Ubani ubaba wangempela wengane yakho? Konke mayelana nokuhlolwa kobuPaternity kwe-DNA!

Wake wazibuza ukuthi ikhona yini indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi ubani ubaba wengane wangempela? Ngezinye izikhathi imibuzo enjalo ingaphakama emindenini, ezindabeni zomthetho, noma ngisho nalapho ucabanga ngempilo yengane yesikhathi esizayo. Yilapho-ke ukuhlolwa kobaba be-DNA kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Namuhla, sizoxoxa ngokuthi lokhu kuhlolwa kobaba be-DNA kuyini, ukuthi kwenzani, kwenziwa kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo nezingozi.

Kuyini ukuhlolwa kobuPaternity kwe-DNA? Masikuqonde kalula!

Kalula nje, ukuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA kuyindlela yesayensi esetshenziselwa ukuthola ukuthi ubani uyise wengane ophilayo. Kusebenzisa into ebizwa ngokuthi i-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) . Cabanga ngayo njengencwadi encane yemiyalelo ngaphakathi kwamaseli emzimbeni wethu. Umbala wezinwele zakho, umbala wamehlo, nokuphakama konke kunqunywa yile DNA.

Into ebalulekile ukuthi, sithola le DNA kumama nobaba. Uma sikhuluma iqiniso , ingxenye ye-DNA kamama kanye nengxenye ye-DNA kababa ziyahlangana ukuze zakhe i-DNA yengane. Igama elithi "ubaba" lisho ubaba. Ngakho-ke lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokufanisa izingxenye ze-DNA yengane ne-DNA yomuntu okukholakala ukuthi ungubaba.

Kungani sidinga lolu hlobo lokuhlolwa? Kunezizathu eziningana!

Kunezizathu eziningi zokuthola ukuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA. Ezinye zisemthethweni, ezinye ziyimfihlo. Bheka ukuthi lezi zizathu ziyasebenza yini kuwe:

• Amalungelo asemthethweni: Ukusungula ububaba kungadingeka ukuze uthole izinto ezifana nesondlo sengane , ukugcinwa kwengane , izinzuzo ze-Social Security, kanye nefa .
• Izizathu zempilo: Ezinye izifo zofuzo zizuzwa njengefa. Isibonelo, izimo ezifana ne-`(Cystic Fibrosis)`, `(Down Syndrome)`, noma ezinye izinhlobo zomdlavuza. Uma wazi ukuthi ubani uyise wengane, ungazi kusengaphambili ukuthi kukhona yini ingozi yokuthola izifo ezinjalo. Khona-ke kuba lula ukunakekela impilo yengane yesikhathi eside.
• Umlando Womndeni: Abanye abantwana banesithakazelo esikhulu sokufunda ngomlando womndeni wabo kanye nokhokho babo. Lolu vivinyo lungasiza nangalokho.

Lolu vivinyo lwe-DNA lwenziwa nini?

Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuthatha isivivinyo se-DNA sobubaba:

1. Ngaphambi kokubeletha (ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa): Yebo, ungamangala! Lokhu kuhlolwa kungenziwa ngaphambi kokuba umntwana azalwe, okungukuthi, ngesikhathi umama esakhulelwe. Kunezindlela ezingenziwa emavikini ayisishiyagalombili okukhulelwa .

2. Ngemva kokubeletha (ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana): Lokhu kuhlolwa kungenziwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana.

Lolu vivinyo lusebenza kanjani? Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu!

Ekuhlolweni kobubaba be-DNA, amasampula avame ukuthathwa ku:

• Umama wemvelo
• Umuntu ocabanga ukuthi angaba ngubaba
• Ngezinye izikhathi, umbungu osesibelethweni noma umntwana ongakazalwa

Isampula evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu yi-cheek swab. Lena yi-swab encane ekhishwa kancane ngaphakathi komlomo ohlangothini lwe-cheek. Ngezinye izikhathi, isampula yegazi nayo ingathathwa.

Isampula bese ithunyelwa elabhorethri. Ochwepheshe lapho bahlaziya i-DNA bese bebheka izimpawu zofuzo . Izimpawu zofuzo ziyizici ezikhethekile ezilandelaneni ze-DNA. Babheka ukubona ukuthi lezi zimpawu zofuzo ku-DNA yengane (noma yombungu) zifana kangakanani nezimpawu zofuzo zikamama kanye nobaba ocatshangelwayo.

