Ngaba wakha wacelwa ukuba uzise ingxelo yegazi xa wawusiya kugqirha ngenxa yesifo esithile? Ngaba wakha wadideka ngamagama angaqhelekanga akuyo? Sihlala sinamava anje. Namhlanje, siza kuthetha ngendlela yovavanyo esiyibonayo kwiingxelo ezinjalo, esenokubonakala inzima kancinci, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu. Olu luvavanyo lwe-ELISA.
Yintoni i-ELISA elula?
Kulungile, masiqale sibone ukuba la magama mane athi ELISA athetha ukuthini. I-ELISA sisifinyezo se -Enzyme- Linked I mmuno sorbent Assay . Ivakala ngathi iyoyikisa kancinci xa uyiva, akunjalo? Kodwa ungayoyiki. Ngamafutshane, i-ELISA ayisosifo. Yindlela ekhethekileyo yokuvavanya eyenziwa kwilabhoratri. Ifana neresiphi yokupheka.
Le ndlela ingasetyenziselwa ukufumanisa izinto ezincinci kakhulu kulwelo lomzimba wethu, njengegazi, umchamo, kunye namathe. Umzekelo, le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukufumanisa izinto ezifana nee-antibodies ezenziwa ngumzimba wethu ngokuchasene nentsholongwane ethile (esizibiza ngokuba zezi-antibodies), iindawo zentsholongwane ngokwayo (esizibiza ngokuba zii-antigen), iihomoni, kunye neeproteni.
Le ndlela iphumelele kakhulu kangangokuba oogqirha bayibiza ngokuba yi "Gold Standard" ye-immunoassays. Oko kuthetha ukuba yindlela echanekileyo nethembekileyo.
Cinga ngovavanyo lokukhulelwa ekhaya olusetyenziswa ukujonga ukuba ukhulelwe na. Olu vavanyo lukwasebenza ngokwemigaqo ye-ELISA. Lujonga ubukho be-"pregnancy hormone" ebizwa ngokuba yi-HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) kumchamo.
Ukuze sikuqonde kakuhle oku, masiqale sifunde nge-'Antigens' kunye ne-'Antibodies'.
Ukuze siqonde indlela ye-ELISA, kufuneka sazi ngabalinganiswa ababini ababalulekileyo emzimbeni wethu: ii-Antigens kunye nee-Antibodies.
Yintoni iAntigen?
Cinga ngesela, utshaba, okanye umntu ongamaziyo ongena emizimbeni yethu. Lo mntu singamaziyo yiloo nto siyibiza ngokuba yi-antigen . Ezi zinto zihlala ziyingozi emizimbeni yethu. Ezi ntshaba zibizwa ngokuba zii-antigen zinokuza ngeendlela ezininzi.
- Iintsholongwane (umz. i-dengue, i-HIV, i-coronavirus)
- Iintsholongwane (umz., iintsholongwane ezibangela i-typhoid, isifo sephepha)
- Iintsholongwane
- Izinto ezibangela i-allergies (umz. uthuli, i-pollen, ukutya okuthile)
- Iiproteni kumphezulu weeseli zomhlaza
Ngamnye kwezi ntshaba une "khadi lobunikazi" lakhe elahlukileyo. Elo khadi lobunikazi yinto esiyibiza ngokuba yi-antigen.
Yintoni i-Antibody?
Ngoku, xa i-antigen ingena emzimbeni wethu, imizimba yethu ayihlali nje apho. Sinomkhosi osebenza kakuhle kakhulu emizimbeni yethu. Siwubiza njaloInkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Sibiza amajoni akhethekileyo kweli qela le -antibodies .
Eyona nto ikhethekileyo ngala ma-antibodies kukuba umzimba wethu udala isosha elikhethekileyo (i-Antibody) ukuze lihlasele uhlobo oluthile lwesela (i-Antigen). Njengokuba kukho isitshixo esinye kuphela esingena kwisitshixo esinye.
Ukuba intsholongwane yedengue ingena emzimbeni, umzimba wenza ii-antibodies ezihlasela intsholongwane yedengue kuphela. Ukuba intsholongwane ye-HIV ingena, yenza uhlobo olwahlukileyo lwe-antibody oluyihlasela kuphela. Ezi antibodies ziyahamba zize zinamathele kuloo tshaba (i-antigen) zize ziyidlulisele kwezinye iiseli zomkhosi ukuze ziyitshabalalise.
