Izinto ekufuneka uzazi malunga nomba omnyama wobuchopho (Substantia Nigra)!

Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba iintshukumo zomzimba wakho, indlela ohamba ngayo, indlela oshukumisa ngayo iingalo nemilenze yakho, zilawulwa njani? Konke oku kuqhagamshelwe kwinxalenye encinci kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yobuchopho bethu. Elo candelo libizwa nje ngokuba yiSubstantia Nigra . Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngale nxalenye imangalisayo.

Ngoko ke, kwenzeka ntoni kwiSubstantia Nigra?

Ngamafutshane, le nxalenye ebizwa ngokuba yi-substantia nigra yinxalenye yenkqubo ye -'Basal Ganglia' engqondweni yakho. Ukuchaneka, le yiyo enceda ukulawula iintshukumo zakho kunye nethoni yemisipha. Isizathu esiphambili soku kukuba i-substantia nigra ivelisa ikhemikhali ebaluleke kakhulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-dopamine . Le dopamine ifana nesithunywa engqondweni yethu. Kukho iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili zale substantia nigra. Umsebenzi wayo nganye wahlukile kancinci.

1. SN pars reticulata

Le nxalenye ibandakanyeka kakhulu ekulawuleni iintshukumo zamehlo akho, kunye nokukwazi kwakho ukufunda izinto ezintsha nokucinga. Iiseli zengqondo kule ndawo ziqulethe ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . I-GABA isebenza ngokunciphisa umsebenzi ongeyomfuneko weeseli zengqondo. Oko kukuthi, inceda ekuthinteleni ingqondo ekuthumeleni imiqondiso engeyomfuneko kwimisipha. Oku kufana nepolisa lendlela elimisa izithuthi ezingeyomfuneko.

2. I-SN pars compacta

Ii-neurons, okanye iiseli zemithambo-luvo, kule nxalenye zilapho i- dopamine yekhemikhali ekhankanyiweyo ngaphambili ixhaphake khona. Ke ngoko, le nxalenye ibandakanyeka kwizinto ezininzi, ezifana neemvakalelo zakho, amandla akho okufunda, indlela ogweba ngayo iingozi kunye nemivuzo, kunye nezizathu zakho. Ukuncipha kwe-dopamine yeyona nto ibangela iimeko ezifana nesifo sikaParkinson .

Ngoko ke, iphi iSubstantia Nigra?

Le nxalenye ebizwa ngokuba yi-substantia nigra (SN) ikwindawo ephakathi kwengqondo yakho, ebizwa ngokuba yi-midbrain . Njengoko igama lisitsho, ikwindawo ephakathi kwengqondo yakho. Ngokuchanekileyo, ikwindawo engaphezulu kancinci kwe-brainstem , kufutshane nendawo apho intloko nentamo zidibana khona kwaye umthambo womqolo uqala khona. Nangona siyibiza ngokuba yi-'substantia nigra', kukho iindawo ezimbini zobuchopho bakho. Zikwicala ngalinye le-midbrain. Inxalenye nganye iqulethe iindawo ezikhankanyiweyo ngaphambili ezibizwa ngokuba yi-pars reticulata (SN pars reticulata) kunye ne-pars compacta (SN pars compacta). Xa ezi zimbini zidityanisiwe, zibizwa ngokuba yi-'substantia nigra' (substantiae nigrae).

Ijongeka njani le nto? Inombala onjani? Inkulu?

Uyabona, igama elithi Substantia Nigra livela kwisiLatini. Lithetha 'into emnyama' . Isizathu soku kukuba nangona lonke ubuchopho bakho buhlala bungwevu obukhanyayo, eli candelo libizwa ngokuba yiSubstantia Nigra limnyama kakhulu. Ukuchaneka, libonakala ngathi libhanti elimnyama elijikelezwe zizicubu ezinombala okhanyayo. Isizathu soku kukuba iiseli zobuchopho kule ndawo ziqulethe ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yiMelanin . Ubusazi, iMelanin ikwafumaneka kwiiseli zethu zolusu. Xa ivezwa elangeni, ulusu lwethu luba mdaka (oluntsundu) ngenxa yale Melanin. Ukuba ubuza ukuba inkulu kangakanani, eneneni yinxalenye encinci kakhulu. Khawucinge, ungangena malunga nama-25 ezi substantia nigras ngaphakathi kwebhola yegalufa eqhelekileyo! Incinci kangako. Enye into, nangona iyinxalenye ye-basal ganglia, i-substantia nigra (SN) ayiyo-ganglion. Yi- nucleus , eyisakhiwo kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo equlathe iqela leeseli ezenza into efanayo, okanye ezinohlobo olufanayo lonxibelelwano.

