'Into emnyama' yengqondo (Substantia Nigra) - Masifunde ngeqhawe elincinci elilawula iintshukumo zethu

Zingaphi izinto esizenzayo ngosuku? Sihamba, sibaleka, sithatha into ngezandla zethu, sithatha ikomityi, sibhala, sijonga-jonga... Konke oku sikwenza ngaphandle kobunzima, ngaphandle kokucinga. Kodwa ngaba wakha wacinga ngendlela ezi ntshukumo ezimele zilawulwe ngobuchule nangokuchanekileyo ngayo? Emva kwako konke oku kukho ingqondo yethu. Inxalenye encinci kakhulu, kodwa enamandla kakhulu yengqondo isinceda senze zonke ezi ntshukumo zihambe kakuhle nangokucacileyo. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngaloo qhawe lincinci. NguSubstantia Nigra lowo.

Ngoko ke kwenzeka ntoni ngeSubstantia Nigra?

Ngamafutshane, i-Substantia Nigra (SN) yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobuchopho bethu enceda ekulawuleni iintshukumo zethu. Yinxalenye yenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-"basal ganglia", eyenziwe ngamanye amalungu obuchopho. Ifana nesebe elibalulekileyo kwinkampani enkulu. Le nxalenye ibalulekile ngenxa yempembelelo yayo kwiintshukumo zethu kunye negalelo layo kwiinkqubo zeekhemikhali engqondweni.

Khawuthelekelele uqhuba imoto. Kufuneka usebenzise i-accelerator ukwandisa isantya, i-brake yehlise isantya okanye ime, kunye ne-steering wheel ukuze ujike. Kuphela xa zonke ezi zinto zilungelelanisiwe apho unokulawula imoto ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, ingqondo nayo inenkqubo efanayo yokulawula iintshukumo zomzimba wethu. Omnye wemisebenzi ephambili ye-substantia nigra kukuvelisa ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-dopamine . Le dopamine sisithunywa esibaluleke kakhulu esilawula iintshukumo zethu kunye nokusebenza kwemisipha.

Kukho iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili ngaphakathi kwe-substantia nigra. Imisebenzi yazo zombini yahlukile kancinci.

1. I-SN pars reticulata: Le nxalenye ibandakanyeka kakhulu kwiintshukumo zamehlo ethu, amandla okufunda kunye nobuchule bokucinga. Iiseli ezikule nxalenye ziqulethe ikhemikhali ebizwa ngokuba yi-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . Le khemikhali ilawula umsebenzi weeseli zengqondo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, njengebhuleki . Ukuba ingqondo igqiba kwelokuba isignali ethile ayilunganga ukuya kwisihlunu, le 'GABA' ingasetyenziselwa ukumisa eso signali singafunwayo okanye ukuyithumela kwenye indawo. Yingakho iintshukumo zethu zihamba kakuhle, ngaphandle kokuba zingafuneki.

2. I-SN pars compacta: Le nxalenye ibaluleke kakhulu. Kuba iiseli zemithambo-luvo (ii-neurons) apha zivelisa i- dopamine yekhemikhali ebesithethe ngayo ngaphambili. I-Dopamine ayinxulumananga nje kuphela nokuhamba, kodwa ikwanxulumene nezinto ezininzi ezifana neemvakalelo zethu, amandla okufunda, umvuzo, ukuthatha umngcipheko, kunye nokukhuthaza. Xa senza into emnandi, sizive kamnandi kwaye sifuna ukuyenza kwakhona ngenxa yale dopamine.

Iphi kanye kanye le nto engqondweni?

I-substantia nigra ikwindawo ephakathi kwengqondo yethu, i-midbrain. Njengoko igama lisitsho, ikwindawo ephakathi kwengqondo. Ikwindawo engaphezulu kancinci kwe-brainstem, apho i-spinal cord yethu iqhagamshela khona ne-skull ezantsi kwentamo.

Nangona sithetha nge "substantia nigra," eneneni kukho iindawo ezimbini zobuchopho bethu ezinje. Elinye likwicala lasekunene lomgca ophakathi wobuchopho, nelinye likwicala lasekhohlo. Zombini ezi zinto zisebenza ngendlela efanayo.

Injani imbonakalo yayo, umbala wayo, kunye nobukhulu bayo?

