
• Positive-sense kumbe negative-sense: Positive-sense RNA yinga tirhisiwa tani hi swiletelo swo endla swiphemuphemu swa xitsongwatsongwana hiku kongoma handle ka magoza yo engetela. Tivayirasi ta RNA leti nga ni nhlamuselo yo biha ti lava ti- enzyme to hlawuleka leswaku ti endla RNA leyi nga ni mianakanyo leyinene ti nga si endla tikopi ta xitsongwatsongwana.
• Single-stranded kumbe double-stranded: Switsongwatsongwana swa DNA swi nga va na swilo swa swona swa xitekela tanihi ntambhu yin’we (ssDNA) kumbe tanihi tintambhu timbirhi leti hlanganisiweke swin’we (dsDNA). (DNA ya munhu yi ni swirhendzevutana swimbirhi). Switsongwatsongwana swa RNA hi ntolovelo i swa ntambhu yin’we, kambe ku tlhela ku va ni switsongwatsongwana swin’wana swa RNA leswi nga ni tintambhu timbirhi.

Xana switsongwatsongwana swa hanya kumbe a swi hanyi?

Lexi i xivutiso lexi tsakisaka nyana. Vativi va sayense a va tali ku teka switsongwatsongwana tanihi swilo leswi hanyaka.Leswi swi vangiwa hikuva a va swi koti ku endla swin’wana swa swilo leswi hanyaka, swo tanihi ku hundzula swakudya swi va matimba (metabolism). Nakambe a ti swi koti ku hanya kumbe ku tswalana handle ka sele leyi amukelaka.

Kambe hi hala tlhelo, ti nga andzisa endzeni ka sele leyi faneleke leyi amukelaka, naswona ti nga cinca (ti hundzuka) hi ku famba ka nkarhi leswaku ti hanya. A hi swona ntsena, kambe ti nga tlhela ti onha ni ku herisa tisele leti amukelaka loko ti ri karhi ti endla tano. Hikwalaho ka leswi, vanhu vo tala va languta switsongwatsongwana tanihi nchumu lowu nga kona endhawini ya grey, endzilakaneni exikarhi ka leswi hanyaka ni leswi nga hanyiki.

Hi wahi mavabyi lama vangiwaka hi switsongwatsongwana?

Hilaha hi vulavuleke hakona eku sunguleni, switsongwatsongwana swi nga vanga mavabyi yo hambana-hambana. Swin’wana swa switsongwatsongwana leswi tolovelekeke ngopfu hi leswi:

• Mukhuhlwana lowu tolovelekeke
• Mukhuhlwana `(Nchuluko)`
• Covid-19 `(COVID-19)`
• Xitsongwatsongwana xa syncytial xa ku hefemula `(RSV)`
• Xitsongwatsongwana xa huku
• Vuvabyi bya nhlokonho
• HIV/AIDS
• Human papillomavirus/swirhumbana swa swirho swa rimbewu (HPV/swirhumbana swa swirho swa rimbewu) .
• Herpes ya swirho swa rimbewu (HSV) .
• Xitsongwatsongwana xa polio
• Vuvabyi bya nhlokonho
• Mpox `(Mpox)`
• Zika
• Vuvabyi bya xivindzi

Swilo leswi hi faneleke ku swi tsundzuka (Take-Home Message) .

Sweswi u fanele u ri ni mianakanyo leyinene ya leswaku switsongwatsongwana i yini. Tsundzuka leswaku switsongwatsongwana i swilo leswitsongo leswi nga ni swivumbeko ni vukulu hinkwabyo. Va lava muhaxi leswaku a hi tlulela. Kambe a hi switsongwatsongwana hinkwaswo leswi hi vabyaka. Entiyisweni, vativi va sayense va vula leswaku ku nga ha va ku ri ni tibiliyoni ta switsongwatsongwana leswi hanyaka endzeni ka miri wa hina, leswi nga endliki khombo!

Hambiswiritano, switsongwatsongwana leswi hi vangelaka mavabyi swi fana ni vaendzi lava nga laviwiki lava taka emakaya ya hina. Hikwalaho, hi nga tisirhelela eka mavabyi lawa ya switsongwatsongwana hi ku tshama hi basile, hi hlamba mavoko nkarhi na nkarhi ni ku tshungula mavabyi yo karhi. Loko u ri na vuvabyi byihi na byihi, u nga rivali ku lava switsundzuxo swa dokodela. Tshama u hanye kahle!

` Switsongwatsongwana, ku tluleriwa hi switsongwatsongwana, tinxaka ta switsongwatsongwana, mavabyi, rihanyo, masocha ya miri, mavabyi