Ngamanye amaxesha ebomini kufuneka sijongane nemibuzo enzima kakhulu. Ingakumbi xa kufikwa kulwando olutsha kusapho. Umbuzo othi "Ngubani uyise wokwenene walo mntwana?" unokuvela ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi zomthetho, ezentlalo, nezomntu. Ngoko ke ngeli xesha, eyona ndlela ichanekileyo yokufumana impendulo ecacileyo ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ngokwesayensi, luvavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngayo yonke into ngokulula.
Yintoni uvavanyo lwe-DNA ngokulula?
Ukuze sikuqonde oku, kufuneka siqale sazi ukuba yintoni iDNA. Igama elipheleleyo leDNA ngu `(Deoxyribonucleic acid)`. Ngamafutshane, iDNA ifana nencwadi yemiyalelo equlethe ulwazi lwemfuza ngaphakathi kwiiseli zomzimba wethu. Yonke into ukususela kumbala weenwele zakho, umbala wamehlo, ukuphakama, kunye nombala wolusu imiselwa lulwazi oluqulethwe kule DNA.
Into ebalulekileyo kukuba sizuze le DNA kubazali bethu bemvelo. Ngokuchanekileyo, isiqingatha seDNA yethu sivela kumama wethu kwaye esinye isiqingatha sivela kubaba wethu .
Nantsi into eyenziwa luvavanyo lwe-DNA lukatata:
Ipateni ye-DNA yomntwana ithathwa ize ithelekiswe nepateni ye-DNA kamama kunye nepateni ye-DNA yomntu orhanelwa ukuba ngutata. Ukuba inxalenye ye-DNA yomntwana engazange ifunyanwe ngumama iyafana ne-DNA yaloo mntu, ngoko ke kusenokwenzeka ukuba nguyise womntwana.
Kutheni kufuneka wenze olu hlobo lovavanyo?
Zininzi izizathu zokufumana uvavanyo lwe-DNA. Ezinye zezizathu eziphambili zezi:
- Ngeenjongo zomthetho: Ubungqina bokuba ngutata bubalulekile kwimicimbi yezomthetho efana nokufaka igama likatata kwisatifikethi sokuzalwa somntwana, ukufumana inkxaso-mali yomntwana, ukufumana ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, ukufumana ilifa lempahla, kunye nokufumana izibonelelo zokhuseleko loluntu.
- Ngenxa yezizathu zempilo: Ezinye izifo zemfuza zinokudluliselwa kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Umzekelo, iimeko ezifana neCystic fibrosis kunye neDown syndrome. Ukwazi ukuba ngubani uyise womntwana ophilayo kunokunceda ekuchongeni naziphi na izifo zemfuza ezinokudluliselwa kuyise. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yomntwana kwixesha elizayo.
- Ukwazi imbali yosapho: Umntwana unelungelo lokwazi imbali yosapho lwakhe kunye nokuba ngoobani izalamane zakhe. Kubaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso lwengqondo yomntwana kunye nobuntu bakhe.
Ziziphi iintlobo zovavanyo lwe-DNA ezikhoyo?
Uvavanyo lwe-DNA lungenziwa ngaphambi kokuba umntwana azalwe (ngexesha lokukhulelwa) nasemva kokuba umntwana ezelwe. Nazi ezinye zeendlela eziphambili ezisetyenziswayo.
| Igama lovavanyo | Lixesha lokukwenza | Indlela yokwenza kunye nenkcazo |
|---|---|---|
| I-Swab yesihlathi | Nanini na emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe | Le yeyona ndlela ilula nesetyenziswa kakhulu. Kusetyenziswa i-swab ukuthatha isampuli yeeseli ngaphakathi esidleleni somntwana kunye notata ocingelwayo. Oku akunantlungu. |
| Uvavanyo lwe-NIPP (Uvavanyo lokuNgangenisi Umntwana Ngaphambi kokubeleka) | Emva kweeveki ezi-8 zokukhulelwa | Le yindlela ekhuselekileyo kakhulu. Inani elincinci le-DNA evela kumntwana osesibelekweni lidada egazini lomama okhulelweyo. Kolu vavanyo, kuthathwa isampuli yegazi kumama kwaye i-DNA yomntwana ekuyo ithelekiswa ne-DNA yomntu orhanelwa ukuba ngutata. Oku kuchanekile ngama-99.9% . |
| I-Amniocentesis | Phakathi kweeveki ezili-15 ukuya kwezingama-20 zokukhulelwa | Olu luvavanyo olungenanjongo. Kolu vavanyo, ugqirha ufaka inaliti encinci kakhulu esiswini sikamama esibelekweni aze athathe isampuli encinci yolwelo lwe-amniotic olujikeleze umntwana. Olu lwelo luqulethe iiseli zomntwana. Kukho umngcipheko omncinci kakhulu wokuphuphuma kwesisu ohambelana nolu vavanyo. |
| Isampuli yeChorionic Villus (CVS) | Phakathi kweeveki ezili-10-13 zokukhulelwa | Olu luvavanyo oluqhutywa ngaphakathi kwesibeleko, njenge-amniocentesis. Kolu vavanyo, kuthathwa isampulu encinci yeeseli kwinxalenye ye-placenta. Oku kukwanomngcipheko omncinci kakhulu wokuphuphuma kwesisu okanye usulelo . |
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba iimvavanyo ezifana ne-'Amniocentesis' kunye ne-'CVS' zenziwe kuphela xa kuyimfuneko, phantsi kweliso likagqirha. Kuba kukho iingozi ezincinci ezinxulumene nezi. Uvavanyo lwe-NIPP yeyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo enokwenziwa ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
Yintoni omele uyenze ngaphambi kovavanyo?
