Ngaba unesifo sokukhwehlela esingapheliyo kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, okanye iimpawu zosulelo lomchamo ezikukhathazayo? Mhlawumbi xa uye kugqirha, wakubhalela uvavanyo olubizwa ngokuba yi-'Gram Stain'. Eli gama lisenokuvakala lingaqhelekanga kuwe. Kodwa eneneni olu luvavanyo olubaluleke kakhulu nolukhawulezayo olusetyenziselwa ukubona usulelo emzimbeni wethu. Ngoko ke, masithethe ngale nto ngokulula, ngendlela onokuyiqonda.
Yintoni iGram Stain ngokulula?
Ngamafutshane, i-Gram stain luvavanyo olwenziwa kwilebhu. Ngokusisiseko lukhangela iintsholongwane kwindawo yomzimba wakho apho kukho usulelo khona. Khawuthelekelele ukuba unenxeba eliphumayo. Emva koko isampuli encinci evela kuloo nxeba ingathunyelwa kolu vavanyo.
Enye yezona nzuzo zinkulu zolu vavanyo kukuba iziphumo zifumaneka ngokukhawuleza. Oku kuvumela ugqirha ukuba agqibe ngokukhawuleza ukuba unentsholongwane na, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, uhlobo lwayo. Oku kunceda ugqirha ukuba afumane umbono osisiseko weyeza aza kukunika lona.
Ayizizo zonke iibhaktheriya emizimbeni yethu ezimbi. Ezinye ziibhaktheriya ezilungileyo ezisincedayo. Kodwa ezinye iintlobo zeebhaktheriya zisibangela izifo kunye nosulelo. Uvavanyo lweGram Stain lusinceda sichonge iibhaktheriya eziyingozi ezibangela ezo zifo.
Lithini eli bali malunga ne-Gram-positive kunye ne-Gram-negative?
Le yeyona nxalenye ibalulekileyo yovavanyo lweGram stain. Cinga ngeebhaktheriya njengezinto eziphilayo ezincinci ezinxibe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeempahla. Uvavanyo lweGram stain lubandakanya ukufaka iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamabala akhethekileyo kwiibhaktheriya. Emva koko, kuxhomekeke kumahluko odongeni lweseli yebhaktheriya, zahlukana zibe yimibala emibini.
1. Iintsholongwane ezinegram: Iindonga zeeseli zazo zenziwe ngento etyebileyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Peptidoglycan." Yiyo loo nto zijika zibe nombala omfusa-oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka xa zidaywe.
2. Iintsholongwane ezingezizo iigram: Ezi zineendonga ezincinci zeeseli, ngoko ke zijika zibe bomvu-pinki xa zinombala.
Into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule apha kukuba 'into elungileyo' kunye 'negative' azithethi 'into elungileyo' kunye 'nembi'. Ziyindlela nje yokwahlulahlula ngokusekelwe kumbala webhaktheriya.
Ngoku makhe sijonge iintlobo eziphambili zeebhaktheriya ezikwezi qela zimbini kunye nezifo ezizibangelayo.
| Iibhaktheriya ezinegram kunye nezifo ezinxulumene noko | |
|---|---|
| Uhlobo lweebhaktheriya | Iimeko zempilo ezinokwenzeka |
| Iintlobo zeStaphylococcus | Usulelo lwesikhumba, i-pneumonia, ityhefu yokutya, usulelo lwe-MRSA |
| Iintlobo zeStreptococcus | Usulelo lomphimbo (umkhuhlane), i-pneumonia, i-meningitis |
| Iintlobo zeListeria | Ityhefu yokutya |
| Iintlobo zeClostridium | Ityhefu yokutya, i-botulism, i-tetanus |
| Iibhaktheriya ezingenayo igram kunye nezifo ezinxulumene noko | |
|---|---|
| Uhlobo lweebhaktheriya | Iimeko zempilo ezinokwenzeka |
| I-Escherichia coli (E. coli) | Usulelo lomchamo (UTIs), ukutyhefeka kokutya |
| I-Neisseria gonorrhoeae | I-Gonorrhea (isifo esidluliselwa ngesondo) |
| Iintlobo zeSalmonella | Ityhefu yokutya, umkhuhlane wetyphoid |
| Iintlobo zeKlebsiella | I-pneumonia, usulelo lwegazi, usulelo lwamanxeba |
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwebala leGram kunye nenkcubeko yebhaktheriya?
Ugqirha wakho unokucebisa ukuba nizigqibe zombini ezi mvavanyo, kodwa ulwazi abalunikayo lwahlukile.
