Ngaba wakha waphawula ukuba umbala womchamo wakho utshintshile? Mhlawumbi ngumbala obomvu opinki... Okanye uziva ngathi kufuneka uchame rhoqo, kodwa kuvakala ngathi awukwazi? Nangona sihlala singazinaki ezi zinto, ngamanye amaxesha zinokuba ziimpawu ezibalulekileyo ezinikwa ngumzimba wethu. Le yenye yezo zihloko zibalulekileyo, umhlaza wesinyi, esiza kuthetha ngazo namhlanje. Musa ukoyika, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukwazi oku.
Ngamafutshane, yintoni umhlaza wesinyi?
Umhlaza wesinyi luhlobo lomhlaza olungaqhelekanga. Uqala kwiiseli ezingaphakathi kwesinyi sethu. Cinga ngesinyi sakho njengesitho esincinci esifana nengxowa esiqokelela kwaye sigcine umchamo wakho. Zininzi iindlela zokunyanga lo mhlaza, kubandakanya utyando lokususa iiseli zomhlaza.
Kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule kukuba umhlaza wesinyi ungaphinda ubuye emva konyango. Ke ngoko, kubalulekile ukuba umntu onesi sifo aqhubeke enxibelelana nogqirha wakhe aze alandelelwe rhoqo. Ukuba oku kufunyenwe kwangethuba, oko kukuthi, ukuba umhlaza unyangwa ngaphambi kokuba usasazeke kwamanye amalungu omzimba, iziphumo eziphumelelayo zinokufumaneka. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba unyangiwe ekuqaleni, kukho amathuba angama-75% okuphinda ubuye. Ke ngoko, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uqaphele.
Le meko iyichaphazela njani imizimba yethu?
Isinyi sakho siphakathi kwamathambo esinqe sakho, ngaphantsi kwezintso zakho. Umchamo oveliswa zizintso zakho uqokelelana kwesi sinyi. Ugqunywe ngaphakathi yi-membrane ekhethekileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-urothelium. Iiseli ezikule membrane zinokwelulwa xa isinyi sizele ngumchamo kwaye ziphinde zinciphe xa siphuma. Kufana nebhaluni yerabha. Ihlala ibamba malunga neekomityi ezimbini zomchamo.
Umhlaza wesinyi uvela xa iiseli ezithile kulwelo lwesinyi (urothelium) ziphuhlisa utshintsho kwaye ziqala ukwahlukana ngendlela engaqhelekanga nengalawulekiyo. Ezi seli ezingaqhelekanga zikhula kunye zenze iithumba. Ukuba azinyangwa, ezi seli zomhlaza zinokusasazeka kwiindonga zesinyi ziye kwii-lymph nodes ezikufutshane kwaye ukusuka apho ziye kwezinye izitho, ezinje ngamathambo, imiphunga, okanye isibindi.
Ziziphi iintlobo zomhlaza wesinyi?
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wesinyi. Ezi zahlulwe ngokweentlobo zeseli apho umhlaza uqala khona. Makhe sijonge iintlobo eziphambili.
| Uhlobo lomhlaza | Ingcaciso elula |
|---|---|
| I-carcinoma yeseli yenguqu | Olu lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo (malunga ne-90%). Luqala kwiiseli eziguqukayo zodonga lwangaphakathi lwesinyi. Lunokusasazeka nzulu kwisinyi. Lukwabizwa ngokuba yi-urothelial carcinoma . |
| I-Squamous cell carcinoma | Iqala kwiiseli ezixineneyo ezingaphakathi kwesinyi. Inqabile kancinci (malunga ne-5%). Inokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba ikhule kubantu abaye baba nokuvuvukala kwesinyi ixesha elide okanye usulelo . |
| I-Adenocarcinoma | Olu luhlobo lomhlaza oluvela kwiindlala. Olu hlobo, oluqala kwiindlala zesinyi, aluqhelekanga kakhulu (malunga ne-1%-2%). |
| Umhlaza weseli encinci | Olu luhlobo lomhlaza olungaqhelekanga kakhulu. |
| I-Sarcoma | Uhlobo lomhlaza olungaqhelekanga kakhulu oluqala kwiiseli zemisipha yesinyi. |
Ukongeza, oogqirha bahlula lo mhlaza ngenye indlela, esekwe kwindlela umhlaza osasazeke ngayo.
- Ayihlaseli: Oku kuthetha ukuba umhlaza uphelela kumphezulu wodonga olungaphakathi lwesinyi.
- Ayingenisi izihlunu: Umhlaza uye wanda kancinci, kodwa awukangeni kumaleko wezihlunu.
- Imisipha ehlaselayo: Kule meko, umhlaza ungene kumaleko wemisipha yesinyi. Usenokuba usasazeke ngaphaya koko. Eli lityala elibi kakhulu.
Ngubani onokuthi abone esi sifo?
Yintoni umhlaza wesinyi?Umhlaza wesine oxhaphakileyo phakathi kwamadoda. Amadoda anamathuba aphindwe kane okuba nawo kunabafazi.
