Ufuna ukufunda ngokukhubazeka kokuzalwa? Ungesabi, ake sixoxe ngakho!

Uma ulindele ukuba ngumama, noma uma ulindele ilungu elisha ukuthi lijoyine umndeni wakho, isifiso esikhulu engqondweni yakho ukuba nomntwana onempilo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi, ngokungalindelekile, umntwana angazalwa enezinguquko ezithile ekukhuleni kwakhe. Yilokhu esikubiza ngokuthi “Izinkinga Zokuzalwa ”. Kuvamile ukuzizwa wesaba futhi udabuke kancane uma uzwa leli gama. Kodwa ungakhathazeki. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda kahle lokhu. Namuhla, sizoxoxa ngalokhu ngokuningiliziwe nangokulula kakhulu.

Kuyini ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa?

Kalula nje, isici sokuzalwa siwukukhula okungavamile okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhula kwengane. Lezi zinguquko zingathinta noma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba womntwana. Ezinye izici zokuzalwa zingatholakala odokotela ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa . Ezinye zingatholakala ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana noma lapho ingane isikhulile kancane. Esikhathini esiningi, lezi zimo zitholakala phakathi nonyaka wokuqala wokuphila komntwana. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi akuzona zonke izici zokuzalwa ezibonakalayo ngaphandle .

Nakuba ezinye izinkinga zokuzalwa zingaba yingozi empilweni, akuzona zonke eziba yingozi. Indlela ezithinta ngayo ingane incike esimweni esitholwa yiso. Ezinye izinkinga zokuzalwa zingashintsha kuphela indlela ingane ebukeka ngayo. Kodwa ezinye zingathinta indlela ingane ecabanga, enyakaza ngayo, futhi eyenza ngayo imisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Yiziphi izinkinga zokuzalwa ezivame kakhulu?

Lezi ezinye zezinkinga zokuzalwa ezivame kakhulu:

• Umlomo oqhekekile kanye/noma ulwanga oluqhekekile.
• Ukukhubazeka kokukhula kwamathambo , njengokukhula okufushane , ukulahlekelwa yizitho zomzimba, noma i-scoliosis.
• Izimo zenhliziyo ezizalwa nazo .
• Ukukhubazeka kwe-Chromosome - Isibonelo yi- Down syndrome .
• I-Clubfoot .
• Izimo ezibangelwa ukusebenzisa kukamama utshwala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa (i-Fetal alcohol syndrome).
• I-anemia yamaseli esikele.

Lolu hlu aluphelele, kungase kube nezinye izinkinga eziningi zokuzalwa ezifana nalezi.

Zivame kangakanani izinkinga zokuzalwa?

Eqinisweni, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa akuvamile njengoba ungase ucabange. Isibonelo, ngokwezibalo e-United States, umntwana uzalwa enesici sokuzalwa njalo ngemizuzu emine nengxenye. Lokho kusho ukuthi cishe oyedwa kuzingane ezingu-33 ezizalwayo angaba nohlobo oluthile lokukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi lesi yisimo esivamile.

Ingabe kulungile ukusebenzisa igama elithi "isifo sokuzalwa"?

Igama elithi “iphutha lokuzalwa” liyigama elifanele ngokwezokwelapha. Lisetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinguquko esakhiweni somzimba ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Ngakho-ke, akukho lutho olungalungile ngokubiza isimo ngokuthi “iphutha lokuzalwa.”

Kodwa, okubaluleke kakhulu, ungabizi umuntu onesifo sokuzalwa ngokuthi “ukhubazekile” noma “ukhubazekile.” Ukwehluka kwabo ngokomzimba akuchazi ukuthi bangobani. Kubalulekile ukugwema ukusebenzisa ulimi olubuhlungu nolungalungile lapho ukhuluma ngokukhubazeka kokuzalwa, noma abantu abanezinkinga zokuzalwa.

Uma unenkinga yokusebenzisa igama elithi "isici sokuzalwa," ungasebenzisa amanye amagama afana nalawa:

• Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa - okungukuthi, ukukhubazeka okukhona lapho kuzalwa.
• Izimo zokuzalwa.
• Ukukhubazeka ngokomzimba.

Ziyini izimpawu zokukhubazeka kokuzalwa?

Izimpawu zokukhubazeka kokuzalwa zingahluka kusukela kokuncane kuya kokukhulu. Zingathinta noma iyiphi ingxenye yomzimba, okuhlanganisa amathambo nezitho zangaphakathi.

