Abavikeli Bomzimba: Ake sifunde ngama-Antibodies ngendlela elula!

Wake wacabanga ngabaqaphi abancane abangaphakathi emizimbeni yethu? Kufana nebutho lethu elincane. Uma sigula noma into efana nobuthi ingena emizimbeni yethu, laba yibo abaqhamuka phambili balwe ukuze basisindise. Lawo maqhawe amancane yilokho esikubiza ngokuthi ama-antibodies , noma "ama-Antibodies" ngesiNgisi. Elinye igama lalokhu yi-"Immunoglobulin".

Ayini ama-antigen nama-antibodies? Aqala kanjani ukulwa?

Kalula nje, i -'Antigen' iyinoma yini eyingozi emizimbeni yethu, evela ngaphandle. Cabanga ngesela lingena endlini yakho. Lelo sela 'liyi-Antigen'. Lawa masela angafika ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene:

• Amabhaktheriya
• Amagciwane
• Isikhunta
• Ama-allergen
• I-venom evela ezilwaneni
• Ezinye izinhlobo zobuthi

Manje, lapho lo mhlaseli we-`(Antigen)` engena emzimbeni, isimiso sethu sokuzivikela komzimba siyabona ngokushesha. Isimiso sethu siyaqonda, "O... nangu umuntu esingamazi, futhi lo muntu akayena omunye wethu." Yilapho ibutho lethu, i- `Antibody`` , libiza khona. Ama-antibodies angamaphrotheni akhethekile enziwa isimiso sethu sokuzivikela komzimba. Lawa ayahamba ayobamba lowo `(Antigen)`, awubhubhise, futhi awusize uphume emzimbeni. Kufana nokubamba lelo sela bese ulinikela emaphoyiseni.

Akhiqizwa kuphi la ma-antibodies? Atholakala kuphi emzimbeni?

Ama-antibodies enziwa uhlobo olukhethekile lweseli elimhlophe legazi emzimbeni wethu. Abizwa ngokuthi ama-B cell . Uma "i-antigen" ifika ishaye iseli le-B, lelo seli le-B liyahlukana futhi lenze amaseli amaningi. Kufana "nokukopisha" (photocopying). Sibiza la maseli amasha ngokuthi "amaseli e-plasma ". Kukuwo lawo maseli e-plasma lapho kukhiqizwa khona izigidi zama-antibodies egazini lethu kanye nasesimisweni sethu se-lymph.

Ama-antibodies akhiqizwa ngale ndlela awagcini nje ngokuba sendaweni eyodwa emzimbeni wethu.

• Esikhumbeni sethu
• Emaphashini
• Ekhala izinyembezi
• Ematheni
• Uma umama encelisa umntwana wakhe, ikakhulukazi ezinsukwini zokuqala, ubisi olujiyile, olubizwa ngokuthi i-colostrum , luqukethe la ma-antibodies amaningi. Yingakho ukuncelisa kwandisa ikhono lomntwana lokumelana nezifo . Lokho kusho ukuthi umntwana uthola isivikelo kunina.

Ziyini lezi antibodies ze-monoclonal esizizwile?

Enye yezinto odokotela abakhuluma ngazo kulezi zinsuku ama-antibody e-monoclonal . Lawa akuwona ama-antibody angokwemvelo emizimbeni yethu. Awuhlobo lwe-antibody olwenziwa elebhu. Aklanyelwe ukwenza into efanayo naleyo eyenziwa ama-antibody ethu. Aklanyelwe ukuhlasela i-antigen ethile kuphela. Le ndlela yokwelaphaFuthi ibizwa ngokuthi 'i-Immunotherapy'.

Yiziphi izifo ezingelashwa ngama-antibody e-monoclonal?

Lolu hlobo lwe-antibody ekhiqizwe ngokwenziwa ebizwa ngokuthi ``Monoclonal Antibodies'' isetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo eziningi ezahlukene. Ngoba ``Monoclonal Antibody'' ngayinye yenzelwe ukuhlasela ``i-Antigen'' ethile. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa:

• Izinhlobo Zomdlavuza
• Izifo zamalunga ezifana ne-rheumatoid arthritis
• Ezinye izifo zenhliziyo
• I-Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• I-ulcerative colitis (izilonda zamathumbu)
• I-Lupus
• Isifo sikaCrohn
• I-Psoriasis, isifo sesikhumba
• Yeka ukwenqatshwa kokufakelwa kwezitho zomzimba

Ingabe zikhona izinhlobo zama-antibodies? Ziyini?