Eli gama livela kwisiLatini. Igama elithi "Substantia nigra" lithetha "into emnyama." Isizathu soku kukuba nangona uninzi lweendawo zengqondo yethu zinombala okhanyayo opinki-ngwevu, le ndawo ibonakala ngathi yibhanti emnyama, emnyama kunezinye izicwili.

Isizathu soku kukuba iiseli zemithambo-luvo kule nxalenye ziqulethe umbala obizwa ngokuba yi-melanin . I-Melanin yikhemikhali ekwafumaneka kwiiseli zethu zolusu. Xa siphuma elangeni, ulusu lwethu luba mdaka kwaye lube mdaka ngenxa yale melanin. Loo mbala ufanayo yiyo enika le nxalenye yobuchopho umbala wayo omnyama okhethekileyo.

Ngokuphathelele ubungakanani, le yinxalenye encinci kakhulu. Kuthiwa malunga namacandelo angama-25 ale nigra enokufakwa ngaphakathi kwebhola yegalufa eqhelekileyo. Ngoku ungayiqonda indlela umsebenzi omkhulu ngayo, nangona umncinci kangaka.

Yenziwe ngantoni le nxalenye incinci?

Njengakwezinye iindawo zobuchopho, i-substantia nigra yenziwe ziintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zeeseli.

1. Iiseli zemithambo-luvo (iiNeuron):

Aba ngabadlali abaphambili kwingqondo yethu nakwinkqubo yemithambo-luvo. Kufana nenkqubo yocingo lwefowuni ethwala ulwazi kwilizwe lethu. Ezi seli zidlulisela ulwazi ngendlela yemiqondiso yombane neyekhemikhali. Kukho iindawo ezininzi eziphambili kwiseli yemithambo-luvo:

• Umzimba weseli: Le yinxalenye ephambili yeseli, njengeziko lolawulo.
• I-Axon: Inxalenye ende, efana nengalo ephuma emzimbeni weseli. Ifana nocingo olude. Imiqondiso ithwalwa apha.
• Iisynapses: Zizakhiwo ezifana neminwe ekupheleni kwe-axon. Kulapho isignali yombane iguqulwa ibe sisignali yekhemikhali ize idluliselwe kwi-neuron elandelayo.
• Iidendrites: Ziizakhiwo ezincinci ezifana namasebe emzimbeni weseli ezisebenza njengee-antenna zokufumana imiqondiso yeekhemikhali evela kwezinye iiseli zemithambo-luvo.
• I-Myelin:Isigqubuthelo esikhuselayo esijikeleze iingcingo ezininzi. Oku kunceda imiqondiso ukuba ihambe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingavuzi.

2. Iiseli zeGlial:

Ezi ziiseli ezixhasayo ezinceda iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Zifana neqela elixhasayo elimisela inqanaba labadlali abaphambili kwaye libancede. Nangona ezi seli zingadlulisi imiqondiso, zibonelela iiseli zemithambo-luvo ngezondlo ezizidingayo, ziyazikhusela, zinceda ekukhuseleni inkqubo yemithambo-luvo kwiintsholongwane, kwaye zezi seli ze-glial ezenza i-myelin sheath. Kukho malunga neshumi leeseli ze-glial kuneeseli zemithambo-luvo kwinkqubo yethu yemithambo-luvo.

Ziziphi iimeko ezichaphazela iSubstantia Nigra?

Ukuba le nxalenye incinci yonakele okanye umsebenzi wayo uyaphazamiseka, iingxaki ezinkulu zinokubakho. Nazi ezinye zeemeko eziphambili zempilo ezichaphazela oku:

• Isifo sikaParkinson - Esi sesona sifo siphambili nesaziwayo.
• Isifo sika-Alzheimer
• Iithumba zobuchopho
• Ukulimala entloko, ingakumbi ukuxhuzula ingqondo kunye nezinye iingozi ezinzulu zobuchopho
• Izinto ezinobuthi, umzekelo iikhemikhali ezifana ne-trichlorethylene (TCE).
• Iintsholongwane (ingakumbi izifo ezichaphazela ingqondo, ezifana ne-encephalitis)
• Izifo ezibangelwa ziingxaki zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela, umzekelo i-lupus
• Izifo ezizuzwe njengelifa, njengesifo sikaHuntington.
• I-Lewy body dementia
• Istroke

Ziziphi iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zale meko?