Izimpawu ezibonakala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa

Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, odokotela basebenzisa izivivinyo ezahlukene zokuhlola ukuze bahlole izimpawu zokukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Izimpawu ezingase zivele ngalesi sikhathi zifaka:

• Amazinga amaprotheni ekuhlolweni kwegazi aphansi noma aphezulu kunalokho obekulindelekile.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound kukhombisa ukuthi kukhona uketshezi olwengeziwe ngemuva kwentamo yombungu.
• Iskeni esihlola inhliziyo yengane (i-echocardiogram yengane) sibonisa ukungalingani ekwakhiweni kwezitho zangaphakathi, njengenhliziyo.

Izimpawu ezibonakala ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana

Ezinye izinkinga zokuzalwa azibonakali kuze kube yilapho umntwana ezalwa, noma ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje ngemva kokuzalwa. Izimpawu ezivamile ezibonakala ezinsaneni nasezinsaneni zifaka:

• Isigqi esingavamile sokushaya kwenhliziyo.
• Ubunzima bokuphefumula wedwa.
• Akaphenduli lapho ebizwa ngegama noma umsindo omkhulu.
• Ukungazilandeli wena noma into ephambi kwakho ngamehlo akho.
• Ubunzima bokudla nokuphuza ubisi.
• Ukuba nokubukeka okungavamile ekhanda, ebusweni, emehlweni, ezindlebeni nasemlonyeni.
• Ukwehluleka ukufinyelela izigaba zokukhula ezifanele iminyaka (isib., ukungagingqiki, ukungahlali phansi).
• Ukungahlaliseki nokucasuka njalo.

Lolu akulona uhlu oluphelele.Uma ubona noma yini engavamile noma ehlukile ngengane yakho, noma uma ubona noma yiziphi zalezi zimpawu, bona udokotela wengane yakho ngokushesha.

Yiziphi izimbangela zokukhubazeka kokuzalwa?

Kungaba nezizathu eziningana zokukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Izinguquko zofuzo.
• Njengomphumela omubi wemithi ethile.
• Ukuchayeka ezintweni ezithile noma kumakhemikhali.
• Izinkinga zokukhulelwa.

Zonke lezi zinto zithinta ukukhula kombungu. Esikhathini esiningi, lezi yizinto ezingaphezu kwamandla ethu, ngakho-ke kuncane kakhulu esingakwenza ukuze sizivimbele.

Okuncane mayelana nezigaba zokukhula kwengane

Kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko zokukhula komntwana ngemva kokuba ekhulelwe esibelethweni.

1. Isigaba sombungu: Lesi yisonto lokuqala eliyi-10 ngemva kokukhulelwa. Yilapho izinhlelo zomzimba nezitho zomzimba zengane ziqala ukwakheka khona. Ingozi yokukhubazeka kokuzalwa iphezulu kakhulu phakathi nalesi sigaba sombungu, njengoba izitho zisakhula. Isibonelo, uma umama evezwa into eyingozi phakathi kwamasonto amabili kuya kwayishumi ngemva kokukhulelwa, kungadala umonakalo omkhulu embungwini.

2. Isigaba sokukhulelwa: Lesi yisikhathi esisele sokukhulelwa. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izitho ezikhulayo ziyaqhubeka nokukhula kanti umbungu ngokuvamile uyakhula.

Ngokusho kwesayensi yezokwelapha, izimbangela zokukhubazeka kokuzalwa okungaba ngu-30% kuphela ezaziwa njengamanje. Lokho kusho ukuthi cishe ku-70%, imbangela ecacile ayikatholakali. Mhlawumbe phakathi kuka-50% no-70% wokukhubazeka kokuzalwa kumane nje kungavamile, futhi imbangela ayaziwa.

Izici Zofuzo Nokukhubazeka Kokuzalwa

Cishe ama-20% eziphambeko zokuzalwa abangelwa izici zofuzo. Amaseli omzimba wethu anama-chromosome, ngokuvamile angu-46. I-chromosome ngayinye iqukethe izinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo. Izakhi zofuzo ngasinye siqukethe uhlelo lokuthi ingxenye ethile yomzimba wethu ikhule noma isebenze. Uma umuntu enama-chromosome amaningi kakhulu noma ambalwa kakhulu, umyalezo otholwa amaseli uyadideka.