Ngoko ke, uvavanyo lwe-ELISA yindlela esebenzisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwala "majoni" (ii-Antibodies) kunye "neentshaba" (ii-Antigens) kwilebhu ukufumanisa ukuba sinesifo esithile emzimbeni wethu okanye akunjalo.
Ngoko ke uvavanyo lwe-ELISA lujonge ntoni?
I-ELISA inokubona izinto ezininzi. Kufana nokusebenzisa isixhobo esinye ukwenza izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ugqirha wakho uya kugqiba ukuba uza kujonga ntoni kuvavanyo lwe-ELISA ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zakho.
Ungafumana umbono olungileyo ngale nto kwitheyibhile engezantsi.
| Kuvavanywa ntoni? | Imizekelo kunye neNkcazelo |
|---|---|
| Iintsholongwane | Ikhangela ii-antibodies ezenziwe ngumzimba wethu ngokuchasene nosulelo lwentsholongwane, iintsholongwane okanye imingxunya, okanye iindawo zentsholongwane ngokwayo (ii-antigens). Imizekelo: I-HIV, i-dengue, i-hepatitis A, i-B, i-C (i-Hepatitis), isifo seLyme, i-syphilis . |
| Izifo ezichaphazela umzimba | Ngamanye amaxesha amajoni ethu omzimba ayaphazamiseka aze aqalise ukuhlasela iiseli zethu eziphilileyo. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-autoantibodies. Umzekelo sisifo seswekile sohlobo loku-1 . |
| Amanqanaba eHormone | Isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubungakanani beehomoni ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni. Imizekelo: iHCG (ukukhulelwa), iFSH (ukuzala), iTestosterone . |
| Iimpawu zeTumor | Iintlobo ezithile zomhlaza zinokubonwa ngeeproteni ezithile eziqokelelana egazini. Umzekelo: Uvavanyo lwe -PSA (Prostate-specific antigen) lomhlaza weprostate. |
| Ii-aleji | Singakwazi ukubona ukuba umzimba wethu une-allergy kwizinto ezifana nothuli okanye ukutya ngokulinganisa amanqanaba ee-antibodies ezinxulumene nazo. |
| Ukuhlolwa Kwamachiza | Isetyenziswa kakhulu ukubona ukuba kukho iziyobisi ezifana nee-amphetamines okanye i-cocaine emzimbeni. |
Ulwenza njani uvavanyo lwe-ELISA elabhoratri?
Indlela esebenza ngayo le nto inzima kancinci. Kodwa ndiza kukuchazela ngomzekelo olula kakhulu. Khawucinge ukuba ugqirha wakho urhanela ukuba une-dengue aze athathe isampuli yegazi kuwe ukuze enze uvavanyo lwe-ELISA. Nantsi into eyenzekayo kwilebhu.
1. Ukulungiselela utshaba: Okokuqala, ingcali ekwilabhoratri ithatha ipleyiti yeplastiki ekhethekileyo ize incamathisele ii-antigens zentsholongwane ye-dengue kuyo. Ngoku "utshaba" lwethu lukulungele.
2. Ukuqokelela igazi lakho: Okulandelayo, isampuli yegazi lakho yongezwa kule pleyiti. Ukuba une-antibodies ezilwa ne-dengue, ziya kunamathela kumasuntswana e-dengue virus akwipleyiti. Njengemagnethi. Ukuba akukho antibodies ze-dengue, akukho nto iya kunamathela.
3. Ukuhlamba: Emva koko, le pleyiti ihlanjwa kakuhle. Okwenzekayo kukuba zonke izinto ezingafunekiyo ezingancamathiselwanga kwintsholongwane zihlanjwe. Kusala kuphela ii-antibodies ezincamathiselweyo.
4. Ukongeza i-antibody "eyaziwayo": Ngoku kuza inxalenye ebalulekileyo. Olunye uhlobo lwe-antibody, olwenziwe ngokukodwa kwilebhu, longezwa kule nto. Le antibody ine-enzyme eqhotyoshelwe kuyo. Le yinxalenye "edibeneyo yi-Enzyme" egameni. Le antibody yesibini iya kunamathela kuphela kwi-antibodies zakho ezazifakwe kwipleyiti ngaphambili.