Yebo, ama-antibodies awafani wonke. Ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezi-5 eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe endaweni yawo kanye nomsebenzi wawo. Uhlobo ngalunye luqanjwe ngohlamvu lwesiNgisi. Igama elithi `Immunoglobulin` lifinyeziwe kanti elithi `Ig` lifakwe phambi kwalolu hlamvu.

1. I-IgG: Lolu uhlobo lwe-antibody olutholakala kakhulu egazini lethu nakwezinye izinto eziwuketshezi lomzimba. Yilezi ezisivikela kakhulu ezifweni ezifana namagciwane namagciwane. Okubaluleke kakhulu, la ma-antibody `e-IgG` angawela i-placenta kamama futhi ahlinzeke ngesivikelo kumntwana osesibelethweni.

2. IgA: Lokhu kutholakala kakhulu olwelwesini lohlelo lwethu lokuphefumula (ekhaleni, emphinjeni, emaphashini) kanye nohlelo lokugaya ukudla (emathunjini). Kutholakala futhi ematheni, ezinyembezini, nasebisini lwebele. Kusiza ekuvimbeleni amagciwane ukuthi angangeni emzimbeni.

3. I-IgM: Uma ukutheleleka kungena emzimbeni, la ma-antibodies e-'IgM' aqala ukulwa nawo . Atholakala egazini kanye noketshezi lwe-lymph.

4. I-IgE: Lolu hlobo lwe-antibody luhileleke kakhulu ekungezwani komzimba . Amazinga e-IgE ayanda lapho umzimba usabela ezintweni ezifana nempova nothuli. Aphinde alwe nezinambuzane.

5. IgD: Kuningi okusafundwa ngala ma-antibodies, kodwa okwamanje kukholelwa ukuthi asiza ekusebenzeni kwamaseli e-B. Atholakala ngamanani amancane kakhulu egazini.

Ziyini ngempela lezi zivikeli mzimba? Zibukeka kanjani?

Ama-antibodies awuhlobo lweprotheni . I-antibody ngayinye yakhiwe ngama -polypeptide amane. Ama-polypeptide ayimiketanga yama-amino acid amabili noma ngaphezulu. Amabili ala maketanga abizwa ngokuthi "amaketanga asindayo" kanti amanye amabili abizwa ngokuthi "amaketanga alula."

Lezi zintambo ezine ziyahlangana ukuze zakhe isimo sencwadi yesiNgisi ethi 'Y'.Yileyo ndlela i-antibody eyenziwa ngayo. Cabanga ukuthi iziphetho ezimbili zamagatsha aphezulu ohlamvu 'Y' zihlukile, futhi ukulandelana kwama-amino acid kulezo zindawo kuhlukile kohlobo ngalunye lwe-antibody. Lowo mehluko yingakho i-antibody ngayinye ingakwazi ukubona kuphela i-`(Antigen)` ethile bese iyihlasela. Njengoba nje ukhiye ngamunye ufanelana nembobo ngayinye yokhiye.

Ake sixoxe kancane ngama-antibody e-COVID, akunjalo?

Yebo, ama-antibodies e-COVID ayinto wonke umuntu akhuluma ngayo kulezi zinsuku. Ama-antibodies alwa negciwane elibangela i-COVID-19 angatholakala egazini labantu asebeluleme kulesi sifo, noma egazini labantu abathole umuthi wokugomela i-COVID-19. Ngisho noma uke waba ne-COVID ngaphambili, ukuthola umuthi kuzokwandisa impendulo yomzimba wakho kuma-antibody futhi kwandise ikhono lakho lokuzivikela kuleli gciwane.

Ngingazi kanjani ukuthi nginama-antibodies e-Covid?

Ungathola ukuthi unama-antibodies e-COVID ngokuthatha ukuhlolwa kwama-antibody . Lokhu kuhlolwa kuyatholakala emalabhorethri, kwamanye amakhemisi, futhi udokotela wakho angakutshela ngakho.

Ama-antibodies e-Covid ahlala isikhathi esingakanani emzimbeni?

Ucwaningo lusaqhubeka, kodwa izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi abantu abalulame ku-COVID-19 banama-antibodies ahlala okungenani izinyanga ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisithupha . Ucwaningo olulodwa luthole ukuthi abantu abalulame ku-COVID banama-"memory B cells" angahlala iminyaka eminingi, futhi la maseli enkumbulo angahlasela igciwane ngokushesha uma libuya.

Yiziphi izinhlobo zama-antibodies e-thyroglobulin lezi?

Ama-antibodies e-Thyroglobulin avame ukutholakala kubantu abanezinkinga ze-thyroid, njengalabo abane-hyperthyroidism (i-thyroid hormone eningi kakhulu) noma i-hypothyroidism (i-thyroid hormone encane kakhulu). Lawa ma-antibodies ahlasela iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-thyroglobulin (eyisandulela se-thyroid hormone). Lokhu kungalimaza i-thyroid gland.