Izinguquko kuma-chromosome zingenzeka ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

• Ukuba ne-chromosome eyengeziwe: Isibonelo yi-Down syndrome. Abantu abanalesi simo banekhophi eyengeziwe ye-chromosome 21.
• Ukuntuleka kwe-Chromosomal: I-Turner syndrome yisimo lapho umuntu ezalwa khona engenayo ingxenye noma yonke i-chromosome yobulili X.
• Ama-chromosome asusiwe: Isibonelo yi-Prader-Willi syndrome, lapho ingxenye yolwazi lwezakhi zofuzo ku-chromosome 15 ingekho.
• Ama-chromosome afudukile / Ukudluliselwa: Ama-chromosome asuka endaweni yawo evamile aye kwenye indawo.

Ezinye izinkinga zokuzalwa zizuzwa njengefa.Lokho kusho ukuthi othile emndenini angase abe nayo futhi ingase ivele nakumntwana. Ezinye zenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile, okusho ukuthi akekho emndenini oke waba nayo ngaphambili.

Eminye imithi kanye nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa

Eminye imithi ingathinta ingane esakhula futhi ibangele ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa. Ezinye izibonelo:

• I-Isotretinoin (umuthi wezinduna – i-Accutane® noma i-Roaccutane®)
• Eminye imithi enikezwayo yokuquleka (imithi yokulwa nesifo sokuwa), isib. i-valproic acid
• I-Lithium
• I-Warfarin (umuthi ovimbela ukujiya kwegazi)

Uma uhlela ukukhulelwa noma usuvele ukhulelwe, khuluma nodokotela wakho ngayo yonke imithi, amavithamini, kanye nezithasiselo ozithathayo. Buza futhi ngemiphumela emibi yanoma yimiphi imithi udokotela wakho ayinikezayo. Ungayeki ukuthatha noma yimiphi imithi ngaphandle kwemvume kadokotela wakho.

Ngenxa yezinto ezithile namakhemikhali

Ezinye izinto namakhemikhali endaweni esikuyo kungathinta ukukhula kombungu futhi kubangele ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa.

• Utshwala.
• Izinto eziluthayo – isib. i-caffeine (uma iphuzwa ngokweqile), imithi ethengwa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela, izidakamizwa.
• Izibulala-zinambuzane noma imithi yokubulala ukhula.
• Ukungcola kwemvelo.

Kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa kwakuvamile ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziyingozi kanye nemithi yokubulala ukhula. Isibonelo salokhu yi-Agent Orange yokubulala ukhula eyayisetshenziswa ngesikhathi seMpi yaseVietnam.

Ngenxa yezinkinga ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa

Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa nakho kungavela ngenxa yezinkinga ezithile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Lezi zivame ukuba yizinto ezingaphezu kwamandla abazali, ngakho-ke uma izinto ezinjengalezi zenzeka, kungaba buhlungu kakhulu.

Izibonelo:

• Umkhawulo wesibeletho: Isikhwama se-amniotic esiqukethe umbungu siyaqhuma ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Lokhu kungabangela izimo ezifana ne-amniotic band syndrome, ezingalimaza izitho zomzimba.
• Ukuntuleka koketshezi lwe-amniotic: Ukuntuleka koketshezi oluphelele oluzungeze umbungu esibelethweni. Lokhu kungacindezela umbungu futhi kubangele ukulimala kwamaphaphu (i-pulmonary hypoplasia).
• Ukutheleleka: Ezinye izifo, njenge-toxoplasmosis kanye ne-cytomegalovirus, zingathinta ingane ekhulayo.

Ukuze ugweme lezi zinkinga, khuluma nodokotela ngezindlela zokugcina wena kanye nomntwana wakho osakhula uphilile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Yiziphi izici eziyingozi ezandisa ingozi yokukhubazeka kokuzalwa?

Izici ezithile noma izimo zempilo zingandisa ingozi yokuba nengane enesifo sokuzalwa.

• Isifo sikashukela.
• Ukukhuluphala ngokweqile.
• Ubudala bomama (ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-35).
• Ukuba nofuzo oluhambisana nofuzo kumuntu emndenini.
• Inkinga yokusebenzisa izidakamizwa.
• Ukuthatha imithi ethile.

Uma unesifo esifana nalesi, udokotela wakho angakusiza ukuthi usilawule. Bangenza nokuhlolwa ukuze bahlole ingozi yakho yokuthola isifo sofuzo.

Kuhlonzwa kanjani ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa?

Udokotela angaxilonga inkinga yokuzalwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana, noma kamuva ekuphileni lapho kuvela izimpawu. Ukuhlolwa kuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa.

