Iyini i-DSM-5? Le ncwadi ingakusiza kanjani ukuthi ufunde ngempilo yakho yengqondo! (DSM-5)

Cishe uke wezwa ngaleli gama elithi ``(DSM-5)``. Mhlawumbe kudokotela, noma kwenye indawo ekhuluma ngempilo yengqondo . Ngakho-ke, yize lokhu kungase kubonakale kuyinkimbinkimbi kubantu abaningi, ake sixoxe ngakho ngendlela elula nenobungane namuhla. Njengoba nje ubungakhuluma nomngane, kulungile?

Iyini ngempela i-DSM-5, le ncwadi?

Kalula nje, i-DSM-5 iyisiqondiso esiphelele sezinkinga zempilo yengqondo , okuhlanganisa izifo zengqondo kanye nezimo. Ibhalwe, yahlelwa, futhi yanyatheliswa yi-American Psychiatric Association (APA).

Ungase uzibuze ukuthi kungani kukhona u-"5" egameni. Lokho kusho ukuthi lolu uhlelo lwesihlanu lwale ncwadi futhi olusanda kutholakala. I-DSM-5 yakhishwa okokuqala ngoMeyi 2013. Kwathi ngoMashi 2022, i-APA yakhipha uhlelo olubuyekeziwe nolubuyekeziwe lwe-DSM-5. Lubizwa ngokuthi i-DSM-5-TR™. I-TR imele ukubuyekezwa kombhalo, okusho ukuthi "ukubuyekezwa kombhalo" kwenziwe.

Into eyodwa ebalulekile okufanele uyikhumbule: `(DSM-5)` ​​​​kanye `(DSM-5-TR)` yizincwadi ezenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngabantu abanolwazi olukhethekile, njengodokotela nodokotela bezifo zengqondo. Izinto ezikulezi zincwadi zinobuchwepheshe kakhulu. Kungaba nzima ngomuntu ojwayelekile ukuqonda uma eyifunda. Ngakho-ke, ungalokothi ufunde le ncwadi bese ucabanga ukuthi unesifo noma awukwazi ukubona udokotela. Lokhu kufana nencwadi ekufundisa ukuthi ungandiza kanjani indiza. Singase sithande ukuyifunda, kodwa ukufunda nje leyo ncwadi akusenzi sibe umshayeli wendiza, akunjalo?

Ngaphezu kwe-DSM-5-TR, i-APA iphinde ishicilele izincwadi ezihambisana nayo ezichaza kabanzi ulwazi lwayo. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi i-DSM-5 Handbook of Differential Diagnosis (incwadi esiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezifo ezifanayo ngokusekelwe ezimpawini) kanye ne-DSM-5 Clinical Cases (incwadi ehlanganisa izifundo zeziguli ezahlukene).

Iyini injongo yangempela yale ncwadi ye-DSM-5?

Cabanga ngakho, ngaphambi kokwelapha noma yisiphi isifo, isinyathelo sokuqala ukuthola ukuthi siyini ngempela lesi sifo. Lokhu kuvame ukutholakala ezifweni zomzimba nezengqondo. Yilapho incwadi ethi ``(DSM-5)`` iwusizo khona.

Le ncwadi inikeza izincazelo ezicacile nezinemininingwane zezimo ezahlukene zempilo yengqondo kanye nezifo ezihlobene nobuchopho. Iphinde ichaze izimpawu zalezo zifo ngezibonelo.

Ngaphezu kokuchaza lesi sifo, i-DSM-5 iphinde ihlukanise lezi zimo ngezigaba. Lokhu kwenza kube lula kodokotela nochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo ukuhlonza lesi sifo ngokunembile futhi basihlukanise kwezinye izimo ezinezimpawu ezifanayo .

Yadalwa kanjani i-DSM-5? Ubani owayehilelekile kuyo?

Ukuze kwakhiwe i-DSM-5, i-APA yahlanganisa odokotela bezifo zengqondo abangaphezu kuka-160, izazi zengqondo, kanye nabanye ochwepheshe abavela emhlabeni wonke. Amakhulu abanye ochwepheshe basize njengabeluleki ezihlokweni ezahlukene. Ukudalwa kwe-DSM-5 kwahilela nokuhlolwa okubanzi kwensimu kanye nocwaningo.

Ukuze kwakhiwe i-DSM-5-TR, i-APA yaphinde yabandakanya abantu abaningi ababehilelekile kwi-DSM-5 yokuqala. Sekukonke , ochwepheshe abangaphezu kuka-200 banikele ngqo kwi-DSM-5-TR.

Imayelana nani i-DSM-5?