Iimpawu zesifo esichaphazela i-substantia nigra zinokuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisifo. Nangona kunjalo, itheyibhile engezantsi idwelisa ezinye zeempawu eziqhelekileyo.

Zeziphi iimvavanyo ezenziwayo ukuze kufunyanwe iingxaki ezinjalo?

Ugqirha wakho uza kuhlola ngononophelo iimpawu zakho, kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko, unokuyalela iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ukujonga ukusebenza kwengqondo.

• Uvavanyo lwegazi: Olu vavanyo lunokufumanisa izinto ezininzi, ezinje ngeengxaki zenkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela kunye neetyhefu emzimbeni (ingakumbi iimetali ezifana nekopolo kunye nemercury).
• I-CT scan (i-computerized tomography scan): Imifanekiso yengqondo ingathathwa ukuze kubonwe ukuba kukho ingxaki na.
• I-MRI scan (iMagnetic resonance imaging): Oku kunokuvelisa imifanekiso ecacileyo neneenkcukacha zezicubu zobuchopho.
• I-PET scan (i-Positron emission tomography scan): Olu vavanyo lunceda ukubona indlela eyenzeka ngayo imisebenzi yeekhemikhali engqondweni.
• Uvavanyo lwemfuza: Olu vavanyo lunokwenziwa ukuba kukho amathandabuzo okuba esi sifo sidluliselwa kwilifa.

Ziziphi iindlela zonyango zezi meko?

Iindlela zonyango zixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwimeko onayo. Ezinye iimeko zinokulawulwa ngamayeza. Umzekelo, kwisifo sikaParkinson, kunikwa amayeza anyusa amanqanaba e-dopamine. Kwezinye iimeko, utyando lunokufuneka.

Nangona ezinye izifo zinokunyangwa, uninzi lwazo ziimeko ezingapheliyo. Kwezo meko, injongo ephambili yonyango kukulawula iimpawu nokunceda isigulana siphile ubomi obuqhelekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukuba wena okanye umntu omaziyo uhlangabezana nezi mpawu, eyona nto ingcono onokuyenza kukubona ugqirha ofanelekileyo ngoko nangoko ukuze ufumane ingcebiso.

Izinto esinokuzenza ukuze sigcine iingqondo zethu ziphilile

Asinakuthintela ezinye izifo, ezifana neParkinson's, ezichaphazela i-substantia nigra. Zinokwenzeka ngequbuliso. Nangona kunjalo, zininzi izinto esinokuzenza ukunciphisa umngcipheko wezifo ezininzi ezichaphazela ingqondo, ingakumbi izinto ezifana nestroke. Ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ukukhusela impilo yengqondo yethu.

• Yitya ukutya okunesondlo: Ukutya esikutyayo kuchaphazela ngqo inkqubo yethu yokujikeleza kwegazi kunye nobunzima bomzimba. Zombini ezi zinto zibaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo yengqondo.
• Yiba nomdla womzimba: Ukuzilolonga imihla ngemihla nokugcina ubunzima obusempilweni bomzimba wakho kunokunceda kakhulu ekukhuseleni ingqondo yakho kwiimeko ezifana noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu kunye nesifo sohlangothi.
• Nxiba izixhobo zokhuseleko: Kubalulekile ukunxiba izixhobo zokhuseleko ezifana nesigcina-ntloko xa usebenza kwiindawo apho kukho ukwenzakala entloko, ingakumbi xa ukhwela ibhayisekile okanye usenza umsebenzi wokwakha. Ukwenzakala entloko kunokubangela umonakalo ongapheliyo engqondweni.
• Lawula izifo zakho ezingapheliyo: Ukuba unezifo ezingapheliyo ezifana nesifo seswekile, uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu, okanye i-cholesterol, zilawule njengoko ugqirha wakho ekuyalele. Ukuba ezi azilawulwa, kukho amathuba amakhulu okulimala kwengqondo.

I-substantia nigra yinxalenye encinci kakhulu yobuchopho bethu, kodwa ngoku ungayiqonda indima enkulu edlalayo. Le nxalenye incinci ibalulekile ekulawuleni iintshukumo zethu, umbono, kunye neemvakalelo zethu. Ngokuhambela phambili kwesayensi yezonyango, sifunda okuninzi ngayo. Olo lwazi luya kusinceda sifumane unyango olungcono lwezifo ezinxulumene noko kwixesha elizayo.