Ingaba ii-genes zakho ziyafana? Masithethe ngemeko "ye-homozygous"!

Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngento ebaluleke kakhulu malunga nejini zethu. Mhlawumbi ukhe waliva igama elithi 'homozygous'. Kalula nje, oku kuthetha ukuba unekopi efanayo yejini ethile evela kumama wakho nakutata wakho. Oku kusenokuvakala ngathi yisayensi, kodwa eneneni kulula kakhulu. Masicacise oku ngakumbi.

Yintoni ke ngoko i-allele?

Cinga nje, sifumana iikopi ezimbini zejini nganye, enye ivela kumama wethu kwaye enye ivela kubaba wethu. Uninzi lwejini emizimbeni yethu ziyafana kuwo wonke umntu. Kodwa inani elincinci kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-1%) lejini linotshintsho oluncinci. Ii-allele ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo zejini efanayo ezinotshintsho oluncinci. Olu tshintsho luncinci kulandelelwano lwe-DNA lukunika iimpawu zakho ezikhethekileyo. Kufana neencasa ezahlukeneyo zeresiphi efanayo, akunjalo?

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-homozygous kunye ne-heterozygous?

Ngoku sele unembono ethile ngee-alleles. I-Homozygous ithetha ukuba uzuze ii-alleles ezimbini ezifanayo zejini efanayo kubazali bakho bobabini. Oku kuthetha ukuba ikopi yejini evela kumama wakho kunye nekopi yejini evela kutata wakho zombini ziyafana.

Kwelinye icala, ukuba yi-heterozygous kuthetha ukuba uzuze ii-alleles ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zejini efanayo kubazali bakho. Oku kuthetha ukuba ulandelelwano lwe-DNA yekopi yejini oyifumene kumama wakho lwahlukile kancinci kulowo uyifumene kutata wakho. 'Hetero' kuthetha 'okwahlukileyo', 'Homo' kuthetha 'okufanayo'. Kulula, akunjalo?

Ngoko ke yintoni i-homozygous genotype?

I-genotype ivakala ngathi yesayensi kancinci, akunjalo? Ungakhathazeki, ndiza kuyigcina ilula. I-genotype ibhekisa kuhlobo okanye uhlobo lolandelelwano lwe-DNA oluzuzwa njengelifa. Ngoko ke, i-genotype ye-homozygous ithetha ukuba uzuze ii-alleles ezimbini zohlobo olufanayo. Oko kuthetha ukuba, ulandelelwano lwe-DNA yejini ethile eyanikwa ngabazali bakho bobabini lufana ncamashi, akukho mahluko.

Iimpawu eziphambili neziphindaphindayo zinxulumene njani ne-homozygous genes?

Ezinye ii-alleles 'zilawula' , oko kuthetha ukuba zinamandla kakhulu. Ezinye zi -'recessive' , oko kuthetha ukuba zicinezelwe kancinci. Ngoku khawucinge ukuba une-genotype ye-heterozygous, oko kuthetha i-allele enye elawulayo kunye ne-allele enye elawulayo. Kwenzeka ntoni ke ngoko? I-allele elawulayo icinezela i-allele elawulayo, kwaye uphawu olulawulayo luphuma. Kufana nomntwana okrwada eklasini ecinezela abanye.

Nangona kunjalo, kwi-genotype ye-homozygous, oku akunjalo. Ungaba nee-alleles ezimbini ezilawulayo zempawu (homozygous dominant). Okanye, ungaba nee-alleles ezimbini ezilawulayo (homozygous recessive).Nokuba yeyiphi na indlela, uphawu lwee-alleles ezimbini ezifanayo luyabonakaliswa. Kwi-genetics, uphawu oluphambili lwe-homozygous luboniswa ngoonobumba abakhulu ababini (umzekelo, i-BB). Uphawu oluphindaphindayo lwe-homozygous luboniswa ngoonobumba abancinci ababini (umzekelo, i-bb).

Ziziphi imizekelo yeempawu ze-homozygous?

Xa uzuze ii-allele ezifanayo kubazali bakho, zinokukhokelela kwiimpawu ezifana neze-homozygous. Ezi zinokubandakanya inkangeleko yakho, inkqubo yakho yamathambo, kunye nokuba unesifo esithile okanye akunjalo. Makhe sijonge imizekelo embalwa.

Iimpawu ezinxulumene nenkangeleko

• Umbala wamehlo: I-homozygous gene inokuchaphazela umbala wamehlo akho. Umbala omdaka luphawu oluphambili lombala wamehlo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-BB. Zonke ezinye imibala yamehlo ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba yi-bb. Ngoko ke, umntu onamehlo amdaka one-homozygous gene une-BB gene. Umntu onamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka one-homozygous gene une-bb gene. Khawucinge nje, ukuba bobabini abazali bomntu onamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka banekopi ye-gene (bb) enegalelo kumehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngoko umntu onamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka unokuba namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
• IiFreckles: IiFreckles nazo ziyinxalenye enkulu ye-autosomal. Umntu one-freckles une-melanin eninzi emzimbeni wakhe. Oku kuboniswa yi-FF. Umntu ongenazo iiFreckles une-gene enkulu ye-autosomal, eboniswa yi-ff.
• IiDimples: IiDimples nazo ziyinxalenye ye-autosomal elawulayo. Oku kuboniswa yi-DD. Abantu abane-autosomal elawulayo (dd) abanazo iidimples.
• Iinwele ezigobileyo: Iinwele ezigobileyo zikwaluphawu oluphambili lwe-autosomal. Lubonakaliswa yi-HH. Uphawu oluphambili lwe-autosomal ziinwele ezithe tye. Lubonakaliswa yi-hh.