Kodwa into ebuhlungu kukuba xa abafazi befumana esi sifo, sidla ngokuba sibi kakhulu xa sixilongwa. Oku kungenxa yokuba abafazi abazi kakuhle iimpawu. Umzekelo, nangona igazi kumchamo (i-hematuria) luphawu oluphambili lwesi sifo, abafazi bacinga ukuba yingxaki eqhelekileyo yabasetyhini (umz., ingxaki enxulumene nokuya exesheni). Ngenxa yoko, abayinaki kangako loo nto.
Lo mhlaza udla ngokuchaphazela abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-55 ubudala. Ubudala obuqhelekileyo bomntu ofunyenwe enesifo bumalunga neminyaka engama-73 ubudala.
Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili zomhlaza wesinyi?
Uphawu oluphambili noluqhelekileyo lwesi sifo ligazi kumchamo (hematuria). Nangona kunjalo, ungoyiki ukucinga ukuba kuba nje unegazi kumchamo wakho, ngumhlaza. Inokubangelwa nazizinye iimeko zonyango (umz., amatye omchamo, usulelo). Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubona igazi kumchamo wakho nangasiphi na isizathu, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka ubone ugqirha ngoko nangoko.
Makhe sijonge ezinye iimpawu.
| Uphawu | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| Igazi kumchamo (iHematuria) | Umchamo unokuba bomvu/pinki ngombala, ubonakale emehlweni. Ngamanye amaxesha, kunokubakho igazi elincinci elinokubonwa kuphela ngemicroscope ngexesha lovavanyo lomchamo. |
| Intlungu xa uchama (iDysuria) | Ukutsha kunye nentlungu xa uchama. Amadoda anokuba neentlungu kwilungu lobudoda. |
| Ukudinga rhoqo ukuchama | Ukufuna ukuchama ngaphezu kwesiqhelo ngosuku. |
| Ubunzima bokuchama | Ukuhamba komchamo okukhawulezileyo okanye okucothayo. |
| Usulelo lomchamo olungaphenduliyo kunyango | Ukuba usulelo lomchamo luyaqhubeka nangona uthatha amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane, kufuneka ukrokre. |
Zithini izizathu kunye nezinto ezibangela umhlaza wesinyi?
Kwanoogqirha abanakukwazi ukuxela ngqo ukuba kutheni iiseli zesinyi zijika zibe ziiseli zomhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, kuye kwafunyaniswa izinto ezininzi ezibangela umngcipheko woku.
- Ukutshaya: Le yeyona nto iphambili neyona inobungozi obukhulu. Umntu otshaya icuba usengozini ephindwe kabini yokuhlaselwa ngumhlaza kunalowo ungatshayiyo. Ukutshaya icuba, iipayipi, kunye nokuphefumla umsi osetyenziswa ngumntu otshayayo nako kwandisa umngcipheko.
- Ukuvezwa kwimitha: Ukuba ukhe wanyangwa ngemitha esiswini njengonyango lomnye umhlaza, loo nto nayo iyingozi.
- Unyango lweKhemotherapy: Amanye amayeza ekhemotherapy anokunyusa umngcipheko.
- Ukuchanabeka kwiikhemikhali ezithile: Abantu abasebenza ngeekhemikhali, ingakumbi ezo zisetyenziswa kwiidayi, kwirabha, kwisikhumba, kwiipeyinti, kwamanye amalaphu, nakwizinto zokulungisa iinwele, basengozini enkulu.
- Usulelo oluqhelekileyo lwendlela yomchamo: Abantu abaphethwe zizifo ezifana nosulelo lwendlela yomchamo kunye namatye omchamo ixesha elide basengozini yokuhlaselwa yi-squamous cell carcinoma.
- Ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwe-catheter: Abantu abane-catheter ixesha elide ngenxa yesizathu esithile nabo banalo mngcipheko.
Ugqirha uyifumanisa njani le nto? (Ukuxilongwa)
Xa usiya kugqirha oneempawu, uza kwenza uthotho lovavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxilongiwe.
Uvavanyo lwenyathelo ngenyathelo
1. Uvavanyo lomchamo: Inyathelo lokuqala kukuvavanya isampuli yomchamo. Oku kunokunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kukho usulelo okanye akunjalo.
2. I-Cytology: Iiseli ezikwisampuli yomchamo zihlolwa phantsi kwemakroskopu ukuze kubonwe ukuba kukho naziphi na iiseli zomhlaza.
3. I-Cystoscopy: Olu lolona vavanyo luphambili olusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa isifo.Kule meko, kufakwa ityhubhu encinci, enobukhulu bepensile (i-cystoscope) enekhamera eqhotyoshelweyo nge-urethra ukuze kuhlolwe yonke ingaphakathi lesinyi. Ngamanye amaxesha kusetyenziswa ukukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye nedayi ekhethekileyo ukuchonga ngokucacileyo iiseli zomhlaza. Ngeli xesha, iqhekeza elincinci lesicwili (i-biopsy) linokuthathwa kwindawo ekrokrisayo lize lithunyelwe ukuze lihlolwe.