Ukuhlolwa Kokuhlolwa Ngesikhathi Sokukhulelwa

Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ungakhetha ukuhlolwa kokukhubazeka kokuzalwa kanye nezimo zofuzo. Lokhu kungaba ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound noma kwegazi. Uma ukuhlolwa kokuhlolwa kubonisa noma yikuphi ukukhubazeka, udokotela wakho angase akuncome ukuhlolwa kokuxilongwa.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-trimester yokuqala: Hlola umbungu ukuthi awunazo yini izinkinga zenhliziyo kanye nezimo ze-chromosome ezifana ne-Down syndrome.

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Kukala amazinga amaprotheni noma kusakaze i-DNA yamahhala yombungu egazini likamama. Imiphumela engavamile ingase ibonise ingozi eyengeziwe yesimo se-chromosome kumbungu.
• I-Ultrasound: Lokhu kuhlola uketshezi olwengeziwe ngemuva kwentamo yombungu. Lokhu kungaba uphawu lwesifo senhliziyo noma isimo se-chromosome.

Ukuhlolwa kwekota yesibili: Hlola izinkinga zesakhiwo kumbungu.

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi: Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okwenziwe ku-trimester yesibili kungahlola izimo ze-chromosome kanye/noma izimo ezifana ne-spina bifida.
• I-ultrasound ye-Anomaly: Lokhu kuhlola usayizi wengane futhi kuhlole nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa.

Ukuhlolwa Kokuxilonga

Uma imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini ingavamile, udokotela angase asikisele ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe. Lokhu kuhlolwa kwenziwa futhi ekukhulelweni okuyingozi kakhulu.

• I-echocardiogram yengane esanda kuzalwa: Lokhu kuskena kwe-ultrasound okubheka ngqo inhliziyo yengane esanda kuzalwa. Kodwa-ke, akukwazi ukubona zonke izimo zenhliziyo ngaphambi kokuzalwa.
• I-MRI yengane esanda kuzalwa: Lokhu kuhlola ubuchopho noma uhlelo lwezinzwa lomntwana osanda kuzalwa.
• Isampula ye-Chorionic villus (CVS): Lokhu kuhlolwa kuthatha ingxenye encane kakhulu ye-placenta bese kuyihlola ukuze kutholakale izimo ze-chromosome noma zezakhi zofuzo.
• I-Amniocentesis: Kuthathwa isampula encane yoketshezi lwe-amniotic. Amaseli akuyo ahlolwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-chromosome kanye nezinguquko zofuzo. Ingaphinde ithole izifo ezithile, njenge-cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Ezinye izinkinga zokuzalwa zitholakala kuphela odokotela ngemva kokuzalwa komntwana. Ezinye izimo, njenge-cleft lip, zingatholakala lapho ezalwa. Ezinye zitholakala ngesikhathi sobuntwana noma ngesikhathi sobudala.Qaphela impilo yengane yakho bese utshela udokotela wengane yakho uma ubona noma yiziphi izimpawu.

Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha izinkinga zokuzalwa?

Ukwelashwa kuncike esimweni esitholakele. Ukwelashwa kuvame ukuhloswe ukunciphisa izimpawu noma ukulungisa ukukhubazeka kwesakhiwo. Lokhu kungafaka:

• Ukuhlinzwa.
• Imithi.
• Ukwelashwa ngokomzimba.
• Ukusebenzisa amadivayisi anjengezinsiza zokuzwa, izibuko, ama-braces, kanye nezihlalo zabakhubazekile.
• Ukusekelwa kwezemfundo esikoleni (imfundo ekhethekile).

Ingabe izinkinga zokuzalwa zingalapheka ngokuphelele?

Ngokuvamile, ayikho ikhambi lokukhubazeka kokuzalwa, ikakhulukazi izimo zofuzo. Ukwelashwa kungasiza ekunciphiseni izimpawu zengane, futhi uma izimpawu zinzima, kunciphisa ingozi yezinkinga ezisongela ukuphila.

Ingabe izinkinga zokuzalwa zingavinjelwa? Yini okufanele uyenze ukuze ukhulelwe kahle?