Kuyini Ukuhlolwa Kwe-Antithyroglobulin Antibody?

Uma udokotela wakho esola ukuthi kunenkinga ngendlala yakho yegilo, angase acele lolu vivinyo lwe-anti-thyroglobulin antibody . Lolu vivinyo lusetshenziselwa futhi ukuqapha inqubekela phambili yomdlavuza wegilo ngemva kokwelashwa.

Kwenzekani uma ngitholakala nginegciwane?

Uma lokhu kuhlolwa kuthola ukuthi unama-antibodies e-thyroglobulin egazini lakho, kusho ukuthi ungase ube nesifo se-thyroid. Ezinye zalezi zimo zifaka:

• I-Hyperthyroidism
• I-Hypothyroidism
• Isifo sikaHashimoto
• Isifo samathuna
• I-Subacute thyroiditis
• I-Lupus
• Isifo sikashukela sohlobo 1

Ngakho-ke ziyini lezi zifo ezibangelwa amagciwane?

Lezi zibizwa nangokuthi ama-antinuclear antibodies (ama-ANA). Ama-Autoantibodies uhlobo lwe-antibody oluhlasela amaprotheni ajwayelekile kuma-nuclei amaseli anempilo emizimbeni yethu. Cabanga ngakho njengokuzivikela kwethu okuhlasela awethu. Lawa ma-autoantibodies aqamba amaprotheni anempilo emzimbeni ngokuthi ayingozi futhi awadingeki. Ngenxa yalokho, imizimba yethu iqala ukuhlasela yona. Iningi labantu linamanani amancane kakhulu ala ma-autoantibodies. Kodwa-ke, uma ekhona ngamanani amakhulu, ngokuvamile kubonisa isifo sokuzivikela komzimba .

Ama-antibody e-antinuclear (ANA) ahlolwa kanjani?

Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okuyinhloko okusetshenziselwa ukuhlola lawa ma-'ANA' yi- 'fluorescent antinuclear antibody test '. Kulokhu kuhlolwa, odokotela babheka ama-antibodies abhalwe nge-fluorescent ngaphansi kwe-microscope bese benquma ubukhali kanye nephethini ye-fluorescence. Lokhu kuhlolwa kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwezifo ezifana ne-lupus.

Kusho ukuthini ukuhlolwa kwe-ANA okuhle?

Umphumela "oqondile" ovela ekuhlolweni kwe-ANA akusho ukuthi unesifo sokuzivikela komzimba, kodwa kunalokho kusho ukuthi udokotela wakho angase afune ukuphenya kabanzi. Uma uthola umphumela "oqondile", udokotela wakho cishe uzoncoma ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ama-antibodies yindlela amasosha omzimba ethu asivikela ngayo ezifweni, izinto ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba, kanye nobuthi. Imizimba yethu yenza la maprotheni ngokwemvelo. Ngezinye izikhathi, ama-antibodies e-monoclonal enziwa emalabhorethri asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izinkinga ezithile zempilo, njengomdlavuza, isifo senhliziyo, kanye ne-rheumatoid arthritis.

Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okudingeka uzikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, ake sifingqe ezinye zezinto esikhulume ngazo okudingeka uzikhumbule:

• Ama-antibodies ayizivikelo zomzimba wethu. Asiza ekusivikeleni ngokulwa namagciwane angaphandle kanye nobuthi (ama-antigen).
• Lokhu kwenziwa ngamaseli amhlophe egazi akhethekile abizwa ngokuthi amaseli e-B .
• Kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD), ngalinye elinomsebenzi othize.
• Ama-antibodies e-monoclonal uhlobo olukhethekile lwe-antibody olwenziwe elebhu. Asetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nomdlavuza.
• Sithola ama-antibodies e-COVID ngokugula kanye nokugonywa.
• Ngezinye izikhathi ama-antibodies ethu angasebenza emizimbeni yethu. Lawa abizwa ngokuthi ama-autoantibodies . Lawa angabangela izifo ezibangelwa amasosha omzimba.

Ngakho-ke, ungabona ukuthi la maqhawe amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-antibodies ayigugu kangakanani emizimbeni yethu. Yiwona asivikela ezifweni eziningi. Uma uneminye imibuzo ngalokhu, ungangabazi ukubuza udokotela wakho.

Ama - antibodies, Ama-antibodies, i-Immunoglobulin, i-Antigen, uhlelo lokuzivikela komzimba, amaseli e-B, ama-antibody e-Monoclonal, ama-antibody e-COVID, ama-antibody e-Thyroglobulin, ama-Autoantibodies, ukuhlolwa kwe-ANA