Ukuba ezi mvavanyo ziqinisekisa ukuba kukho umhlaza, kwenziwa ezinye iimvavanyo ukuze kufundwe ngakumbi ngalo mhlaza.
- Ukususwa kwethumba lesinyi nge-transurethral `(TURBT)`: Oku kwenzelwa ukuxilongwa kunye nonyango. Isixhobo esifana ne-cystoscope sisetyenziselwa ukusika nokususa ithumba kwisinyi. Ithumba elisusiweyo liyahlolwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba umhlaza usasazeke kwimisipha.
- Ii-MRI kunye nee-CT scans: Ezi ntlobo zee-scan zinokujonga ukuba umhlaza usasazeke ngaphaya kwesinyi ukuya kumalungu angqongileyo.
- I-X-reyi yesifuba kunye ne-Bone Scan: Olu vavanyo lwenziwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba umhlaza usasazeke emiphungeni okanye emathanjeni.
Ugqirha umisela inqanaba lomhlaza ngokusekelwe kulwazi olufunyenweyo kolu vavanyo ngalunye.
Zithini iindlela zonyango zoku?
Kukho iindlela ezine eziphambili zonyango lomhlaza wesinyi. Ngamanye amaxesha olunye okanye ngaphezulu kwezi ndlela zonyango lungasetyenziswa kunye.
1. Utyando
Olu lolona nyango lusetyenziswa kakhulu. Uhlobo lotyando oluqhutywayo luyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lomhlaza.
- I-TURBT: Inkqubo ethi "TURBT" esithethe ngayo ngaphambili ikwasetyenziswa njengonyango ukuba umhlaza awukasasazekanga kwimisipha. Ithumba liyasikwa lisuswe okanye litshiswe kusetyenziswa umbane onamandla aphezulu.
- Ukususwa kwe-cystectomy egqithisileyo: Ukuba umhlaza usasazeke ngaphaya kwesinyi okanye ukuba kukho iithumba kwisinyi sonke, isinyi sonke siyasuswa ngotyando. Kumadoda, i-prostate gland nayo inokususwa, kwaye kubasetyhini, isibeleko kunye nama-ovari nazo zinokususwa. Emva kokuba isinyi sisusiwe, kwenziwa indlela yokuphuma komchamo ukuvumela umchamo ukuba uphume.
2. Unyango ngamakhemikhali
La ngamayeza abulala iiseli zomhlaza. Ngamanye amaxesha la mayeza anikwa ngqo kwisinyi ngetyhubhu. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-intravesical therapy . Oku kunokunciphisa umonakalo kwiiseli eziphilileyo.
3. Unyango lwe-immunotherapy
Oku kuquka ukuvuselela amajoni omzimba wakho ukuze ahlasele iiseli zomhlaza. Enye yezona ndlela zonyango zisetyenziswa kakhulu yiBacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG).
4. Unyango lweMisebe
Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa imitha enamandla aphezulu ukutshabalalisa iiseli zomhlaza. Ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa njengendlela eyahlukileyo kunotyando.
5. Unyango olujoliswe kulo
Le yindlela entsha yonyango. Ibandakanya ukunika amayeza ajolise kuphela kutshintsho lwemfuza oluguqula iiseli eziphilileyo zibe ziiseli zomhlaza.
Uzinyamekela njani?
Ukuphila nomhlaza wesinyi kunokuba nzima, ingakumbi kuba ungabuya. Zimbalwa izinto onokuzenza.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukulandela imiyalelo kagqirha emva konyango kwaye uye kulandelelwa ngexesha. Ungaze uphoswe koko.
- Landela ukutya okunempilo kwentliziyo: Faka inyama enamafutha aphantsi, intlanzi, iimveliso zobisi, amandongomane, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zeziqhamo nemifuno ekutyeni kwakho.
- Yitya ukutya okunefayibha eninzi: Oku kuya kunceda kwiingxaki zokugaya ukutya ezibangelwa lunyango.
- Ukuzilolonga: Ukuzilolonga kancinci kunceda ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo.
- Nxibelelana nabanye: Kukho abanye abajongene nolu hlobo lwesifo. Ukwabelana ngamava abo nokuthetha nabo kunokuba ngumthombo omkhulu wamandla engqondo kuwe.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Ukuba ubona igazi kumchamo wakho, ungaze ulityeshele. Kufana nokukhanya okubomvu. Yiya kugqirha ngoko nangoko.
- Ukutshaya yeyona nto ibangela umhlaza wesinyi. Ungenza umahluko omkhulu ngokuyeka ukutshaya namhlanje.
- Njengayo nayiphi na umhlaza, ukuba ufunyenwe kwangethuba, unethuba eliphezulu lokunyangwa nokunyangwa.
- Emva konyango, kukho umngcipheko wokuphinda esi sifo. Kungoko ke, kubalulekile ukuba kwenziwe uhlolo lwezonyango rhoqo (ukulandelela) .
- Ukuba unemibuzo, uloyiko, okanye amathandabuzo malunga noku, thetha nogqirha wakho ngokukhululekileyo ngako.
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