I-DSM-5 igxile kakhulu ezimweni zempilo yengqondo . Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi impilo yengqondo kanye nokusebenza kobuchopho akuzona izinto ezimbili ezihlukene, le ncwadi ihlanganisa nezimo nezinkinga ezihlobene nendlela ubuchopho obusebenza ngayo. Iphinde ihlanganise amakhodi okuxilonga . Lawa makhodi enza kube lula ngabahlinzeki bezempilo ukuqhathanisa lezi zimo ne -International Health Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) ye- World Health Organization.

Incwadi ethi ``(DSM-5)`` inezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:

Isigaba I: Izisekelo ze-DSM-5

Lesi sigaba sichaza indlela ochwepheshe bezokwelapha okufanele bayisebenzise ngayo le ncwadi emsebenzini wabo. Siphinde sinikeze isiqondiso sendlela yokusebenzisa i-DSM-5 lapho kukhulunywa ngezindaba zomthetho, njengezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, kanye namacala asenkantolo.

Isigaba II: Izindlela Zokuxilonga Namakhodi

Lesi yisigaba esikhulu kunazo zonke sencwadi. Isahluko ngasinye kulesi sigaba sibhekene nesigaba esithile sesifo. Izimo ezithile ngaphakathi kwaleso sigaba zichazwe ngokucacile futhi zichazwe kahle. Ake sibheke ezinye zezigaba zesifo kulesi sigaba nokuthi yiziphi izifo ezikuso:

• Izinkinga Zokukhula Kwezinzwa : Lezi yizinkinga ezihlobene nokukhula kobuchopho kanye nohlelo lwezinzwa . Izibonelo:
• `( Isifo Sokuphazamiseka Kwe -Autism )` (Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze -autism )
• Isifo Sokuntuleka Kokunaka/Ukuphazamiseka Kokusebenza Kakhulu ( ADHD )
• Ukukhubazeka kokufunda (isb., i-Dyslexia - ubunzima bokufunda, i-Dyscalculia - ubunzima bezibalo)

I-Schizophrenia Spectrum kanye nezinye izifo zengqondo:Lezi yizimo lapho ukuxhumana neqiniso kuphuka khona, kutholakala imibono engekho, futhi kwakheka izinkolelo-ze . Izibonelo: I-Schizophrenia-ngokomzwelo `(Schizophrenia)` Isifo Sokungezwani Komzimba
• Isifo Sokukhohlisa

• Izinkinga ze-Bipolar kanye Nezifo Ezihlobene Nazo: Lezi yizimo lapho isimo sengqondo sishintsha khona ngokushesha phakathi kwezimo ezibucayi (amazinga aphezulu enjabulo/injabulo kanye namazinga aphansi okudabuka/ukucindezeleka). Izibonelo:
• `(Izinkinga ze-Bipolar I kanye ne-Bipolar II)`
• Isifo se-Cyclothymic

• Izinkinga Zokucindezeleka: Izimo ezibonakala ngokudabuka isikhathi eside nokulahlekelwa isithakazelo. Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sokucindezeleka Esiyinhloko
• Isifo Sokucindezeleka Esiqhubekayo (esasaziwa ngokuthi i-Dysthymia)

• Izinkinga Zokukhathazeka: Izimo ezibangela ukwesaba ngokweqile, ukukhathazeka, kanye nokungahlaliseki. Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sokukhathazeka Esijwayelekile
• Isifo Sokukhathazeka Komphakathi (Ukwesaba izimo zomphakathi)
• Isifo Sokukhathazeka Ngokuhlukana
• Ukuhlaselwa Yizinhlungu (Isifo Sokushaywa Yizinhlungu)
• Ukwesaba okuhlukahlukene (njengokwesaba ukuphakama, ukwesaba izilwane)

• Izinkinga Zokukhathazeka Okungapheli Nezihambisana Nazo: Izimo ezihambisana nemicabango ecindezelayo, ephindaphindayo (ukukhathala) kanye nezenzo zokuyilawula (ukuphoqeleka). Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sokucindezeleka Okungapheli (OCD)
• Isifo Sokuqongelela Imali
• Isifo Sokuphazamiseka Komzimba
• Isifo Sokukha Isikhumba kanye Nesifo Sokudonsa Izinwele

• Izinkinga Ezihlobene Nokuhlukumezeka Nokucindezeleka: Izinkinga zengqondo ezivela ngemva kokubhekana nesenzakalo esibuhlungu. Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sokucindezeleka Ngemva Kokuhlukumezeka (PTSD)
• Isifo Sokucindezeleka Okukhulu
• Inkinga Yokulungisa

• Izinkinga Zokuhlukana: Izimo lapho umuzwa womuntu ngaye, izinkumbulo zakhe, noma indawo yakhe iphazamiseka khona. Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sokuhlukaniswa Kobuntu (esasaziwa ngokuthi i-Multiple Personality Disorder)
• Ukukhohlwa Okuhlukanisayo
• Isifo Sokungabonisi Ubuntu/Ukungabi Nandaba