Ukukhubazeka okuningi kokuzalwa akukwazi ukuvinjelwa. Kodwa-ke, kunezinto ezithile ongazenza ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa okunempilo:

• Bona udokotela wakho njalo. Uma uzama ukukhulelwa, noma uma uya ocansini futhi ungasebenzisi izindlela zokuvimbela inzalo, thatha i-vitamin yokukhulelwa equkethe i-folic acid engu-400 mcg.
• Uma ucabanga ukuthi ukhulelwe, bona udokotela ngokushesha.
• Ungaphuzi utshwala.
• Khuluma nodokotela wakho ngemithi kanye nezithasiselo ozithathayo.
• Ungathathi noma yimuphi umuthi ongakabhalwanga ngudokotela.

Yini okufanele ngiyicabange uma ingane yami inokukhubazeka kokuzalwa?

Ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa kuyinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi futhi ebucayi. Iqiniso lokuthi akukho ukwelashwa noma ukuvimbela ukukhubazeka okuningi kokuzalwa kungakhungathekisa futhi kwesabise.

Uma kutholakala ukuthi unesifo sokuzalwa, ungase ube nemibuzo eminingi. Odokotela, ochwepheshe, kanye nabeluleki bezakhi zofuzo bangakusiza ukuthi uqonde kabanzi ngalesi sifo sokuzalwa nokuthi ungayisiza kanjani ingane yakho.

Khumbula, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa kuvamile. Izimbangela eziningi zingaphezu kwamandla akho, futhi zenzeka ngokungahleliwe. Ayikho indlela yokuvimbela ingane yakho kuzo zonke izinkinga zokuzalwa. Kodwa ungayithanda ingane yakho, uyimele, futhi uyinakekele. Leso yisipho esikhulu kunazo zonke ongayinika sona.

Uma ungumzali wengane enesifo sokuzalwa, bona udokotela wengane yakho njalo. Wena nodokotela kufanele nixoxe ngokucophelela ngezimbangela ezingaba khona, izivivinyo, ukwelashwa, ukudluliselwa kochwepheshe, kanye namaqembu okusekela. Uma unemibuzo, cela usizo eqenjini lokunakekela ingane yakho.

Kufanele ngimbone nini udokotela?

Uma ingane yakho ikhombisa izimpawu zokukhubazeka kokuzalwa, bheka udokotela.Ikakhulukazi, naka izinyathelo zokukhula kwengane yakho. Isibonelo, lapho ithatha izinyathelo zayo zokuqala, nokuthi ngabe yenza izinto ezifanele iminyaka yayo. Uma ingane yakho iphuthelwa yizinyathelo ezithile, bona udokotela wakho.

Kunini lapho kudingeka uye e-Emergency Treatment Unit (ETU) ?

Yiya ekamelweni eliphuthumayo uma ingane yakho ibonisa lezi zimpawu ezinzima:

• Ubunzima bokuphefumula.
• Isikhumba siphenduka sibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, sibe mhlophe, noma sibe mpunga.
• Ukuphuzi kwamehlo amhlophe noma ukuphuzi kwesikhumba.
• Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungavamile.
• Ubunzima bokuvuka.
• Ukungadli/ukungaphuzi ubisi.

Imibuzo okufanele uyibuze udokotela wakho

• Yini eyabangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa kwengane yami?
• Ingabe ngidinga ukuhlinzwa ngokuhlinzwa?
• Yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezitholakalayo zokusiza ingane yami?
• Ingabe ikhona imiphumela emibi yokwelashwa?
• Yiziphi izimpawu okufanele ngiziqaphele?
• Ungancoma amaqembu okusekelana asiza imindeni?

Ingabe ama-dimples ayiphutha lokuzalwa?

Cha, ama-dimples awayona inkinga yokuzalwa. Ama-dimples ayimigoqo emincane, ejulile ebonakala ezihlathini zakho uma umomotheka. Nakuba ingaba yifa, ayibhekwa njengento engavamile yokukhula.

Okokugcina, izinto okufanele uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Enye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu umzali okhulelwe angazizwa ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle ngomntwana wakhe noma usana lwakhe olusanda kuzalwa. Nakuba izinkinga eziningi zokuzalwa zingenakuvinjelwa, kunezinyathelo ongazithatha ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokukhulelwa ukuze unciphise ingozi yokukhubazeka kokuzalwa.

Khumbula, awuwedwa. Odokotela bakho bayaqonda izinselele zokukhulisa ingane enesifo sokuzalwa. Bazokwabelana nawe ngolwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa, imithi, nezinye izindlela zokusiza ingane yakho ifinyelele amandla ayo aphelele. Uthando lwakho, ukunakekelwa, kanye nokumelela kwakho yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ingane engazithola.