Yini ongayilindela ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA?

Uma ulungiselela ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA, kunezinto ezimbalwa okufanele uzikhumbule.

• Uma usula isihlathi:
• Ungaxubhi amazinyo akho okungenani ihora ngaphambi kokuthatha isampula.
• Ungasebenzisi i-mouthwash.
• Uma unesihlanzi samazinyo, sisuse.
• Ungenzi izinto ezinjengokubhema noma ukuhlafuna itshungama.

Lezi zinto zingathinta ikhwalithi yesampula yesihlathi sakho.

• Uma unikeza isampula yegazi:
• Phuza uketshezi oluningi njengamanzi.
• Yidla ukudla okunempilo okunempilo.
• Gcina izandla zakho zimanzi.
• Udokotela angase akutshele ukuthi wenze ukuzivocavoca okulula ukuze unciphise umfutho wegazi lakho.

Uma ungumama okhulelwe, kungadingeka ukuthi uhlolwe nge-ultrasound ngaphambi kwalokhu kuhlolwa kwe-DNA ukuze uthole ukuthi ingane ineminyaka emingaki ngempela (ubudala bokukhulelwa).

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuhlolwa kobaba be-DNA ezikhona?

Manje ake sibone ukuthi yiziphi izindlela eziyinhloko zokwenza lezi zivivinyo.

Ukuhlolwa Kobaba Okungenasifo Ngaphambi Kokubeletha (Ukuhlolwa kwe-NIPP)

Lena yindlela evame kakhulu, ephephile, futhi enembile kakhulu esetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ukuhlolwa kwe-NIPP kuhlaziya i-DNA yomntwana kusampula yegazi likamama. Akumangalisi yini? Yebo, kunezamba ezincane ze-DNA yomntwana egazini likamama. Leli sampula legazi lithathwa ngemva kwamasonto ayisishiyagalombili okukhulelwa, kanti i-DNA yomntwana egazini iqhathaniswa elebhu ne-DNA evela esihlathini sikababa osolwayo.

• Ukunemba: Lokhu kunembile ngo-99.9%.
• Ukuphepha: Kuphephile kakhulu.
• Izingozi: Kungase kube nobuhlungu, ukopha okuthile, ukushayeka, ukuquleka, noma ukutheleleka okungajwayelekile lapho kudonswa igazi.

I-Amniocentesis

Lokhu futhi ukuhlolwa okwenziwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Kodwa-ke, kuyinqubo ehlasela kancane. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ku-trimester yesibili noma yesithathu yokukhulelwa (phakathi kwamasonto ayi-15-20).

Udokotela ufaka inalithi encane esiswini sakho bese ethatha isampula encane yoketshezi lwe-amniotic oluzungeze ingane yakho. Isampula iqhathaniswa ne-DNA esihlathini somuntu abakholelwa ukuthi ungubaba.

• Izingozi: Izingozi ze-amniocentesis ziphansi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni ezingavamile, ukuphuphuma kwesisu noma ukubeletha ngaphambi kwesikhathi kungase kwenzeke.

Ukusampula Kwe-Chorionic Villus (CVS)

I-CVS ifana ne-amniocentesis. Ngokuvamile yenziwa phakathi kwamasonto ayi-10 kuya kwangu-13 ngemva kokuya esikhathini kwakho kokugcina.

Udokotela usebenzisa inaliti encane ukuthatha isampula encane yamaseli (amaseli e-chorionic villi) kusuka ku-placenta . Lokhu kungenziwa ngesibeletho noma ngesisu. Bese kuthi, elabhorethri, lesi sampula siqhathaniswa ne-DNA esihlathini somuntu okucatshangwa ukuthi ungubaba.

• Izingozi: Izingozi ziphansi, kodwa ezimweni ezingavamile, ukuphuphuma kwesisu noma ukutheleleka kungase kwenzeke.

Ama-Cheek Swabs

Lena yindlela evame kakhulu ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana. Umuntu okucatshangwa ukuthi ungubaba kanye nomntwana bathatha amasampula "amaseli e-buccal" ngaphakathi kwezihlathi zabo. Lawa ma-cotton swab afakwa ngeposi ayiswa elabhorethri ekhethiwe ukuze ahlolwe. Uma lawa masampula ethathwa esikhungweni sezokwelapha, bawathumela elabhorethri.