Ngokwesiqhelo, ukuba uthatha i-cheek swab, kuyacetyiswa ukuba uziphephe ezi zinto zilandelayo malunga neyure ngaphambi kokuba:
- Ukuxubha amazinyo
- Ukusebenzisa i-mouthwash
- Ukutshaya okanye ukuhlafuna icuba
- Ukuba unxibe amazinyo okufakelwa, wasuse.
Ezi zinto zinokuchaphazela umgangatho wesampulu oyithathayo. Ukuba uthatha isampulu yegazi, ugqirha wakho uya kukucebisa ukuba usele amanzi amaninzi kwaye utye ukutya okunempilo.
Inyaniso okanye ubuxoki malunga novavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise ekhaya
Ngoku kukho izixhobo zovavanyo lwe-DNA ezikwi-intanethi onokuzithatha uziyise ekhaya. Ezi zihlala zibiza kancinci kunovavanyo olwenziwe kwiziko lezonyango. Kwakhona, kulula kuba uninzi lwabantu lunokukwenza oko ngokwabo.
Kodwa kukho izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzazi ngale nto:
- Akukho kwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni: Iziphumo zovavanyo lwasekhaya azamkelwa njengobungqina enkundleni okanye kwezinye iinkqubo zomthetho. Kwiinkqubo zomthetho, kufuneka uvavanyo (`(Legal DNA Paternity Test)`), olufuna ukuba iisampulu zithathwe kwiziko lezonyango elaziwayo, ngokwenkqubo efanelekileyo (`(uluhlu lokugcina umntwana)`), naphambi kwamangqina.
- Ukuchaneka: Kubalulekile ukujonga ukuba inkampani ethumela izixhobo zovavanyo ekhaya yinkampani evunyiweyo na. Ngamanye amaxesha, iimpazamo ekuqokelelweni kweesampuli zinokuchaphazela ukuchaneka kweziphumo. Uvavanyo lunokuthenjwa ngakumbi ukuba lwenziwa kwiilabhoratri ezivunyiweyo yimibutho efana ne-American Association of Blood Banks (AABB).
Uziqonda njani iziphumo?
Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-DNA zihlala zinikwa "njengokunokwenzeka kokuba ngutata".
- Ukuba isiphumo singu-0%: Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho kuhambelana kwemfuza phakathi kotata otyholwayo nomntwana. Akanguye uyise womntwana ophilayo.
- Ukuba iziphumo ziyi-99.9% nangaphezulu: Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho amathuba aphezulu kakhulu okuba umntu orhanelwa ukuba ngutata nguyise womntwana.
Iziphumo zihlala zithatha iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini ukubuya. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ezivela kuvavanyo olufana ne-'Amniocentesis' okanye 'CVS' zinokuthatha iiveki ezininzi ukubuya.
Awunakukwazi ukwenza olu vavanyo ngaphandle koTata?
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo nechanekileyo kukufumana isampuli ye-DNA kuyise otyholwa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba akasaphili okanye akafumaneki, uvavanyo lunokwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-DNA yezalamane zakhe ezisondeleyo. Umzekelo, iisampulu ze-DNA ezivela kubazali bakayise (ootatomkhulu noomakhulu bomntwana) kunye nabantakwabo zinokuthathwa zize zithelekiswe ne-DNA yomntwana ukuze kufikelelwe kwisigqibo.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- Uvavanyo lwe-DNA lukayise lunokuqinisekisa utata womntwana ngokuchanekileyo okungaphezulu kwe-99.9%.
- Olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba umntwana azalwe (ngexesha lokukhulelwa) okanye emva kokuba umntwana ezelwe. Uvavanyo lwe-NIPP lukhuselekile kakhulu ukuba lwenziwe ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
- Kwimiba yezomthetho (inkundla, isondlo, ilifa), uvavanyo oluqhutywa liziko lezonyango elaziwayo luyimfuneko kakhulu. Uvavanyo lwasekhaya (`(Iikiti zasekhaya)`) aluvunyelwa enkundleni.
- Ekubeni kukho iingozi ezincinci kakhulu ezibandakanyekayo kwiimvavanyo ezifana ne-'amniocentesis' kunye ne-'CVS', soloko uthetha nogqirha wakho, uqonde okulungileyo nokungalunganga, kwaye ukhethe indlela efanelekileyo kuwe.
- Ukuba unemibuzo, amathandabuzo, okanye nantoni na ofuna ukuyicacisa ngale nto, umntu ofanelekileyo nothembekileyo onokuthetha naye ngugqirha wakho.
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