- I-Gram Stain: Oku kufana nefoto ekhawulezileyo. Inika umbono oqhelekileyo wokuba ingaba iintsholongwane zikhona na, ukuba zikho, nokuba zi-Gram-positive okanye i-Gram-negative, kunye nokuba imilo yazo injani (ingqukuva okanye ifana nenduku).
- Ukukhula kweeBhaktheriya: Oku kuquka ukukhulisa iibhaktheriya kwisampulu yakho kwindawo ekhethekileyo kwilebhu. Kufana nokukhulisa isityalo. Oku kungathatha iintsuku ezimbalwa. Nje ukuba iibhaktheriya zikhule kakuhle, ungazichonga kwaye ufumane ukuba zeziphi ii-antibiotics ezisebenza kakuhle kuzo.
Ngamafutshane, i-Gram stain inika isikhokelo esifutshane, ngelixa inkcubeko yebhaktheriya inika isiqinisekiso esicacileyo .
Lwenziwa njani uvavanyo lweGram Stain?
Le nkqubo ingahlulwa ibe ngamanyathelo amathathu aphambili.
1. Ukuqokelela isampulu
Indlela yokuthatha isampuli iya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni ucinga ukuba unesifo esingakanani.
- Nge-swab: Isampuli ingathathwa kwiindawo ezifana nomqala, iimpumlo, izilonda zesikhumba, kunye neendawo zangasese kusetyenziswa i-cotton swab.
- Ukuqokelela izinto eziphumayo: Ungaqokelela izinto ezifana ne-mucus, umchamo, kunye nendle kwisitya esicocekileyo.
- Ukufunxwa ngenaliti encinci: Le ndlela isetyenziselwa ukususa ulwelo ngaphakathi emzimbeni, umzekelo, kumalungu, emaphaphu, okanye entliziyweni.
2. Kwenzeka ntoni kwilebhu
Xa isampuli yakho ifika kwilebhu, isazinzulu selabhoratri yezonyango siya kuyisasaza kancinci kwislayidi yeglasi. Emva koko, baya kongeza iidayi ezine ezikhethekileyo, ekuthethwe ngazo ngaphambili, kuyo baze bayihlambe.
3. Ukujonga ngemakroskopu
Okokugqibela, esi silayidi silungisiweyo sihlolwa phantsi kwe-microscope. Kulapho sijonga khona ukuba iibhaktheriya zikhona na, umbala wazo (omfusa/oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye opinki/obomvu), imilo yazo (engqukuva (i-cocci) okanye efana nenduku (i-bacilli)), kunye nendlela ezihlanganiswe ngayo (zodwa, ngababini, okanye ngamaqela).
Ingxelo yophando ithini?
Kusenokuba kukho iziphumo ezimbini eziphambili kwingxelo yakho yovavanyo.
- Ibala elibi leGram (Akukho nto iphilayo ibonwayo): Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho bhaktiriya ibonwayo kwisilayidi. Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha oku kunokwenzeka xa kukho iibhaktiriya ezimbalwa kakhulu. Ngoko ke kusenokufuneka ulinde ingxelo yokukhuliswa kwezityalo.
- Ibala leGram elilungileyo: Oku kuthetha ukuba iintsholongwane bezikho kwisampulu yakho. Ingxelo ingabandakanya iinkcukacha ezifana nezi:
- Uhlobo lwebhaktheriya: I-Gram-positive okanye i-Gram-negative?
- Imilo yebhaktheriya: `cocci` (engqukuva) okanye `bacilli` (iintonga)?
- Ezinye iiseli: Kunokuqatshelwa nokuba zikhona na ezinye iiseli, ezifana neeseli ezimhlophe zegazi (uphawu losulelo).
Ngokuqokelela lonke olu lwazi aze aluthelekise neempawu zakho, ugqirha uza kuqala unyango olusebenzayo kuwe.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-Gram Stain luvavanyo olukhawulezayo nolusisiseko olusetyenziselwa ukufumanisa usulelo lweebhaktheriya.
- Oku kwahlula iintsholongwane zibe ngamaqela amabini aphambili (i-Gram-positive - purple/blue kunye ne-Gram-negative - pink/red).
- Olu lwazi luya kunceda kakhulu ugqirha wakho ukuba aqalise unyango olufanelekileyo ngokukhawuleza .
- Ukuze kufunyaniswe ukuxilongwa okucacileyo, uvavanyo lweGram stain ludla ngokwenziwa kunye novavanyo lwenkcubeko yebhaktheriya .
- Ukuba uneengxaki malunga neziphumo zovavanyo lwakho, ungoyiki ukuzixoxa ngokukhululekileyo nogqirha wakho .
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