• Izimpawu Zomzimba Nezinkinga Ezihlobene Nazo: Izimo lapho izimpawu zomzimba zivela khona ngenxa yokucindezeleka kwengqondo, ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo somzimba. Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sezimpawu Zomzimba
• Isifo Sokukhathazeka Ngokugula (ukwesaba ukugula njalo)
• Isifo Sezimpawu Zezinzwa Ezisebenzayo (esaziwa ngokuthi Isifo Sokuguqulwa)

• Ukuphazamiseka Kokudla Nokudla: Ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile kanye nezimo zengqondo ezihlobene nokudla. Izibonelo:
• I-Anorexia Nervosa (ukuzama ukwehlisa isisindo ngaphandle kokudla)
• I-Bulimia Nervosa (ukudla kakhulu bese uyihlanza ngokuhlanza noma ngezinye izindlela)
• Isifo Sokudla Okubi Kakhulu
• I-Pica (isifiso sokudla izinto ezingadliwayo - isibonelo, uthuli, izinti zoshokoledi)

• Izinkinga Zokuqeda: Isibonelo, `(I-Enuresis)` (lokhu kufaka phakathi nezinto ezifana nokuchama embhedeni).

• Izinkinga Zokulala Nokuvuka: Izinkinga ezihlobene nokulala. Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sokuqwasha
• I-Narcolepsy (ukulala ngokuzumayo)
• Izinkinga Zokuphelelwa Yi-Apnea Yokulala
• Isifo Sokuphupha Okubi
• Isifo Semilenze Engaphumli

• Ukungasebenzi Kocansi

• Ukuphazamiseka Kokuziphatha Okuphazamisayo, Ukulawula Umfutho kanye Nokuziphatha: Ukuziphatha okuphazamisa abanye, okungenakho ukulawula umfutho, kanye nokwephula imithetho. Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sokuphikisa Esiphikisayo
• Isifo Sobuntu Esingenandaba Nomphakathi
• I-Kleptomania (isifiso esingalawuleki sokweba)
• I-Pyromania (isifiso sokushisa umlilo)

• Izinkinga Ezihlobene Nezidakamizwa Nokulutheka: Izinkinga ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifana nezidakamizwa notshwala. Izibonelo:
• Inkinga Yokusebenzisa Utshwala
• Inkinga Yokusebenzisa Ukuphefumula
• Isifo Sokusetshenziswa Kwe-opioid
• Izimpawu ezihlobene nokuhoxa

• Izinkinga Zezinzwa: Izimo ezithinta izinto ezifana nenkumbulo nokucabanga ngenxa yokusebenza kobuchopho okungasebenzi kahle. Izibonelo:
• Ukuhlanya (ukudideka kwengqondo okungazelelwe)
• Isifo sika-Alzheimer
• Isifo sikaParkinson
• Isifo sikaHuntington
• Ukulimala Kobuchopho Okubuhlungu

• Ukuphazamiseka Kobuntu:Izindlela zokucabanga, imizwa, kanye nokuziphatha zesikhathi eside ezenza kube nzima ukuxhumana nabanye. Izibonelo:
• Isifo Sobuntu Esibangelwa Yimingcele (BPD)
• Isifo Sobuntu Esibangelwa Ukuzikhukhumeza

• Izinkinga Zokuziphatha Kocansi

• Ezinye Izinkinga Zengqondo Namakhodi Engeziwe: Izimo ezingahambisani kahle nanoma yiziphi ezinye izindlela zokuxilonga, kodwa ezinomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomuntu.

• Izinkinga Zokunyakaza Ezibangelwa Yimithi kanye Neminye Imiphumela Emibi Yemithi: Izibonelo:
• I-Tardive Dyskinesia
• I-Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome

• Ezinye Izimo Ezingase Zibe Yizinto Ezibalulekile Emtholampilo: Lezi akuzona izifo ngokwazo, kodwa yizinto ezithinta noma ezenzeka kanye nezimo ezingaxilongwa. Isibonelo, ukuzilimaza, imicabango/ukuziphatha kokuzibulala, umlando wanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhashazwa, noma ukungasebenzi.

Isigaba III: Izinyathelo Ezivelayo Namamodeli

Lesi sigaba sixoxa ngamathuluzi athile okuhlola asetshenziswa odokotela ukuxilonga izimo ezithile. Sixoxa nangokuthi umehluko wamasiko ungathinta kanjani ukuxilongwa, kanye nezimo ezingase zifakwe kuhlelo lwesikhathi esizayo lwe-DSM kodwa ezidinga ukufundwa okwengeziwe ngaphambi kokuba zifakwe.

Uhlelo olulandelayo lwe-DSM luzophuma nini?