Yiziphi izingozi zokuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA?

Lokhu kuncike kakhulu esivivinyweni osikhethile. Isibonelo, ingozi ye-`(NIPP)` iphansi kakhulu. `(Amniocentesis)` kanye ne-`(CVS)` zinengozi encane, kodwa futhi azivamile kakhulu. Udokotela uzokuchazela zonke lezi zingozi ngokucacile futhi aphendule yonke imibuzo yakho. Ngakho-ke akukho okufanele ukwesabe.

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani lokhu kuhlolwa?

• Ukuthatha i-cheek swab kuthatha isikhathi esingaphansi komzuzu.
• Kuthatha imizuzu embalwa ukuthola isampula yegazi (ukudonswa kwegazi) .
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-amniocentesis kuthatha cishe imizuzu eyi-10.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-CVS kuthatha cishe imizuzu eyi-10.

Uyabona? Ukuhlola akuthathi isikhathi eside kangako.

Ngingakwazi yini ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA paternity ekhaya?

Yebo, manje sekukhona ama-DNA test test kits ekhaya. Ungathenga elinye lala ma-kits. Ngokuvamile lihlanganisa izinto ezilandelayo:

• Ama-swabs esihlathini
• Amapayipi amancane (amapayipi okuqoqa) noma izimvilophu zokugcina amasampula.
• Imvilophu yokuthumela iposi ukuze uyithumele elabhorethri

Bobabili ubaba osolwayo kanye nengane kudingeka bathathe amasampula e-DNA ngaphakathi kwezihlathi zabo besebenzisa lawa ma-cotton buds. Ngemuva kwalokho, amasampula kudingeka afakwe emapayipini noma ezimvilophini, avalwe, bese ethunyelwa elebhu ngeposi. Imiphumela ivame ukuthatha cishe isonto noma amabili.

Yiziphi izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kokuhlolwa kwe-DNA ekhaya?

Uma ucabangela ukuhlolwa ekhaya, kubalulekile ukwazi lezi zinto:

Izinzuzo:

• Kushibhile kunokuhlolwa esikhungweni sezokwelapha.
• Ungakwenza kalula ekhaya.

Okubi:

• Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwasekhaya ingase ingabi nembalo njengemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwelebhu.
• Into ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa ekhaya ayamukelwa njengobufakazi enkantolo.
• Uma ukhetha ikhithi yokuhlola, funa ehlaziya inani elikhulu lezimpawu zofuzo . Izinga elijwayelekile livame ukuba yi-16, kodwa amanye amakhithi asekhaya ahlaziya kakhulu. Uma izimpawu zofuzo ziningi, kulapho imiphumela inembe khona.
• Qiniseka ukuthi ikhithi oyithengayo ihlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokuhlola nokunemba. Isibonelo, hlola ukuze ubone ukuthi ivunyelwe yini yinhlangano ehloniphekile njenge -American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) .

Khumbula, ngezinhloso zomthetho, kufanele wenze ukuhlolwa ngesikhungo sezokwelapha kanye nelebhu eyaziwayo.

Injani imiphumela? Isitshelani?

Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA ivame ukunikezwa "njengamathuba obubaba." Lokhu kungaba yinye yamanani amabili: 0% noma 99.9% .

• Uma umphumela ungu -0% , kusho ukuthi akukho ukufana kofuzo phakathi kukababa osolwayo nomntwana (noma umbungu). Kalula nje, akayena uyise wengane ophilayo.
• Uma umphumela u- 99.9% (noma ngaphezulu), kusho ukuthi umuntu okucatshangwa ukuthi ungubaba cishe ungumzali wengane (noma umbungu).

Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukuthola imiphumela yokuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA?

Lokhu kungahluka kusuka elabhorethri kuya kwelebhu futhi kuncike endleleni yokuhlola oyikhethayo.

• Imiphumela ngokuvamile ingatholakala zingakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa.
• Kodwa-ke, kungathatha amasonto amaningana ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlolwa okufana ne-CVS noma i-Amniocentesis ifike.
• Ezinye izikhungo ziphinde zinikeze imiphumela yosuku olufanayo noma yosuku olulodwa ngemali eyengeziwe.
• Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwasekhaya ivame ukutholakala zingakapheli isonto noma amabili ngemva kokutholwa kwesampula elabhorethri.