Iimpawu ezinxulumene nenkqubo yamathambo

• Iindlebe ezingenanto: Ukuba uneendlebe ezingenanto, une-gene ye-UU elawulayo. Ukuba iindlebe zakho zinamathele emzimbeni, une-gene ye-uu ephindaphindayo.

Ezinye izifo zinxulunyaniswa njani ne-homozygous genes?

• Ukuva nokuthetha: Uphawu oluphambili kukukwazi ukuva nokuthetha ngokuqhelekileyo. Oku kumelwa yi-gene elawulayo i-SS. Ukuba unezo zombini ii-gene eziphindaphindayo, usenokungakwazi ukuthetha okanye ukuva ngokuqhelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba usenokuba sisithulu kwaye usisimumu.
• Ukuxhathisa iPoison Ivy: Ukuxhathisa ipoison ivy lolunye uphawu oluphambili. Olu phawu luphambili lumelwe luphawu lwePP. Ukuba unezo zombini ii-gene zePP, awuyi kuxhathisa ipoison ivy.

Zeziphi iimeko zemfuza ezinokubangelwa zi-homozygous genes?

Ngoku masithethe ngento enzulu ngakumbi. Une-gene eguqukileyo evela kubazali bakho bobabini.Oko kukuthi, ukuba une-alleles ezimbini zohlobo olufanayo ezingasebenzi kakuhle, une-homozygous kuloo nguqu yemfuza. Oku kuthetha ukuba unamathuba amaninzi okuphuhlisa imeko yemfuza ebangelwa yiloo mfuza. Nazi ezinye zeemeko zemfuza ezinokuzuzwa njengelifa:

• I-Cystic Fibrosis: Iproteni ehambisa ulwelo kwiiseli zomzimba wethu yenziwa yi-gene ebizwa ngokuba yi-'CFTR.' Ukuba ufumana iikopi ezimbini eziguquliweyo ze-'CFTR' gene, uya kuba nesifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-'Cystic Fibrosis'. Oku kubangela ukuba i-mucus etyebileyo iqokeleleke kwiindawo ezifana nemiphunga kunye nenkqubo yokugaya ukutya.
• I-Sickle Cell Anemia: I-HBB gene, eyinxalenye ye-hemoglobin kwiiseli zethu ezibomvu zegazi, inceda ekuthwaleni ioksijini emzimbeni wonke. Ukuba ufumana iikopi ezimbini eziguquliweyo ze-HBB gene, uya kuba ne-sickle cell anemia. Kule meko, iiseli ezibomvu zegazi ziyatshintsha imilo kwaye zibe yimilo yesickle, yiyo loo nto igama layo. Oku kunokuphazamisa ukuhamba kwegazi.
• I-Phenylketonuria: I-gene i-PAH ixelela iiseli ukuba zenze i-enzyme eqhekeza i-amino acid i-phenylalanine. Ukuba ufumana iikopi ezimbini eziguquliweyo ze-gene ye-PAH, uya kuba nesifo esibizwa ngokuba yi-phenylketonuria. Kule meko, i-phenylalanine iyaqokelelana emzimbeni kwaye inokonakalisa ingqondo.

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba ukuba "ungumntu ofana nowe-homozygous" kwi-gene ethile, oko kuthetha ukuba uzuze iikopi ezifanayo (ii-alleles) ze-gene kubazali bakho bobabini. Ngenxa yezi gene ze-homozygous, unokuba neempawu zakho zomzimba ezahlukeneyo.

Ngoko ke, zeziphi izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka sizikhumbule kweli bali?

Kulungile, sithethe kakhulu ngale bali 'le-Homozygous'. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzikhumbule ngokufutshane:

• I-Homozygous ithetha ukuba une -alleles ezimbini ezifanayo zejini ethile, ezivela kumama wakho nakutata wakho.
• Zombini ezi alleles zinokuba zilawulayo okanye ziphindaphindeke kakhulu, nto leyo echaza iimpawu zakho.
• Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba ii-allele ezimbini eziguquliweyo zohlobo olufanayo zizuzwe njengelifa ngale ndlela, iimeko ezithile zemfuza zinokwenzeka. Umzekelo, i-cystic fibrosis okanye i-sickle cell anemia.
• Nangona kunjalo, ii-genes ze-homozygous azisoloko zibangela izifo. Iimpawu ezininzi eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nombala wamehlo akho, ubume beenwele zakho, nokuba unee-dimples ezidleleni zakho okanye awunazo, nazo zibangelwa zezi genes ze-homozygous.

Ngoko ke, eli libali elilula malunga ne-homozygous genes. Ukwazi izinto ezinje kusinceda kakhulu ukuba siqonde imizimba yethu, akunjalo? Ukuba unemibuzo engaphezulu malunga noku, ungathandabuzi ukubuza ugqirha okanye ingcali ye-genetic.

I- Homozygous, iiGene, iiAlleles, iimpawu ezilawulayo, iimpawu eziphindaphindayo, izifo zemfuza