I-APA ayikhiphi izinhlelo ezintsha ze-DSM ngesheduli emisiwe. Kunalokho, i-DSM ibuyekezwa njengoba kudingeka. Ngaphambi kohlelo lwesihlanu (olwalusebenzisa izinombolo zesiRoma), izinhlelo ze-DSM zakhishwa eminyakeni elandelayo:

• I-DSM-I®: 1952
• I-DSM-II®: 1968
• I-DSM-III®: 1980 (Inguqulo ebuyekeziwe, i-DSM-III-R®, yakhululwa ngo-1987)
• I-DSM-IV®: 1994 (Inguqulo ebuyekeziwe yalo mbhalo, i-DSM-IV-TR®, yakhululwa ngo-2000)
• I-DSM-5®: 2013 (Lo mbhalo uyinguqulo ebuyekeziwe, i-DSM-5-TR, eyakhishwa ngo-2022)

Singayithola yini incwadi ethi DSM-5? Singayitholaphi?

Yebo. I-DSM-5 iyatholakala ukuthi ithengwe ezitolo eziningi zezincwadi naku-inthanethi. Imitapo yolwazi eminingi yomphakathi ingaba nekhophi yale ncwadi (yize umtapo wolwazi wangakini ungase ungakuvumeli ukuthi uyiyise ekhaya, kodwa ukuze uyihlole emtatsheni wolwazi).

Nakuba i-DSM-5 kanye ne-DSM-5-TR zitholakala emphakathini ngezindlela ezahlukene, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi le ncwadi ibhalelwe ochwepheshe bezokwelapha. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezikule ncwadi zinobuchwepheshe kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kungaba nzima kumuntu ojwayelekile ukuqonda le ncwadi.

WenaUngalokothi usebenzise i-`(DSM-5)` ​​​​noma i-`(DSM-5-TR)` noma enye incwadi esikhundleni sokubona udokotela noma umeluleki wezempilo yengqondo . Lokhu kufana nokuzihlinza. Akuwona umqondo omuhle ukwenza lokho, akunjalo? Ngakho-ke, kungcono ukufuna ukwelashwa kumeluleki wezempilo yengqondo oqeqeshiwe noqeqeshiwe.

Ingabe i-DSM-5 isasetshenziswa? Iyiphi inguqulo yakamuva?

Yebo, isasetshenziswa. Kodwa manje kunezinguqulo ezimbili zale ncwadi. I-APA yakhipha i-DSM-5 ngo-2013. Ngo-2022, i-APA yakhipha inguqulo ebuyekeziwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-DSM-5-TR. Le nguqulo entsha ihlanganisa ngokugcwele zonke izinguquko ezintsha kanye nezibuyekezo ezenzeke emkhakheni wezempilo yengqondo kusukela ngo-2013. Ngakho-ke, i-DSM-5-TR okwamanje iyinguqulo efaneleke kakhulu, esesikhathini, futhi enembile.

Phakathi kwabahlinzeki bezempilo yengqondo, ikakhulukazi odokotela bezifo zengqondo kanye nodokotela bezengqondo, i-DSM-5-TR iyisisetshenziswa esibaluleke kakhulu sokuxilonga impilo yengqondo kanye nokuphazamiseka kobuchopho. Nakuba ishicilelwe yisikhungo saseMelika, i-DSM-5 iyisisetshenziswa esibalulekile kodokotela emhlabeni wonke. Ihunyushwe ngezilimi ezingaphezu kuka-18.

Ngakho-ke, into yokugcina okufanele uyikhumbule (Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya)

Kulungile, ngakho-ke nazi ezinye izinto okudingeka uzikhumbule kulokho esikhulume ngakho:

• I-DSM-5 kanye nokubuyekezwa kwayo kwakamuva, i-DSM-5-TR, kuyizincwadi ezibalulekile zochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo.
• Nakuba lezi zincwadi zingathengwa noma zitholakale emitatsheni yezincwadi, zibhalelwe odokotela nochwepheshe, ngakho-ke ulimi lunobuchwepheshe kakhulu.
• Umuntu ovamile angase akujabulele ukufunda le ncwadi, kodwa ungalokothi uyisebenzisele ukuzixilonga.
• Uma ucabanga ukuthi wena noma othandekayo wakho bangase babe nenkinga yempilo yengqondo njengoba kuchaziwe ku-(DSM-5), qiniseka ukuthi ubona udokotela noma umeluleki wezempilo yengqondo .

Njengoba nje ubungeke uye kudokotela ngaphandle kokuhlinzwa, kuhlale kuphephile futhi kufaneleke kakhulu ukufuna usizo kuchwepheshe oqeqeshiwe noqeqeshiwe uma kukhulunywa ngezinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Unayo?

I- DSM-5, impilo yengqondo, ukuxilongwa, ukugula kwengqondo, i-APA, i-DSM-5-TR, ukwelapha izifo zengqondo