5.Impendulo yombala: Okokugqibela, kongezwa into yekhemikhali kule nto ephendula kunye ne-enzyme kwaye ivelise umbala . Ngoku, ukuba une-dengue antibodies emzimbeni wakho, kwaye yonke le nkqubo yenzekile, umbala waloo nto uya kutshintsha. Ukuba umbala uyatshintsha, isiphumo siba sihle . Ukuba akukho mbala uveliswayo, oko kuthetha ukuba awunayo i-dengue antibodies emzimbeni wakho. Emva koko isiphumo siba sihle .
Ubungakanani balo mbala bunokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa ubungakanani bee-antibodies emzimbeni.
Ungayitolika njani iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-ELISA?
Ngokwesiqhelo, uvavanyo lwe-ELISA lunokuvelisa iintlobo ezintathu zeziphumo.
- Isiphumo esihle: Oku kuthetha ukuba into eyayijongwa luvavanyo (umz. i-antibody okanye i-antigen) yayikhona kwisampulu yakho.
- Isiphumo esibi: Oku kuthetha ukuba into ebeyifunwa luvavanyo yayingekho kwisampulu yakho.
- Isiphumo esingasebenziyo: Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho into engahambanga kakuhle ngexesha lovavanyo. Kusenokuba yimpazamo ngexesha lokuqokelelwa kwesampuli okanye into eyenzekileyo kwilebhu. Ukuba oku kuyenzeka, uvavanyo kuya kufuneka luphindwe.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ngugqirha wakho kuphela onokukuchazela ngqo ukuba ezi ziphumo zithetha ukuthini kwaye wenze ntoni emva koko. Ngoko ke musa ukuzama ukuzixilonga ngokujonga ulwazi olukwi-intanethi.
Ngaba kufuneka ndikhathazeke ukuba isiphumo asiqhelekanga?
Akunjalo konke konke. Ukuba iziphumo zakho aziqhelekanga, oko kuthetha ukuba zilungile, akuthethi ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo unesi sifo. Oku kungenxa yokuba iimvavanyo ze-ELISA zinobuthathaka obuncinci. Yiloo nto inokwenzeka ukuba ngamanye amaxesha iziphumo ezingezizo zifumaneke.
Ezi ziintlobo ezimbini:
- Iziphumo Ezilungileyo Nobuxoki: Kulapho uvavanyo luxela ukuba unesifo, nangona ungenaso ngokwenene. Esi siphumo sobuxoki sinokubangelwa yenye imeko yezonyango okanye yenye into.
- Iziphumo Ezingalunganga Nezingachanekanga: Kulapho uvavanyo lubuya khona "aluguli" nangona unesifo ngokwenene. Umzekelo, oku kunokwenzeka ukuba uvavanyo lwenziwa kwiintsuku zokuqala zosulelo xa umzimba ungakavelisi ii-antibodies ezaneleyo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, oogqirha badla ngokusebenzisa i-ELISA njengovavanyo lokuhlola . Oko kukuthi, ukwahlula abantu abanokuba nesi sifo kwabo bangenaso. Ukuba iziphumo zilungile, ugqirha uya kuyalela olunye uvavanyo oluthile (njenge-Western Blot) ukuqinisekisa oko.
Ngoko ke, musa ukoyika ukuba ufumana iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga. Yinto nje enye yephazili enkulu. Ugqirha wakho uza kuthathela ingqalelo iimpawu zakho, imbali yezonyango, kunye nolunye uvavanyo ngaphambi kokuba enze isigqibo sokugqibela. Ngoko ke, ukuba unemibuzo, ungathandabuzi ukumbuza.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-ELISA ayisosifo, yindlela yovavanyo eyenziwa kwilabhoratri.
- Le nkqubo isebenza kubudlelwane phakathi "kweentshaba" (iiAntigens) kunye "namajoni" (iiAntibodies) emzimbeni wethu.
- Le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukubona izinto ezininzi, ezinje ngezifo, amanqanaba eehomoni, ii-allergies, kunye neempawu zomhlaza.
- Ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zovavanyo lwe-ELISA zisithi kukho isifo, oko akuthethi ukuba kukho isifo esiqinisekileyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, luvavanyo lokuqala kuphela.
- Ugqirha wakho ngoyena mntu ulungileyo nokuphela kwakhe onokuphendula nayiphi na imibuzo okanye iinkxalabo onokuba nazo malunga neziphumo zovavanyo lwakho.
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