Yenziwe ngantoni iSubstantia Nigra?

I-basal ganglia yakho, kuquka ne-substantia nigra, yenziwe ziintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zeeseli. Makhe sithethe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha.

• Ii-Neurons : Ezi ziiseli ezikwingqondo yakho nakwinkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo . Zizo ezithumela kwaye zithumele imiqondiso. Zinokudlulisa imiqondiso nokuba ngamakhemikhali okanye ngombane.
• Iiseli zeGlial: Ezi zifana neeseli ezincedisayo kwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Nangona zingadlulisi ngokuthe ngqo imiqondiso yemithambo-luvo, zinceda ii-neurons ukuba zenze loo msebenzi.

Kancinci malunga nee-neurons

Ii-neurons luhlobo lweeseli ezithumela kwaye zifumana imiyalezo ngenkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo zisebenzisa imiqondiso yombane neyekhemikhali. I-neuron inala macandelo:

• Umzimba weseli: Le yinxalenye ephambili yeseli.
• I-Axon: Le yinxalenye ende efana nengalo ephuma emzimbeni weseli. Kwelinye icala le-axon kukho iindawo ezininzi ezinde ezifana neminwe. Kulapho isignali yombane evela kwi-neuron iguqulwa ibe sisignali yekhemikhali. Ezi ndawo ezifana neminwe zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-synapses . Ezi yindawo apho i-neuron iqhagamshela khona nezinye iiseli zemithambo-luvo ezikufutshane.
• Iidendrites: Ezi zizakhiwo ezincinci ezifana namasebe emzimbeni weseli (eli gama livela kwigama lesiLatini elithetha 'okufana nomthi'). Iidendrites zifumana imiqondiso yeekhemikhali evela kwiisynapses kwezinye ii-neurons.
• I-Myelin (I-Myelin : Le yingqimba encinci, enamafutha ejikeleze i-axon ye-neuron. Isebenza njengesigqubuthelo sokukhusela.

Unxibelelwano lwe-neuronal luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ii-dendrites kwi-neuron enye zinokudibana namawaka ezinye ii-synapses. Ezinye ii-neurons zinde, ezinye zimfutshane. Oku kuxhomekeke ekubeni ziphi emzimbeni kunye nomsebenzi eziwenzayo.

Zithini iiseli ze-glial?

Iiseli zeGlial zenza izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Zinceda ii-neurons zikhule kwaye ziphuhle xa usemncinci, kwaye zinceda ukulawula indlela ii-neurons ezisebenza ngayo ubomi bakho bonke. Zikwakhusela inkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo kwizifo, zilawula ibhalansi yeekhemikhali kwinkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo, kwaye zenze i-myelin sheath ejikeleze ii-axons zakho. Ubusazi? Kukho malunga neshumi leeseli ze-glial kunee-neurons kwinkqubo yakho yemithambo-luvo!

Ziziphi izifo eziqhelekileyo ezichaphazela iSubstantia Nigra?

Kukho izifo ezininzi kunye neemeko ezinokuchaphazela iSubstantia Nigra. Ezinye zazo zezi:

• Isifo sika-Alzheimer
• Iithumba zobuchopho
• Ukulimala entloko, ingakumbi ukwenzakala engqondweni okubuhlungu njengokuxhuzula ingqondo
• Ukuvezwa kwizinto ezinobuthi okanye iityhefu ezifana neTrichloroethylene (TCE)
• Iintsholongwane (ingakumbi izifo ezibangela ukudumba kwengqondo, ezifana ne -encephalitis )
• Iimeko zokudumba okanye zokuzikhusela komzimba , ezifana ne -lupus
• Iimeko ezizuzwe njengesifo sikaHuntington
• I-Lewy body dementia
• Ukuwohloka kwenkqubo ezininzi
• Isifo sikaParkinson - Esi sesona sifo sithethwa kakhulu esinxulunyaniswa neSubstantia Nigra, kuba kwesi sifo, iiseli ezivelisa i-dopamine ziyatshatyalaliswa.
• I-progressive supranuclear palsy
• Istroke
• Isifo sikaWilson

Ziziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zezifo ezinxulumene neSubstantia Nigra?

Iimpawu zezifo ezichaphazela inkqubo ye-basal ganglia, okanye i-substantia nigra, zixhomekeke kakhulu kuhlobo lwesifo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimpawu eziqhelekileyo:

• Iingxaki zokulinganisela kunye nokulungelelanisa
• Ubuthathaka bemisipha kunye nokuqaqamba
• Ukungcangcazela kunye nokungcangcazela
• Ingxaki yokugxila, ukucinga okanye ukusombulula iingxaki
• Ubunzima bokulawula iintshukumo zamehlo, okubangela iingxaki zokubona

Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezenziwayo ukuze kufunyaniswe ezo meko?