Ingabe ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA okhokho kungaba ubufakazi bokuba ngubaba?

Cha. Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA yokhokho kungakusiza ukuthola ukuthi obani okhokho bakho, obani izihlobo zakho, nokuningi. Ngezinye izikhathi kungakhomba abantu abanokufaniswa kwe-DNA. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kobaba be-DNA kuphela okungafakazela ukufaniswa kwe-DNA phakathi kwengane nobaba.

Kubiza malini ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ubani ubaba?

Lokhu kuyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lokuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA olukhethayo.

• Ukuhlolwa kwasekhaya kungabiza noma yikuphi kusukela ku-$15 kuya ku-$200 (cishe u-Rs. 4500 - 60,000 ngemali yaseSri Lanka). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezelwa izimali zelebhu kanye nemali yokuthumela. Izimali zelebhu ngokuvamile zingaphezu kuka-$100 (cishe u-Rs. 30,000).
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA yokuba ngubaba esikhungweni sezokwelapha kubiza kakhulu, kufikela ku-$500 (cishe ama-Rs. 150,000).
• Umshwalense wezempilo ngokuvamile awumbozi izindleko zalezi zivivinyo.

Njengoba lezi zimali zingahluka kuye ngezwe, kungcono ukubuza isikhungo esifanele izindleko eziqondile ngaphambi kokuthi ubhale isivivinyo.

Ingabe ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kubaba kungenziwa ngaphandle kukababa?

Indlela enembile kakhulu yokwenza ukuhlolwa kobubaba be-DNA ukuthola isampula ye-DNA kumuntu okholelwa ukuthi ungubaba.

Kodwa, ake sithi lowo muntu ushonile. Uma kunjalo, ungabona ukuthi isampula yesidumbu sakhe ingatholakala yini esikhungweni sezokwelapha, ehhovisi likadokotela, noma into efanayo.

Noma, uma umuntu engekho noma engaxhunywanga, kungenzeka ukuthatha isampula ezihlotsheni zakhe zegazi eziseduze, njengabazali bakhe begazi, ogogo nomkhulu, o-anti, omalume, kanye nezingane zakubo, bese ubahlola. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izihlobo zegazi eziseduze zinezinga eliphezulu lokufana ku-DNA. Kodwa-ke, ukunemba kwemiphumela kungase kwehle kancane kulokhu.

Ingabe ikhona imithetho ekhethekile yalezi zivivinyo kwamanye amazwe/izifunda?

Yebo, lelo iphuzu elibalulekile. Isibonelo, kwezinye izifundazwe, njengeNew York e-US, akukho emthethweni ukwenza izivivinyo zobunikazi be-DNA ekhaya. Kumelwe uye esikhungweni esivunyelwe nguhulumeni ukuze wenze isivivinyo. Ngakho-ke, kuwukuhlakanipha ukwazi ukuthi imiphi imithetho esifundazweni sakho noma esifundeni sakho mayelana nalokhu.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA kubaba kuyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubani uyise wengane ophilayo. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuba nezinzuzo zomthetho , kodwa futhi kusiza ekufundiseni ngempilo yengane .

• Ukuhlolwa kwasekhaya kulula futhi kushibhile, kodwa imiphumela yako ayivunyelwe enkantolo futhi ingase ingabi neqiniso kangako. Kodwa-ke, ingaba usizo ekuqedeni ukungabaza komuntu siqu.
• Uma udinga umphumela onembe kakhudlwana ngezinjongo zomthetho noma umphumela onembe kakhudlwana, qiniseka ukuthi uhlola ngesikhungo sezokwelapha kanye nelebhu eyaziwayo.
• Uma uneminye imibuzo noma ukukhathazeka, ungangabazi ukukhuluma nodokotela wakho. Angachaza konke, okuhlanganisa nokuthi iyiphi indlela yokuhlola engcono kakhulu kuwe nokuthi yini ongayilindela.

Ngiyethemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luwusizo kuwe!

'Ukuhlolwa kwe-DNA, ukuhlolwa kobaba, ukuthi ubani ubaba, ukuhlolwa kofuzo, ubaba wengane, ubunikazi obusemthethweni, ukuhlolwa kokukhulelwa