Kukho iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ezinokunceda ekuchongeni iimeko ezichaphazela ingqondo yakho, okanye i-substantia nigra. Ezona vavanyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu zezi:

• Uvavanyo lwegazi: Olu vavanyo lunokufumanisa izinto ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiingxaki zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuya ekubeni ingaba iityhefu kunye neetyhefu, ingakumbi iimetali ezifana ne-copper, i-mercury, kunye ne-lead, zingene emzimbeni.
• Iskeni ye-computerized tomography (CT)
• Iimvavanyo zeemvakalelo ezivuselelweyo (iimvavanyo zeemvakalelo)
• Uvavanyo lwemfuza
• Iskeni se-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Iskeni se-Positron emission tomography (PET)
• I-single-photon emission computed tomography (i-SPECT scan)

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango zezifo ezinxulumene neSubstantia Nigra?

Ngenxa yokuba kukho iimeko ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela i-substantia nigra, unyango olufumanekayo nalo lwahlukile kakhulu. Uhlobo lonyango olufumanayo luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwimeko onayo. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi meko zinokulawulwa ngamayeza . Ezinye iimeko zinokufuna utyando . Nangona ezinye iimeko zinokunyangwa ngokupheleleyo, ezinye zisenokungaphenduli kunyango. Kwimeko apho imeko ingenakunyangwa ngokupheleleyo, kudla ngokuba ngcono ukulawula iimpawu .

Ndingenza ntoni ukukhusela i-Substantia Nigra yam?

Iimeko ezininzi ezichaphazela ingqondo yakho, okanye i-substantia nigra, zinokuthintelwa okanye ubuncinane zilibaziseke. Nangona kunjalo, isifo sikaParkinsonEzinye izifo, ezinje ngomhlaza, kunzima ukuzithintela kuba zenzeka ngequbuliso. Nangona kunjalo, nazi ezinye zezona zinto zibalulekileyo onokuzenza:

• Yitya ukutya okunesondlo. Ukutya okutyayo kuchaphazela impilo yenkqubo yakho yokujikeleza kwegazi kunye nobunzima bakho. Zombini ezi zinto zinxulumene ngqo nempilo yengqondo yakho.
• Yiba ngumthambo rhoqo kwaye ugcine ubunzima obusempilweni. Ubunzima bakho kunye nenqanaba lomsebenzi wakho kunokunceda ekuthinteleni okanye ekulibaziseni izifo ezichaphazela ingqondo, ingakumbi uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu okanye istroke.
• Nxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela xa kuyimfuneko. Ukulimala entloko, ingakumbi ukuxhuzula kunye nezinye iingozi zengqondo, kunokubangela umonakalo engqondweni. Umonakalo ngamanye amaxesha unokuba ngowonaphakade. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukunxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela ukuthintela ukwenzakala kwengqondo, emsebenzini nangexesha lokuphumla.
• Lawula izifo zakho ezingapheliyo. Iimeko ezininzi ezichaphazela ingqondo kunye nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ziya ziba mandundu ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukunyanga ezi zifo ezingapheliyo ngokufanelekileyo kunokucothisa ukuqhubela phambili kwazo kwaye kunciphise impembelelo yeempawu.

Umyalezo Wokugqibela Wokuya Ekhaya

Njengoko ubona, i-substantia nigra yinxalenye encinci kakhulu yobuchopho bethu, kodwa yenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Nangona iingcali zisafunda lukhulu ngayo, sele siyazi okuninzi. Yinxalenye enkulu yeenkqubo zokubonisa umbane kunye neekhemikhali zobuchopho bethu. Ikwanceda ekuququzeleleni iintshukumo zethu, umbono, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Khumbula, impilo yengqondo yakho ibaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yakho iyonke. Ngoko ke, ungaze ulibale ukukhathalela ingqondo yakho kwaye ulandele indlela yokuphila enempilo.

Njengoko ubuchwepheshe buhambela phambili kwaye uphando lwezonyango luhambela phambili, siza kufunda ngakumbi malunga nokusebenza kwangaphakathi kweSubstantia Nigra kunye nendlela yokunyanga izifo ezichaphazela yona. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba nethemba!

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I-Substantia Nigra, Ubuchopho, i-Dopamine, Isifo sikaParkinson, Intshukumo, Inkqubo yeNervous